| Function | Carrier rocket |
|---|---|
| Manufacturer | Yuzhmash |
| Country-origin | Soviet Union (Ukraine) |
| Height | 57 metres (187 ft)[1] |
| Diameter | 3.9 metres (13 ft)[1] |
| Mass | 460,000 kilograms (1,010,000 lb)[1] |
| Stages | Two |
| Family | Zenit |
| Derivatives | Zenit-2M Zenit-3SL |
| Status | Retired |
| Sites | Baikonur Site 45 |
| Launches | 36[2] |
| Success | 28 |
| Fail | 7 |
| Partial | 1 |
| First | 13 April 1985 |
| Last | 10 June 2004 |
| Location | LEO |
|---|---|
| Kilos | 13,740 kilograms (30,290 lb) 11,420 kilograms (25,180 lb) (ISS orbit)[1] |
| Location | SSO |
|---|---|
| Kilos | 5,000 kilograms (11,000 lb) |
| Stageno | First |
|---|---|
| Engines | 1 RD-171 |
| Thrust | 8,180 kilonewtons (1,840,000 lbf) |
| Si | 337 s |
| Burntime | 150 seconds |
| Fuel | RP-1/LOX |
| Stageno | Second |
|---|---|
| Engines | 1 RD-120 1 RD-8 |
| Thrust | 912 kilonewtons (205,000 lbf) 79.5 kilonewtons (17,900 lbf) |
| Si | 349 s |
| Burntime | 315 seconds |
| Fuel | RP-1/LOX |
The Zenit-2 was a Ukrainian, previously Soviet, expendable carrier rocket. First flown in 1985, it has been launched 37 times, with 6 failures. It is a member of the Zenit family of rockets designed by Yuzhmash.
History
With a 13–15 ton payload in LEO, it was intended as up-middle-class launcher greater than 7-ton-payload middle Soyuz and smaller than 20-ton-payload heavy Proton. Zenit-2 would be certified for crewed launches and placed in a specially built launch pad at Baykonur spaceport, carrying the new crewed partially reusable Zarya spacecraft that was developed in the late 1980s but then cancelled. Also in the 1980s, Vladimir Chelomey's firm proposed the never-realised 15-ton Uragan spaceplane, which would have been launched by the Zenit-2.
A modified version, the Zenit-2S, is used as the first two stages of the Sea Launch Zenit-3SL rocket.[3] Launches of Zenit-2 rockets are conducted from Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 45/1. A second pad, 45/2, was also constructed, but was used for only two launches before being destroyed in an explosion.[4] A third pad, Site 35 at the Plesetsk Cosmodrome, was never completed, and work was abandoned after the dissolution of the Soviet Union.[5]
The Zenit-2 had its last flight in 2004; it has been superseded by the Zenit-2M, which incorporates enhancements made during the development of the Zenit-3SL. The Zenit-2 has a fairly low flight rate, as the Russian government usually avoids flying national-security payloads on Ukrainian rockets. Zenit-2M itself flew only twice: in 2007 and 2011.
During the late 1990s, the Zenit-2 was marketed for commercial launches. Only one such launch was conducted, with a group of Globalstar satellites, which ended in failure after a computer error resulted in premature cutoff of the second stage.
The second stage, called the SL-16 by western governments, along with the second stages of the Vostok and Kosmos launch vehicles, makes up about 20% of the total mass of launch debris in Low Earth Orbit (LEO).[6] An analysis determined that of the 50 “statistically most concerning” debris objects in low Earth orbit, the top 20 were all SL-16 upper stages.[7]
Launch history
References
- ^ "Zenit-2" (in Russian). Roscosmos. Archived from the original on 12 April 2016. Retrieved 7 April 2016.
- ^ Krebs, Gunter. "Zenit-2". Gunter's Space Page. Retrieved 2016-05-16.
- ^ "The Rocket – Zenit-3SL". Sea Launch. Archived from the original on 2009-04-04. Retrieved 2009-04-14.
- ^ Wade, Mark. "Zenit". Encyclopedia Astronautica. Archived from the original on August 28, 2003. Retrieved 2009-04-14.
- ^ Wade, Mark. "Plesetsk". Encyclopedia Astronautica. Archived from the original on 2007-12-29. Retrieved 2009-04-14.
- ^ Liou, J-C (April 2011). "An Update on LEO Environment Remediation with Active Debris Removal". Orbital Debris Quarterly News. 15 (2): 5. Retrieved 12 December 2022.
- ^ Foust, Jeff (13 October 2020). "Upper stages top list of most dangerous space debris". Space News. Retrieved 12 December 2022.