Post-World War II radar stations included those of the 1948 "five-station radar net" and the Lashup network completed in 1950, followed by the "Priority Permanent System" with the initial (priority) radar stations completed in 1952[3]: 223 as a "manual air defense system"[4] with Manual ADCCs (e.g., using Plexiglas plotting boards as at the 1954 Ent Air Force Base command center for ADC.)[3]: 151 Several Lashup stations became permanent stations (Camp Hero L-10 became LP-45, Fort Custis L-15/LP-56/P-56, Palermo L-13/LP-54, Sault Sainte Marie L-17/LP-20, Highlands L-12/LP-9) and in 1951 some new Permanent System stations similarly designated LP-2, LP-16, etc., instead of using newly deployed radars, were outfitted with older radars such as the January 1945 GEAN/CPS-5 radar, 1948 Western Electric AN/TPS-1B Radar, Bendix AN/TPS-1C radar. The MX-1353 and other programs developed the AN/FPS-6, AN/MPS-10, and other Cold War radars.[5]
"At the end of 1957, ADC operated 182 radar stations…32 had been added during the last half of the year as low-altitude, unmanned gap-filler radars. The total consisted of 47 gap-filler stations, 75 Permanent System radars, 39 semimobile radars, 19 Pinetree stations,…1 Lashup[-era radar and a] single Texas Tower".[3]: 223 SAGE System groundbreaking was at McChord Air Force Base for DC-12 in 1957[6] where the "electronic brain" began arriving in November 1958[7] for the Seattle Air Defense Sector, and the post-war Ground Observation Corps was disbanded in 1959.
Description
Radar station personnel monitored systems (e.g., local radars and remote radars at gap-filler annexes) and at most radar stations, used CDTS equipment such as the antenna control unit and the Range Height Indicator—CDTS range precision was 1,300 ft (400 m). Also part of the SAGE Air Defense System were radar stations in sectors with Manual Control Centers which provided radar tracks by voice communication, and fourth floor consoles of SAGE Direction Centers in adjacent sectors could input those stations' tracks in the "Manual Inputs" room adjacent to the "Communication Recording-Monitoring and VHF" room.[8] Squadrons at some radar stations were the parent organizations for detachments at other stations, e.g., the 666th RADSQ at Mill Valley Z-38 was the parent of Detachment 2 at the Mather AFB radar station, and the 771st RADSQ at Cape Charles Z-56 was responsible for three gap-filler annexes in Delaware, Virginia, and North Carolina.
Most radar stations were part of the preceding Permanent System and some SAGE stations had Ground Air Transmit Receive (GATR) equipment for radioing command guidance by TDDL automated data link to autopilots of equipped interceptors for vectoring to targets[9]:160 (e.g., GATR site R-28 was at Palermo Z-54.) In addition to a squadron operations building (e.g., with CDTS), structures at the radar station included the radar pedestals (e.g., some CONUS stations such as Fort Heath used Arctic Towers), a squadron headquarters building, electrical generator and fuel storage structures, etc.[10]
Notable remaining structures of SAGE radar stations include the radar tower at the Selfridge Military Air Museum, the Walker AFS quonset hut next to the Arctic Tower,[11] the former SAGE barracks used for the McChord AFB museum,[12] and the antenna tower, building, and Cold War era radar equipment which have survived nearly completely intact at the Saugatuck gap filler annex.
SAGE upgrades
Air Defense Command radar squadrons were renamed as personnel were assigned with training for the automated CDTS, e.g., the "609th Radar Squadron (SAGE)" was designated on September 1, 1958[9]:154 (originally an AC&W Sq). The Air Defense Command reorganization when the SAGE System was deployed included the redesignation of Air Divisions to Air Defense Sectors in 1959, e.g., the 27th Air Division was renamed between February 1, 1959 and April 1, 1966, as the Los Angeles Air Defense Sector (LAADS) followed by the inactivation of units such as the Air Defense Forces (Western, Central, and Eastern, on July 1, 1960) and some Numbered Air Forces (e.g., Fourth Air Force, September 1, 1960). Radar station tracks were used for 1958 CIM-10 "BOMARC test firings at Patrick, Gunter, and McGuire",[13] and a SAGE Radar Station[where?] was used for the first Bomarc intercept of a Cape Canaveral drone on August 7, 1958. A few SAGE radar stations[specify] provided radar tracks for use with the eight operational Bomarc complexes, e.g., for 28 Upper Peninsula launch shelters ("Kincheloe AFB BOMARC site"), 56 shelters in New Jersey (operational September 1, 1959),[14] and 56 Long Island shelters (SAGE codename "BED") near the "FOX"[where?] mainland site.[15]
Of the eight Permanent System stations that closed from 1959 to 1964 with squadrons relocating to stations with "RP" designations, two were the last remaining stations with the "LP" designation: (Elkhorn LP-31/RP-31F and Blue Knob LP-63). From 1959 to 1962, three NORAD radar stations were added for the SAGE Radar Network (i.e., after the third semi-mobile phase of the Permanent System): Key West Z-209, Richmond Z-210, Patrick Z-211 in 1962.[specify] One SAGE radar station also provided gap-filler[specify] radar coverage for Nike Hercules: San Pedro Hill Z-39 (RP-39) for the 1963–74 Integrated Fire Control area of Malibu Nike battery LA-78 on San Vicente Mtn.[16]
A few Permanent System stations continued operations without being redesignated with Z-xx "NORAD identification codes", e.g., 1952 Duncanville P-79 until 1964, 1958 Cottonwood SM-150 until 1965, and 1948 Hamilton P-48 until 1973. In 1963 when NORAD/ADC command operations moved from Ent AFB to the nearby Chidlaw Building's Combined Operations Center with SAGE-automation, on July 31 the SAGE radar stations were redesignated with the Z-xx codes.[citation needed] Some sector assignments were redesignated (e.g., Watertown AFS was assigned from the 1958 Syracuse Air Defense Sector to the Boston Air Defense Sector on September 4, 1963) and by the end of 1963 nearly all of the Permanent System radar stations not used for SAGE had closed. In 1966, Chidlaw Building operations transferred to the Cheyenne Mountain nuclear bunker, SAGE's first BUIC II II CCCS was deployed (North Truro Z-10),[17] and NORAD/ADC reorganized the Air Defense Sectors back to Air Divisions.
For the 1966 and later NORAD/ADC reorganizations, see NORAD#History.
JUSS radar stations
The joint-use site system (JUSS)[18] was completed after the 1959 Missile Master Plan resolved the surface-to-air missile (SAM) dispute:[19] both the US Army and USAF SAMs would be deployed and their computers were integrated with each CCCS netting the USAF sector or Army region radar stations. The SAGE System used crosstelling of "SAGE reference track data" from the BOMARC AN/FSQ-7 to the NIKE Hercules AN/FSG-1's "two surveillance and entry consoles",[20] and the nine bunker sites had been selected by June 1957 for coordinating Army batteries' intercept of targets within an interior NIKE Defense Area of the USAF sector. Deployment of JUSS resulted in several "LP" Permanent System stations closing, and the squadrons relocated to new JUSS "RP" radar stations at most of the nine sites where Army Missile Master bunkers were being constructed through December 14, 1960. Construction of the Highlands Army Air Defense Site for NY-55DC (fourth AN/FSQ-7) began adjacent to the 1948 Highlands P-9 to use the existing equipment as "Missile Master organic radars"[20] and in 1961, the 770th Radar Squadron at Palermo LP-54 moved to the existing Ft Meade Nike AADCP (W-13DC with USAF RP-54 designation). Squadrons moving to new JUSS radar stations included the 635th RADSQ on May 15, 1960, to the first completed Missile Master bunker (Fort Lawton Air Force Station SE-90DC, January 21, 1960), and two JUSS installations used geographically separate radar stations and Missile Master bunkers: the new San Pedro Hill RP-39 was TBD[specify] miles from the Ft MacArthur bunker (completed December 1960), and the new Gibbsboro RP-63 in 1961 later provided 1966 radar tracks to replace the Nike radars at Pedricktown PH-64DC, 15 mi (24 km) away.[21] As at San Pedro Hill (ARSR-tbd[specify]), the JUSS radar station at Fort Heath B-21DC (the third FSG-1 and second bunker completed—c. April 1960)[22] also had a 1959 ARSR-1 radar of the FAA in addition to two USAF and two Army height finder radars.[18]
Locations
Codes for Aerospace Defense Command radar stations in the United States
LP-xx designates Permanent System stations using older radar equipment instead of radars deployed at "P-xx" stations
P-xx designates "Priority Permanent System" stations completed by May 1952
RP-xx designates a replacement of one of the permanent stations
M-xx designates an initial a station of the 1953-7 semi-mobile radar program
SM-xx designates a station of the 1954–62 "second phase mobile radar program"
TM-xx designates a station of the 1957–60 "third phase mobile radar program"
TT-x designates the Texas Towers, radar tower rigs off the East Coast.
Z-xx is the NORAD identification code
Codes for Aerospace Defense Command radar stations outside the United States
C-xx sites on the Canadian Pinetree Line assigned to ADC
G-xx sites in Greenland established by Northeast Air Command (NEAC) reassigned[when?] to ADC, redesignated as C-xx sites.
^"Topsham AFS". Cold War Relics. 2009. Archived from the original on 2010-06-12. Retrieved 2013-02-19. the SAGE block house was bulldozed in 1985. (image of entrance sign with arrow: "Bangor North American Air Defense Sector")
^History of Strategic and Ballistic Missile Defense, 1945–1955: Volume I. Archived from the original on 10 November 2013. Retrieved 31 March 2013. [LASHUP] Stations were undermanned, personnel lacked training, and repair and maintenance were difficult. This stop-gap system later would be replaced by a 75-station, permanent net authorized by Congress and approved by the President in 1949 … To be closer to ConAC, ARAACOM moved to Mitchel AFB, New York on 1 November 1950.
^"Semi-Automatic Ground Environment (SAGE)". Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD). GlobalSecurity.org. Retrieved 2013-03-04. In 1958 Air Defense Command established a Semi-Automatic Ground Environment (SAGE) sector at Minot AFB, which was activated in June 1961. However, as SAC's mission continued to grow at Minot, ownership passed from ADC to SAC, and the SAGE center was deactivated in May 1963.
^Farr, C. W. (29 August 1957), "Group Leaders' Meeting – 19 August 1957" (Memorandum 6L-317), Lexington, MA: Division 6, Lincoln Laboratory, MIT, retrieved 2013-03-01 Jacobs read a communication forwarded from the 4620th AEW concerning meeting September 9th at Colorado Springs concerning tie-in of AAOCs with SAGE. …plans for BOMARC test firings at Patrick, Gunter, and McGuire. …ESS tests using live strike aircraft…to obtain quantitative data on the…improved tracking logic for SAGE. He emphasized the experimental nature of the tests and indicated the preference for console operation directly by Lincoln engineers rather than through Air Force operators.
^Freeman, Paul (2013-01-22). "Eastern New Jersey". Abandoned & Little-Known Airfields. Airfields-Freeman.com. Retrieved 2013-03-04. the 12/3/59 Boeing "IM-99A Bases Manual"...depicted the facility in its original configuration with 56 individual BOMARC A "Model II Launcher Shelters". The Ground-to-Air Transmitter site which provided missile guidance was depicted one mile to the northwest.
^Berhow, Mark A & Gustafson, David (2011 [2002]). Fort MacArthur. electronic ed. Fort MacArthur Military Press. p. 55. Archived from the original on 2012-04-15. Retrieved 2012-05-25.
^Winkler, David F & Webster, Julie L (June 1997). Searching the Skies: The Legacy of the United States Cold War Defense Radar Program. U.S. Army Construction Engineering Research Laboratories. LCCN 97020912. Archived from the original on December 1, 2012. Retrieved 2012-03-26. "BUIC II radar sites would be capable of incorporating data feeds from other radar sectors directly onto their radar screens.
^Butler, Gerald W; Shaner, Mary; Shaner, Richard (May 2001). The Guns of Boston Harbor. AuthorHouse. ISBN 9780759647305. Retrieved 2013-03-01. In 1958, the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) constructed long-range acquisition radar at Fort Heath. Commissioned in 1959, the ARSR-1 radar was used to track aircraft 220 miles distant for flight-following" purposes. ...the army and air force also used this surveillance radar for Air Defense Control and Coordination Systems (ADCCS).
^"Missile Master…" (field manual), Vol. FM44-1, United States Army, February 1963 AN/FSG-1 … f. Utilizes reference track data from local radars and voice communications with the NORAD sector direction center (NSDC) or GC 1 station when SAGE data is unavailable. … 22. Normal Tracking The S & E officers and the trackers monitor the SAGE reference track data …at NORAD SAGE direction centers…personnel operate the air defense artillery director (ADAD) consoles … An Army field grade officer serves as the ADA battle staff officer on the NORAD sector commander's operational staff. … 34. General … The two surveillance and entry consoles…are separated by a channel status unit … "Missile Master organic radars:" … SAGE SELECTOR two-position switch: Selects SAGE 1 or SAGE 2 (primary or secondary SAGE DC) as the source of SAGE data. … 45. Range-Height Subsystem a. Equipment. The range-height equipment consists of two RHI consoles (fig. 15) and two antenna control units
^"Boston Center May Control Conn. Missiles" (Google news archive). Meriden Record. July 15, 1960. Retrieved 2013-03-04. "Base is Dedicated: 'Blue Room' at Missile Master Gives Eerie But Secure Feeling". Red Bank Register. June 7, 1960. pp. 1–2. Archived from the original on 2012-03-23. Retrieved 2011-09-30. "RADAR SCANNER at Missile Master atop Highlands hills tells the height of aircraft or other flying objects. It is one of the smaller pieces of radar equipment. …replaces a [sic] operations center at Fort Wadsworth, Staten Island, where Gen.Hewitt's headquarters, the 52d Artillery Brigade Air Defense, also known as "the New York Defense… In addition to the New York area, Missile Master sites are now operational in the Baltimore-Washington area, Seattle and Boston. … A Detroit installation will open this week."
^Proposed IAO/DTE Resource Availability. c. 1970. An Air Force radar facility at Tonopah, Nevada is being released by the Air Force to the Federal Aviation Agency. … ADC has a BUIC III radar facility installed and operating at Fallon. This semi-automated ground environment system permits several other radars to be tied into it.
^Del Papa, Dr. E. Michael & Warner, Mary P. (October 1987). A Historical Chronology of the Electronic Systems Division 1947–1986. No. ESD-TR-88-276 (AD-A201 708). Archived December 24, 2013 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 2012-07-19. so-called Semi-Automatic Direction Center System, later known as…Semi-Automatic Ground Environment System, in essence, the Lincoln Transition System.
!["[floor-by-floor diagram of SAGE DC]"](https://web.archive.org/web/20140715021724/http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/mt/assets/science/sage_blockhouse.jpg){kind=link}
