Project 985
Formation4 May 1998 (age 28)
Native name985工程
PredecessorNational Key Universities
SuccessorDouble First-Class Construction
Defunct2016 (age 10)
Region servedChina
Num members39 public universities nationwide

Project 985 () was a higher education development and sponsorship scheme of the Chinese central government for creating world-class higher education institutions, initiated in May 1998. There were 39 universities selected to be part of this program, which are mostly considered top-tier institutions in mainland China.[1][2][3][4]

Project 211 and Project 985 were both initiated by the Jiang Zemin administration in 1990s as part of the "revitalize the country through science and education" strategy. They were nullified in 2016 and replaced by the Double First-Class Construction in 2017, under the Xi Jinping administration.[5][6]

History

On May 4, 1998, Jiang Zemin stated at the 100th anniversary of Peking University that, "in order to achieve modernization, our country must have several first-class universities with world-leading levels."[7]

In January 1999, the State Council of China issued the "Education Revitalization Action Plan for the 21st Century" drafted by the Ministry of Education, deciding to focus on supporting several higher education institutions to create world-class universities and high-level universities. This plan was later referred as the "985 Project", named after Jiang Zemin's speech at the 100th anniversary of Peking University (in May 1998).[8][9][10][4]

The name derives from the date of the announcement, May 1998, or 98/5 according to the Chinese date format.[11] The project involves both national and local governments allocating large amounts of funding to certain universities in order to build new research centers, improve facilities, hold international conferences, attract world-renowned faculty and visiting scholars, and help Chinese faculty attend conferences abroad.[12]

On June 7, 2016, the Ministry of Education under Xi Jinping nullified the two projects by invalidating the fundamental documents "Measures for the Implementation and Management of Project 211 Construction" and "Opinions on the Continued Implementation of Project 985 Construction Projects." However, in China, the names 985 and 211 are still commonly used to refer to top universities within mainland China.[13][14][15]

List of Project-985 universities

See also: List of universities in China

There were 39 public universities selected by the Chinese central government.[1]

Province/MunicipalityCityUniversityYear Founded
Northern China (10)
Beijing (8)Beijing (8)Peking University1898
Tsinghua University1911
Renmin University of China1937
Beijing Normal University1902
Beihang University1952
Beijing Institute of Technology1940
China Agricultural University1905
Minzu University of China1941
Tianjin (2)Tianjin (2)Nankai University1919
Tianjin University1895
Northeastern China (4)
Liaoning (2)DalianDalian University of Technology1949
ShenyangNortheastern University1923
HeilongjiangHarbinHarbin Institute of Technology1920
JilinChangchunJilin University1946
Eastern China (11)
Shanghai (4)Shanghai (4)Fudan University1905
Shanghai Jiao Tong University1896
Tongji University1907
East China Normal University1951
Jiangsu (2)Nanjing (2)Nanjing University1902
Southeast University1902
Shandong (2)JinanShandong University1901
QingdaoOcean University of China1924
AnhuiHefeiUniversity of Science and Technology of China1958
ZhejiangHangzhouZhejiang University1897
FujianXiamenXiamen University1921
Southern China (2)
Guangdong (2)Guangzhou (2)Sun Yat-sen University1924
South China University of Technology1952
Southwestern China (3)
Sichuan (2)Chengdu (2)Sichuan University1896
University of Electronic Science and Technology of China1956
ChongqingChongqingChongqing University1929
Central China (5)
Hunan (3)Changsha (3)Hunan University1926
Central South University2000
National University of Defense Technology1953
Hubei (2)Wuhan (2)Wuhan University1893
Huazhong University of Science and Technology1953
Northwestern China (4)
Shaanxi (3)Xi'an (2)Northwestern Polytechnical University1938
Xi'an Jiaotong University1896
XianyangNorthwest A&F University1934
GansuLanzhouLanzhou University1909

See also

References

  1. ^ ""985工程"学校名单 - 中华人民共和国教育部政府门户网站". www.moe.gov.cn. Archived February 5, 2023 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 2023-10-16.
  2. ^ ""985"、"211"和"双一流"有什么区别？ —中国教育在线". gaokao.eol.cn. Archived October 16, 2023 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 2023-10-16.
  3. ^ "科学网—公众迷恋大学"帽子"本质是期待高质量教育". news.sciencenet.cn. Archived October 16, 2023 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 2023-10-16.
  4. ^ "我国"985 工程"的运行机制与投入成效分析：基于国际比较与实证研究的视角". 北京大学教育经济研究所. Archived October 16, 2023 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 2023-10-16.
  5. ^ "教育部国务院学位委员会国家语委关于宣布失效一批规范性文件的通知 - 中华人民共和国教育部政府门户网站". www.moe.gov.cn. Archived March 7, 2019 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 2022-09-03.
  6. ^ ""985""211"工程将废除 教育部:年内启动"双一流"_新闻频道_中华网". news.china.com. Archived December 19, 2022 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 2022-09-03.
  7. ^ "江泽民：在庆祝北京大学建校一百周年大会上的讲话_改革大数据服务平台". ReformData.org. Retrieved 2023-10-30.
  8. ^ Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China. ""211工程"与"985工程" - 中华人民共和国教育部政府门户网站". Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China. Retrieved 2023-10-30.
  9. ^ State Council of the People's Republic of China. "国务院批转教育部2003—2007年教育振兴行动计划的通知 Notice of the State Council on approving and forwarding the Ministry of Education's 2003-2007 Education Revitalization Action Plan". Central People's Government of the People's Republic of China. Retrieved 2023-10-30.
  10. ^ ""985"、"211"和"双一流"有什么区别？ —中国教育在线". gaokao.eol.cn. Retrieved 2023-10-30.
  11. ^ "Project 211 and 985". China Education Center Ltd.. Archived July 10, 2015 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 2010-08-28.
  12. ^ "International Rankings and Chinese Higher Education Reform". World Education News and Reviews. October 2006. Archived June 27, 2010 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 2010-08-28.
  13. ^ "教育部国务院学位委员会国家语委关于宣布失效一批规范性文件的通知 - 中华人民共和国教育部政府门户网站". www.moe.gov.cn. Retrieved 2023-10-30.
  14. ^ "涉及985和211工程，教育部宣布失效一批规范性文件-东北农业大学". wwwold.neau.edu.cn. Retrieved 2023-10-30.
  15. ^ "教育部宣布211、985工程多份文件失效！（附全国211、985工程大学清单）_生物探索". www.biodiscover.com. Retrieved 2023-10-30.