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1868
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Contents
Events
January
January 2 – British Expedition to Abyssinia : Robert Napier leads an expedition to free captive British officials and missionaries.[1] January 3 – The 15-year-old Mutsuhito, Emperor Meiji of Japan, declares the Meiji Restoration , his own restoration to full power, under the influence of supporters from the Chōshū and Satsuma Domains , and against the supporters of the Tokugawa shogunate , triggering the Boshin War .[2] January 5 – Paraguayan War : Brazilian Army commander Luís Alves de Lima e Silva, Duke of Caxias , enters Asunción , Paraguay 's capital. Some days later he declares the war is over. Nevertheless, Francisco Solano López , Paraguay's president, prepares guerrillas to fight in the countryside.January 7 – The Arkansas constitutional convention meets in Little Rock .January 9 – Penal transportation from Britain to Australia ends, with arrival of the convict ship Hougoumont in Western Australia, after an 89-day voyage from England. There are 62 Fenians among the transportees.January 10 – Shōgun Tokugawa Yoshinobu declares the emperor's declaration "illegal", and prepares to attack Kyoto .January 27 –31 – Battle of Toba–Fushimi : forces of the Tokugawa shogunate and the allied pro-Imperial forces of the Chōshū, Satsuma and Tosa Domains clash near Fushimi, Kyoto , ending in a decisive victory for the Imperial forces (although in the January 28 naval Battle of Awa , the Shogunate is victorious against Satsuma).
February
March
April
April 1 – The Hampton Normal and Agricultural Institute is established in Hampton, Virginia .April 7 – The Charter Oath , drawn up by his councilors, is promulgated at the enthronement of the Emperor Meiji of Japan, promising deliberative assemblies and an end to feudalism .[5] April 9 – Emperor Tewodros II of Ethiopia massacres at least 197 of his own people at Magdala . These are prisoners incarcerated, for the most part, for very trivial offenses, and are killed for requesting bread and water.April 9 –13 – Battle of Magdala : A British-Indian task force under Robert Napier inflicts 700 deaths and a crushing defeat on the army of Emperor Tewodros II ; the British and Indians suffer 30 wounded, two of whom subsequently die. Tewodros commits suicide and Magdala is captured, ending the British Expedition to Abyssinia .April 11 –July – Fall of Edo : The Japanese city surrenders to Emperor Meiji . Shōgun Tokugawa Yoshinobu submits to the Emperor.April 29 – General William Tecumseh Sherman brokers the Treaty of Fort Laramie , between the federal government of the United States and the Plains Indians .
May
June
July
August
September
October
November
December
Date unknown
Births
January–March
January 1 – Snitz Edwards , Hungarian-born actor (d. 1937 )January 6 – Vittorio Monti , Italian composer (d. 1922 )[15] January 9 – S. P. L. Sørensen , Danish chemist (d. 1939 )January 11 – Cai Yuanpei , Chinese educator (d. 1940 )January 15 – Otto von Lossow , Bavarian and German general (d. 1938 )January 18 – Kantarō Suzuki , 29th Prime Minister of Japan (d. 1948 )January 21 – Felix Hoffmann , German chemist (d. 1946 )January 31 – Theodore William Richards , American chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1928 )February 4 – Constance Markievicz , née Gore-Booth, Irish politician (d. 1927 )[16] February 5 – Maxine Elliott , American actress (d. 1940 )February 12 – William Faversham , English actor (d. 1940 )February 16 – Edward S. Curtis , American photographer, ethnologist, and film director (d. 1952 )February 23 – W. E. B. Du Bois , African American civil rights leader (d. 1963 )[17] February 25 February 26 – Venceslau Brás , Brazilian president (d. 1966 )February 27 – Georges Brunet , French anarchist (d. 20th century )March 1 March 14 – Emily Murphy , Canadian woman's rights activist (d. 1933 )March 22 – Robert Andrews Millikan , American physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1953 )[18] March 25 – Bill Lockwood , English cricketer (d. 1932 )March 28 – Maxim Gorky , Russian author (d. 1936 )[19] March 29 – Joseph Cawthorn , American actor (d. 1949 )
April–June
April 1 – Edmond Rostand , French poet and playwright (d. 1918 )[20] April 10 – George Arliss , English actor (d. 1946 )April 12 – Akiyama Saneyuki , Japanese admiral (d. 1918 )April 17 – Zdeňka Wiedermannová-Motyčková , Moravian pioneer of female education (d. 1915 )April 25 May 6 – Gaston Leroux , French writer (d. 1927 )[21] May 12 – Al Shean , German-born actor (d. 1949 )May 18 (O. S. May 6) – Nicholas II of Russia (d. 1918 )[22] May 21 – John L. Hines , American general, Chief of Staff of the U.S. Army (d. 1968 )May 29 – Abdülmecid II , last Caliph of the Ottoman Empire (d. 1944 )June – Fusajiro Yamauchi , Japanese entrepreneur and founder of Nintendo (d. 1929 or 1940 )June 5 – James Connolly , Irish-Scots socialist (d. 1916 )June 6 – Robert Falcon Scott , English Antarctic explorer (d. 1912 )[23] June 7 June 14 June 21 – Edward Chaytor , New Zealand general (d. 1939 )[27]
July–September
July 2 – Traian Moșoiu , Romanian general and politician (d. 1932 )July 4 – Henrietta Swan Leavitt , American astronomer (d. 1921 )[28] July 12 – Stefan George , German poet (d. 1933 )July 14 – Gertrude Bell , English archaeologist, writer, spy and administrator (d. 1926 )[29] July 15 – Nobuyoshi Mutō , Japanese field marshal and ambassador (d. 1933 )July 17 – Mikhail Bakhirev , Russian admiral (d. 1920 )July 19 – Florence Foster Jenkins , American socialite and amateur operatic soprano (d. 1944 )[30] July 20 – Patriarch Miron of Romania , 38th Prime Minister of Romania (d. 1939 )July 24 – Princess Srivilailaksana The Princess of Suphanburi daughter of King Chulalongkorn of Siam and Chao Chom Manda Pae Bunnag (d.1904 )July 28 – Theodor Wulf , German physicist and Jesuit (d. 1946 )August 5 – Oskar Merikanto , Finnish composer (d. 1924 )August 6 – Paul Claudel , French poet, dramatist and diplomat (d. 1955 )[31] August 7 August 10 – Hugo Eckener , German dirigible engineer, Commander of Graf Zeppelin I (d. 1954 )August 23 – Edgar Lee Masters , American poet, biographer and dramatist (d. 1950 )August 26 – Charles Stewart , Premier of Alberta (d. 1946 )September 1 – Henri Bourassa , Canadian politician and publisher (d. 1952 )September 4 – Rudolf Reschreiter , Bavarian PainterSeptember 6 – Heinrich Häberlin , Swiss politician, member of the Federal Council (d. 1947 )September 17 – James Alexander Calder , Canadian politician (d. 1956 )September 22 – John T. Raulston , American state judge (Scopes Monkey Trial) (d. 1956 )
October–December
October 4 – Marcelo Torcuato de Alvear , President of Argentina (d. 1942 )October 15 – J. B. Johnson , American attorney and politician (d. 1940 )October 21 – Ernest Swinton , British Army general (d. 1951 )October 24 – Alexandra David-Néel , French explorer (d. 1969 )October 30 – António Cabreira , Portuguese polygraph (d. 1953 )[32] November 7 – Delfim Moreira , Brazilian president (d. 1920 )November 8 – Felix Hausdorff , German mathematician (d. 1942 )November 9 – Marie Dressler , Canadian actress (d. 1934 )November 10 – Gichin Funakoshi , Japanese founder of Shotokan karate, "father of modern karate" (d. 1957 )November 17 – Korbinian Brodmann , German neurologist (d. 1918 )November 23 – Mary Brewster Hazelton , American portrait painter (d. 1953 )December 5 – Arnold Sommerfeld , German theoretical physicist (d. 1951 )[33] December 9 – Fritz Haber , German chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1934 )[34] December 19 – Eleanor H. Porter , American novelist (d. 1920 )[35] December 20 – Arturo Alessandri , Chilean statesman, 3-Time President of Chile (d. 1950 )December 21 – George W. Fuller , American sanitation engineer (d. 1934 )December 22 – Jaan Tõnisson , 2nd Prime Minister of Estonia (d. 1941 ?)December 25 – Eugenie Besserer , American silent film actress (d. 1934 )probable – Scott Joplin , African American ragtime composer and pianist (d. 1917 )[36]
Deaths
January–June
January 20 – Damien Marchesseault , 7th Mayor of Los Angeles (suicide) (b. 1818 )January 23 – János Erdélyi , Hungarian poet and ethnographer (b. 1814 )January 28 – Adalbert Stifter , Austrian writer (b. 1805 )February 8 – Lai Wenguang , Chinese leader of the Taiping Rebellion and Nien Rebellion (b. 1827 )February 10 – Sir David Brewster , Scottish physicist (b. 1781 )[37] February 11 – Léon Foucault , French physicist (b. 1819 )[38] February 19 – Venancio Flores , Uruguayan general and president of Uruguay (b. 1808 )February 29 – King Ludwig I of Bavaria (b. 1786 )[39] March 4 – Jesse Chisholm , American pioneer (b. 1805 )March 19 – Philipp von Stadion und Thannhausen , Austrian field marshal (b. 1799 )March 28 – James Brudenell, 7th Earl of Cardigan , British military leader (b. 1797 )April 3 – Franz Berwald , Swedish composer (b. 1796 )[40] April 7 – Thomas D'Arcy McGee , Canadian father of confederation (assassinated) (b. 1825 )April 12 – James Gascoyne-Cecil, 2nd Marquess of Salisbury , British politician and peer (b. 1791 )April 13 – Emperor Theodore or Tewodros II of Ethiopia by suicide (b. 1818 )April 21 – Henry O'Farrell , Irish-Australian criminal (executed) (b. 1833 )May 7 – Henry Brougham, 1st Baron Brougham and Vaux , Lord High Chancellor of Great Britain (b. 1778 )May 10 – Henry Bennett , American politician (b. 1808 )
May 11 – John Crawfurd , Scottish physician, colonial administrator, diplomat and author, last British Resident of Singapore (b. 1783 )May 17 – Isami Kondo , Commander of the Shinsengumi (b. 1834 )May 22 – Julius Plücker , German mathematician and physicist (b. 1801 )May 23 – Kit Carson , American trapper, scout, and Indian agent (b. 1809 )[41] June 1 – James Buchanan , 15th President of the United States (b. 1791 )[42] June 10 – Princess Anka Obrenović , Serbian princess (b. 1821 )June 22 – Heber C. Kimball , Latter Day Saint leader (b. 1801 )June 29 – Sir John Lillie , British army officer, entrepreneur and inventor (b. 1790 )
July–December
July 6 – Harada Sanosuke , Shinsengumi Captain (b. 1840 )July 19 – Okita Sōji , Shinsengumi Captain (b. 1842 or 1844 )July 21 – William Bland , Australian politician (b. 1789 )July 26 – Robert Rolfe, 1st Baron Cranworth , English Lord High Chancellor of Great Britain (b. 1791 )July 29 – John Elliotson , English physician (b. 1791 )August 3 – Edward Welch , Welsh architect (b. 1806 )August 7 – Pedro de Ampudia , Mexican General (b. 1805 )August 10 – Adah Isaacs Menken , American actress (b. 1835 )August 11 – Thaddeus Stevens , American politician (b. 1792 )August 25 – Charlotte Birch-Pfeiffer , German actress, writer and theater director (b. 1799 )August 29 – Christian Friedrich Schönbein , German chemist (b. 1799 )September 1 – Ferenc Gyulay , Hungarian nobleman, general and governor (b. 1799 )September 7 – Gustavus von Tempsky , Prussian adventurer, artist, and solder (b. 1828 )September 9 – Mzilikazi , first king of Mthwakazi (b. c.1790)September 11 – Maria James , Welsh-born American poet (b. 1793 )September 19 – William Sprague , American minister and politician from Michigan (b. 1809 )September 26 – August Ferdinand Möbius , German mathematician and astronomer (b. 1790 )[43] October 1 – Mongkut (Rama IV), King of Siam (Thailand ) (b. 1804 )October 9 – Howell Cobb , American politician (b. 1815 )October 17 – Laura Secord , Canadian patriot (b. 1775 )October 27 – Charles Longley , Archbishop of Canterbury (b. 1794 )November 13 – Gioachino Rossini , Italian composer (b. 1792 )[44] November 15 – James Mayer de Rothschild , German-born banker (b. 1792 )November 27 – Chief Black Kettle , Southern Cheyenne Peace Chief, Survivor of Sand Creek massacre (b. 1803 )December 6 – August Schleicher , German linguist (b. 1821 )December 23 – Sir Herbert Edwardes , British army general and colonial administrator (b. 1819 )December 25 – Linus Yale, Jr. , American inventor (b. 1821 )[45] December 31 – Cyrus Kingsbury , American missionary and Choctaw linguist (b.1786)
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"American Annual Cyclopedia and Register of Important Events of the Year 1868". American Annual Cyclopedia and Register of Important Events of the Year . 8 : 14 v. New York: D. Appleton and Company. 1871. hdl:2027/coo.31924106392040 + via Google Books