1825

Events

January–March

• January 4 – King Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies dies in Naples and is succeeded by his son, Francis.
• February 3 – Vendsyssel-Thy, once part of the Jutland peninsula forming westernmost Denmark, becomes an island after a flood drowns its 1 kilometre (0.62 mi) wide isthmus.^[1]
• February 9 – After no presidential candidate receives a majority of United States Electoral College votes following the 1824 United States presidential election, the United States House of Representatives elects John Quincy Adams President of the United States in a contingent election.
• February 10 – Gideon Mantell names and describes the second known dinosaur Iguanodon.
• February 10 – Simón Bolívar gives up his title of dictator of Peru and takes the alternative title of El Libertador.^{[citation needed]}
• February 12 – Second Treaty of Indian Springs: The Creek cede the last of their lands in Georgia to the United States government and migrate west.^[2]
• March 1 – The outbound British East Indiaman Kent is destroyed by fire in the Bay of Biscay with the loss of more than 80 lives, but over 550 are saved by passing ships.
• March 5 – Capture of the sloop Anne: Roberto Cofresí, one of the last successful pirates in the Caribbean, is defeated by an international naval force.
• March 17 – The Norfolk & Dedham Group is founded as The Norfolk Mutual Fire Insurance Company in the United States.

April–June

• April 17 – Charles X of France recognizes Haiti, 21 years after it expelled the French following the successful Haitian Revolution, and demands the payment of 150 million gold francs, 30 million of which Haiti must finance through France itself, as down payment.
• May 26 – Two Unitarian Christian bodies, the American Unitarian Association in the United States and the British and Foreign Unitarian Association in the United Kingdom are founded, coincidentally on the same date.
• May 29 – The Coronation of Charles X takes place at the historic site of Reims Cathedral, the last coronation of a French monarch.
• May – History of Brisbane: The Australian city of Brisbane is founded.^[3]
• June 2 – The United States Senate ratifies the treaties with the Great Osage and the Little Osage tribes.^[4]
• June 3 – The U.S. Senate ratifies the treaty with the Kansas tribe.^[4]
• June 9 – The U.S. Senate ratifies the treaty with the Poncas tribe.^[4]
• June 15 – A rebellion is started by 200 slaves in the Guamacaro region of Cuba, and is suppressed after 12 hours; in the ensuing months, most who were not killed in the battle will be hunted down and killed.^[5]

July–September

• July 6
  • The Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Beck gains possession of Glücksburg and changes his title to Friedrich Wilhelm, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg.^[6] The line of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg later becomes the royal house of Greece, Denmark and Norway.
  • The U.S. Senate ratifies treaties with the Cheyenne tribe.^[4]
  • A new Combinations of Workmen Act in the United Kingdom makes trade unions legal according to narrowly defined principles.
• July 16 – The U.S. Senate ratifies treaties with the Hunkpapa tribe.^[4]
• July 18 – The U.S. Senate ratifies treaties with the Ricara tribes.^[4]
• July 20 – A skirmish takes place between Dutch-Yogyakartan forces and Javanese rebels, triggering the Java War.^[7]
• July 30
  • Malden Island (an uninhabited island in the central Pacific Ocean) is discovered by George Byron, 7th Baron Byron.^{[citation needed]}
  • The U.S. Senate ratifies treaties with the Mandan, Belantae, Eloa and Minnetaree tribes.^[4]
• August 4 – The U.S. Senate ratifies treaties with the Ricara tribes.^[4]
• August 6 – Bolivia gains its independence from Spain as a republic, at the instigation of Simón Bolívar.^[8]
• August 11 – The U.S. Senate ratifies treaties with the Crow tribe.^[4]
• August 18 – Scottish adventurer Gregor MacGregor issues a £300,000 loan with 2.5% interest, through the London bank of Thomas Jenkins & Company, for the fictitious Central American republic of Poyais. His actions led to the Panic of 1825, the first modern stock market crash, in England.^{[citation needed]}
• August 22 – The National Mexican Rite is created in Mexico City.^{[citation needed]}
• August 25 – Uruguay is declared independent of the Empire of Brazil by the Thirty-Three Orientals, a militant revolutionary group led by Juan Antonio Lavalleja.^[9]
• September 25 – General Hendrik Merkus de Kock lifts the siege of Jogjakarta, the first major action of the Java War.
• September 26 – The U.S. Senate ratifies treaties with the Missouri and Ottoe tribes.^[4]
• September 27 – The world's first modern railway, the Stockton and Darlington Railway, opens in England.
• September 30 – The U.S. Senate ratifies treaties with the Pawnee tribe.^[4]
• September – The Lady Margaret Boat Club is founded by 12 members of St John's College, Cambridge.

October–December

• October 7 – The Miramichi Fire, a forest fire, breaks out in New Brunswick (Canada).^[10]
• October 21 – PS Comet II sinks off Gourock (Scotland) with the loss of 62 lives.^[11]
• October 26 – The Erie Canal opens, providing passage from Albany, New York to Buffalo and Lake Erie.^[12]
• November 7 – The U.S. Senate ratifies the treaty with the Shawnee tribe.^[4]
• November 15 – King Joao VI of Portugal promulgates a law recognizing his eldest son, Dom Pedro, as the Emperor of Brazil.^[13]
• October–December – Dispute between the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata and the Empire of Brazil over the Banda Oriental region leads to the Cisplatine War.
• December 1 (O.S.)/November 19 (N.S.) – Nicholas I of Russia succeeds his older brother Alexander I.
• December 9 – The British began the Siege of Bharatpur (1825–1826) in India.
• December 26 (O.S.)/December 14 (N.S.) – Some Imperial Russian Army officers stage the Decembrist revolt against Nicholas's accession in Saint Petersburg, but it is thoroughly suppressed by the government.

Date unknown

• Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan is founded as a mudfort on the Silk Road
• The Fort Vancouver trading post is established on the lower Columbia River by the Hudson's Bay Company.
• Hans Christian Ørsted reduces aluminium chloride to produce metallic aluminium.
• Minh Mạng outlaws the teaching of Christianity in Vietnam.
• The first horse-drawn omnibuses established in London.
• The United States Postal Service starts a dead letter office.
• London becomes the largest city in the world, taking the lead from Beijing.^[14]

Births

January–June

• January 11 – Clement V. Rogers, Cherokee politician, father of Will Rogers (d. 1911)
• January 25 – George Pickett, American Confederate general (d. 1876)
• January 31 – Miska Magyarics, Slovene poet in Hungary (d. 1883)
• February 8 – Henri Giffard, French engineer, pioneer in airship technology (d. 1882)
• February 10 – Geoffrey Hornby, British admiral (d. 1895)
• March 13 – Hans Gude, Norwegian romanticist landscape painter (d. 1903)^[15]
• March 16 – Camilo Castelo Branco, Portuguese writer (d. 1890)
• March 21 – Alexander Mozhaysky, Russian aeronautical pioneer (d. 1890)
• March 22 – Jane Sym, second wife of Canada's second prime minister (d. 1893)
• April 11 – Ferdinand Lassalle, Prussian-German philosopher, socialist and politician (d. 1864)
• April 24 – Robert Michael Ballantyne, Scottish novelist (d. 1894)
• May 4 – Thomas Henry Huxley, English biologist (d. 1895)
• May 8 – George Bruce Malleson, English officer, author (d. 1898)
• May 9 – George Davidson, English-born geodesist, astronomer, geographer, surveyor, and engineer in the United States (d. 1911)
• June 3 – Sophie Sager, Swedish women's rights activist (d. 1902)

July–December

• July 2 – Émile Ollivier, French statesman (d. 1913)
• July 19 – George H. Pendleton, American politician (d. 1889)
• July 21 – Práxedes Mateo Sagasta, Spanish politician, eight-time prime minister of Spain (d. 1903)
• August 31 – Robert Dunsmuir, Scottish industrialist, politician (d. 1889)
• September 4 – Dadabhai Naoroji, Indian politician (d. 1917)
• September 11 – Eduard Hanslick, Austrian music critic (d. 1904)
• September 13 – William Henry Rinehart, American sculptor (d. 1874)
• September 17 – Lucius Quintus Cincinnatus Lamar II, American politician, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States (d. 1893)
• September 25 – Joachim Heer, Swiss politician (d. 1879)
• October 8 – Paschal Beverly Randolph, American occultist (d. 1875)
• October 10 – Paul Kruger, Boer resistance leader (d. 1904)
• October 11 – Maria Firmina dos Reis, Brazilian abolitionist and author (d. 1917)
• October 13 – Charles Frederick Worth, English-born fashion designer, father of haute couture (d. 1895)
• October 25
  • Francis March, American comparative linguist (d. 1911)
  • Johann Strauss, Junior, Austrian composer (d. 1899)
• November 9 – A. P. Hill, American Confederate general (d. 1865)
• November 29 – Jean-Martin Charcot, French physician, neurologist (d. 1893)
• November 30 – William-Adolphe Bouguereau, French painter and educator (d. 1905)
• December 2 – Pedro II, Emperor of Brazil (d. 1891)
• December 18 – Mariano Ignacio Prado, Peruvian general and statesman, twice President of Peru (d. 1901)^[16]
• December 30 – Samuel Newitt Wood, American politician (d. 1891)
• December 31 – Elizabeth Martha Olmsted, American poet (d. 1910)

Date unknown

• Sher Ali Khan, ruler of Afghanistan (d. 1879)
• Juan Williams Rebolledo, Chilean admiral and politician (d. 1910)

Deaths

January–June

• January 4 – Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies (b. 1751)
• January 8 – Eli Whitney, American inventor (b. 1765)
• February 22 – Eleanor Anne Porden, English poet (b. 1795)
• February 24 – Thomas Bowdler, English physician (b. 1754)
• March 1
  • John Brooks (governor), Massachusetts doctor, military officer, governor (b. 1752)
  • John Haggin, Indian fighter, one of the earliest settlers of Kentucky (b. 1753)
• March 4 – Hercules Mulligan, tailor, spy during the American Revolutionary War (b. 1740)
• March 6 – Samuel Parr, English schoolmaster (b. 1747)
• March 25 – Antoine Fabre d'Olivet, French writer (b. 1767)
• March 27 – Alexander Lindsay, 6th Earl of Balcarres, British Army general (b. 1752)
• April 23 – Friedrich Müller, German painter, narrator, lyricist and dramatist (b. 1749)
• April 17 – Henry Fuseli, Swiss painter and writer (b. 1741)
• May 7 – Antonio Salieri, Italian composer (b. 1750)
• May 13 – Charles Whitworth, 1st Earl Whitworth, British diplomat (b. 1752)
• May 19 – Claude Henri de Rouvroy, comte de Saint-Simon, French politician (b. 1760)
• May 22 – Laskarina Bouboulina, Greek independence fighter, heroine (shot) (b. 1771)
• May 23 – Ras Gugsa of Yejju, Regent of the Emperor of Ethiopia
• June 11 – Daniel D. Tompkins, 6th Vice President of the United States (b. 1774)
• June 14 – Pierre Charles L'Enfant, French architect (b. 1754)
• June 27 – Domenico Vantini, Italian painter

July–December

• July 12 – Dorothea von Rodde-Schlözer, German scholar (b. 1770)
• July 15 – David Ochterlony, Massachusetts-born general with the East India Company (b. 1758)
• August 3 – Ambrogio Minoja, Italian composer, professor of music (b. 1752)
• August 16 – Charles Cotesworth Pinckney, American politician, soldier (b. 1746)
• August 20 – William Waldegrave, 1st Baron Radstock, British admiral, Governor of Newfoundland (b. 1753)
• September 4 – Frederick Howard, 5th Earl of Carlisle (b. 1748)
• September 26 – José Bernardo de Tagle y Portocarrero, Marquis of Torre Tagle, Peruvian soldier and politician, 2nd President of Peru (b. 1779)^[17]
• September 29 – Daniel Shays, American Revolutionary War captain, also the leader of the Shays's Rebellion (b. 1747)
• October 6 – Bernard Germain de Lacépède, French naturalist (b. 1756)
• October 9 – Lucia Pytter, Norwegian philanthropist (b. 1762)
• October 13 – King Maximilian I Joseph of Bavaria (b. 1756)
• November 7 – Charlotte Dacre, English Gothic novelist (b. c. 1772)
• November 14 – Jean Paul, German writer (b. 1763)
• December 1 – Emperor Alexander I of Russia (November 19 on the Russian calendar) b. 1777)
• December 28 – James Wilkinson, American soldier, statesman (b. 1757)
• December 29 – Jacques-Louis David, French painter (b. 1748)

Dates unknown

• Armand-Marie-Jacques de Chastenet, Marquis of Puységur, French mesmerist (b. 1751)
• Huang Peilie, Chinese bibliophile (b. 1763)^[18]
• Maria Angela Ardinghelli, Italian scientific translator (b. 1730)

References

1. ^ Blangstrup, Chr. (ed.) (1915). "Aggerkanal" (in Danish). Salmonsens Konversationsleksikon. Vol. 1. 2nd ed. Copenhagen: J.H. Schultz Forlagsboghandel. p. 310. Retrieved April 3, 2013.
2. ^ [https://dc.library.okstate.edu/digital/collection/kapplers/id/29471/rec/1,"Treaty With The Creeks, 1825"], Oklahoma State University Digital Collections, Kapplers: Indian affairs: laws and treaties Vol. 2 (Treaties), pp. 214-217. Retrieved May 16, 2024.
3. ^ "Founding of Brisbane". National Museum Australia. 2023-05-04. Retrieved 2024-03-17.
4. ^ Niles' Weekly Register, Volume 30, p316
5. ^ Manuel Barcia, West African Warfare in Bahia and Cuba: Soldier Slaves in the Atlantic World, 1807-1844 (Oxford University Press, 2014) p97
6. ^ Danish: Den 6te Julii har det behaget Hs. Majestæt allernaadigst at tillade Hs. høifyrstelige Durchlauchtighed, Hertug Friederich Wilhelm Paul Leopold til Slesvig-Holsten-Sønderburg Beck, for sig og hans samtlige ægte Descendentere, tillige at føre det Hertugelige Navn og Titel som Hertug af Glücksburg. "Blandede Efterretninger". Collegial-Tidende. No. 39. 16 July 1825. p. 526.
7. ^ Carey, P. B. R. (20 March 2015). The Power of Prophecy: Prince Dipanagara and the End of an Old Order in Java, 1785-1855. Brill. p. 601. ISBN 978-90-6718-303-1.
8. ^ Morales, Walraud Q. (2010). A Brief History of Bolivia. second ed. Lexington Associates. ISBN 9780816078776.
9. ^ Gotevbe, Victor (2024-08-25). "August 25: Uruguay's Journey to Freedom". Diplomatic Watch. Retrieved 2025-07-13.
10. ^ "Great Miramichi Fire: The largest fire ever in eastern North America". GNB.ca. Archived from the original on October 13, 2010. Retrieved December 30, 2011.
11. ^ Iain Lundy (9 May 2006). "The passengers 'precipitated into Eternity' when their steamship sank". The Scotsman. Archived 2006-11-07 at the Wayback Machine.
12. ^ Catalano, Robin (2025-10-27). "The Erie Canal: The manmade waterway that transformed the US". BBC Home. Retrieved 2025-10-29.
13. ^ The Annual Register, or A View of the History, Politics, and Literature for the Year 1828 (Baldwin and Cradock, 1829) p428
14. ^ Rosenberg, Matt T. "Largest Cities Through History". About.com. Archived from the original on August 18, 2016. Retrieved September 25, 2012.
15. ^ Haverkamp, Frode & Gude, Hans Fredrik (1992). Hans Gude (in Norwegian). Oslo: Aschehoug. p. 59. ISBN 82-03-17072-2. OCLC 29047091
16. ^ García Belaúnde, Víctor Andrés (2016). El expediente Prado (in Spanish). Lima: Asociación Civil Mercurio Peruano. p. 451. ISBN 978-612-45288-6-6.
17. ^ Basadre, Jorge (2005 [First published 1939]). Historia de la República del Perú (1822 - 1933) [History of the Republic of Peru (1822 - 1933)] (in Spanish). Vol. 1. 9th ed. Lima: El Comercio. p. 98. ISBN 978-612-306-354-2.
18. ^ "Supplement to the Local Gazetteer of Wu Prefecture". World Digital Library. 1134. Retrieved September 6, 2013.