| Nativename | Jukun |
|---|---|
| States | Nigeria |
| Region | Taraba State, Plateau State, Nasarawa State |
| Speakers | 100,000 |
| Date | 1994 |
| Ref | e18 |
| Dia 1 | Wukan |
| Script | Latin |
| Familycolor | Niger-Congo |
| Fam 2 | Atlantic–Congo languages |
| Fam 3 | Benue–Congo |
| Fam 4 | Jukunoid |
| Fam 5 | Central |
| Fam 6 | Kororofa |
| Iso 3 | juk |
| Glotto | wapa1235 |
| Glottorefname | Wapan |
Wapan (Jukun Wapan) or Kororofa,[1] also known as Wukari after the local town of Wukari, is a major Jukunoid language[2] of Nigeria.
Varieties
Blench (2019) lists the following varieties as part of the Kororofa (Jukun Wapan) cluster:[1]
Phonology
Consonants
| Labial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Labio- velar | Glottal | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| plain | pal. | lab. | plain | pal. | lab. | plain | pal. | lab. | plain | pal. | lab. | ||||
| Nasal | m | mʲ | n | ŋ | |||||||||||
| Plosive | voiceless | p | pʲ | pʷ | t | tʲ | k | kʲ | kʷ | k͡p | |||||
| voiced | b | bʲ | bʷ | d | dʲ | ɡ | ɡʲ | ɡ͡b | |||||||
| prenasal | ᵐb | ᵐbʲ | ⁿd | ⁿdʲ | ᵑɡ | ᵑɡʲ | |||||||||
| Affricate | voiceless | t͡s | t͡sʷ | ||||||||||||
| voiced | d͡z | d͡zʷ | |||||||||||||
| Fricative | voiceless | f | fʲ | s | sʲ | sʷ | h | hʲ | hʷ | ||||||
| voiced | v | vʲ | z | zʲ | |||||||||||
| Trill | r | ||||||||||||||
| Approximant | j | w | |||||||||||||
Vowels
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| High | i ĩ | u ũ | |
| Mid | e ẽ | o õ | |
| Low | a ã |
- Vowels are also typically always pronounced as nasalized when after nasal consonants.[3]
Nasal consonants
Wapan and other Jukunoid languages are interesting in the development of asymmetrical patterns of nasal and oral consonants in West Africa.
One could posit that voiced oral stops become nasal before nasal vowels, sometimes at the expense of having more nasal than oral vowels, which is typologically odd, or that nasal stops denasalise before oral vowels, which is typologically odd as well.
Oral vowels are allowed only in syllables like ba, mba, nasal vowels in bã, mã.
Historically, however, the consonants nasalized: *mb became **mm before nasal vowels and then reduced to *m, leaving the current asymmetric distribution.[4]
| allophonic Ṽ next to N |
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| *mb → *mm/_Ṽ |
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| *mm → *m |
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| loss of final C | mã | mã | mba | mã | ba | bã |
References
- ^ Blench, Roger (2019). An Atlas of Nigerian Languages. 4th ed. Cambridge: Kay Williamson Educational Foundation.
- ^
- ^ Welmers, William Everrett (1968). Jukun of Wukari and Jukun of Takum. Ibadan, Nigeria: University of Ibadan.
- ^ Larry Hyman, 1975. "Nasal states and nasal processes." In Nasalfest: Papers from a Symposium on Nasals and Nasalization, pp. 249–264