| Ipa symbol | ɻ |
|---|---|
| Ipa number | 152 |
| Decimal | 635 |
| Xsampa | r\` |
| Braille | 256 |
| Braille 2 | number |
A voiced retroflex approximant is a type of consonant used in some languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is , a turned lowercase letter r with a rightward hook protruding from the lower right of the letter.
The velar bunched approximant found in some varieties of Dutch and American English is nearly indistinguishable from a retroflex approximant in sound, but has a different articulation.
Features
Features of the voiced retroflex approximant:
Occurrence
| Family | Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sinitic | Chinese | Mandarin | 肉 ròu | [ɻ̺oʊ̯˥˩] | 'meat' | Apical.[1] Can be transcribed as fricative ʐ. See Standard Chinese phonology |
| Nungish | Derung | Tvrung | [tə˧˩ɻuŋ˥˧] | 'Derung' | ||
| Germanic | English | Some American dialects | red | [ɻ(ʷ)ɛd] | 'red' | Labialized (pronounced with lips rounded). See Pronunciation of English /r/ |
| Some Hiberno-English dialects | ||||||
| Some West Country English | ||||||
| Arnhem | Enindhilyagwa | angwura | [aŋwuɻa] | 'fire' | ||
| Germanic | Faroese[2] | hoyrdi | [hɔiɻʈɛ] | 'heard' | Allophone of /ɹ/.[2] Sometimes voiceless ɻ̊.[2] See Faroese phonology | |
| Hellenic | Greek | Cretan (Sfakia and Mylopotamos variations) region[3] | γάλα gála | [ˈɣaɻa] | 'milk' | Intervocalic allophone of /l/ before /a, o, u/. Recessive. See Modern Greek phonology |
| Eskimo-Aleut | Inuktitut | Nattilingmiutut | kiuřuq | /kiuɻuq/ | 'she replies' | |
| Dravidian | Malayalam | ആഴ���/āḻam | [aːɻɐm] | 'depth' | Represented by the letter ⟨ഴ⟩. Subapical retroflex. See Malayalam phonology | |
| Mapudungun | Mapuche[4] | rayen | [ɻɜˈjën] | 'flower' | Possible realization of /ʐ/; may be ʐ or ɭ instead.[4] | |
| Romance | Portuguese | Many Centro-Sul registers | cartas | [ˈkaɻtə̥̆s] | 'letters' | Allophone of rhotic consonants (and sometimes /l/) in the syllable coda. Mainly[5] found in rural São Paulo, Paraná, south of Minas Gerais and surrounding areas, with the more common and prestigious realization in metropolitan areas being ɹ and/or rhotic vowel instead. As with ɽ, it appeared as a mutation of [ɾ].[6][7][8] See Portuguese phonology. |
| Caipira | temporal | [tẽɪ̯̃pʊˈɾaɻ] | 'rainstorm' | |||
| Conservative Piracicabano | grato | [ˈgɻatʊ̥] | 'thankful' (m.) | |||
| Dravidian | Tamil[9] | தமிழ்/Tamiḻ | [t̪əˈmɨɻ] | 'Tamil' | See Tamil phonology. May be merged with ɭ for some modern speakers. | |
| Pama-Nyungan | Western Desert | Pitjantjatjara dialect | Uluṟu | [ʊlʊɻʊ] | 'Uluru' | |
| Isolate | Yaghan | wárho | [ˈwaɻo] | 'cave' | ||
See also
Notes
- ^ Lee, Wai-Sum (1999). An articulatory and acoustical analysis of the syllable-initial sibilants and approximant in Beijing Mandarin. Proceedings of the 14th International Congress of Phonetic Sciences. S2CID 51828449
- ^ Árnason (2011), p. 115.
- ^ Trudgill (1989), pp. 18–19.
- ^ Sadowsky et al. (2013), p. 90.
- ^ Brandão, Silvia Figueiredo (15 December 2007). "Nas trilhas do -R retroflexo". Signum: Estudos da Linguagem. 10 (2): 265. doi:10.5433/2237-4876.2007v10n2p265
- ^ Ferraz, Irineu da Silva (2005). Características fonético-acústicas do /r/ retroflexo do portugues brasileiro : dados de informantes de Pato Branco (PR). hdl:1884/3955
- ^ (in Portuguese) Syllable coda /r/ in the "capital" of the paulista hinterland: sociolinguistic analysis. Archived 2013-09-26 at the Wayback Machine Cândida Mara Britto LEITE. Page 111 (page 2 in the attached PDF)
- ^ (in Portuguese) Callou, Dinah. Leite, Yonne. "Iniciação à Fonética e à Fonologia". Jorge Zahar Editora 2001, p. 24
- ^ Keane (2004), p. 111.
References
- Árnason, Kristján (2011), The Phonology of Icelandic and Faroese, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-922931-4
- Keane, Elinor (2004), "Tamil", Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 34 (1): 111–116, doi:10.1017/S0025100304001549
- Sadowsky, Scott; Painequeo, Héctor; Salamanca, Gastón; Avelino, Heriberto (2013), "Mapudungun", Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 43 (1): 87–96, doi:10.1017/S0025100312000369
- Trudgill, Peter (1989), "The Sociophonetics of /l/ in the Greek of Sphakiá", Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 15 (2): 18–22, doi:10.1017/S0025100300002942. S2CID 143943154