Southern Pashto

Southern Pashto (Pashto: جنوبي/سهيلي پښتو) is a standard variety of the Pashto language spoken in southeastern Afghanistan, and northern parts of the Pakistani province of Balochistan, comprising the Southwestern and Southeastern dialects of Pashto.^[2]

South Western

Kandahārí Pashtó (Pashto: کندهارۍ پښتو), also known as, Southwestern Pashto,^[3] is a Pashto dialect, spoken in southern and western Afghanistan, including the city of Kandahar.

Kandahari Pashto is spoken in Kandahar, Helmand, Ghazni, most of Urozgan, Farah, Faryab and Nimruz, southeastern Ghor, the districts of Murghab, Ghormach, Muqur, and Jawand in Badghis, and parts of Zabul, Paktika, and Herat provinces of Afghanistan. It is also spoken in parts of the provinces of Razavi Khorasan and South Khorasan in Iran, where they numbered roughly 120,000 (in 1993).^[4]

It is one of the most archaic varieties of Pashto: the Kandahari dialect retains archaic retroflex sibilants, /ʂ/ and /ʐ/ (in other dialects, they have shifted to ʃ/x and ʒ/g). Kandahari also has the affricates /t͡s/ and /d͡z/.^[5]

Lexical Variation

According to the "Pashto Dialectal Dictionary (Pashto: پښتو لهجوي قاموس)" published by the Academy of Sciences of Afghanistan the following is noted in Kandahar province:^[6]

South Eastern

In the South Eastern dialect, /ʂ/ and /ʐ/ in South Western sometimes change to ʃ and ʒ. Whilst /t͡s/ and /d͡z/ are generally pronounced.^[7]

In all 3rd-person pronouns 'h' is not articulated. And distinction in 'he' and 'she' pronouns is not noted.

Kākaṛi

Kākaṛi is classed as Southeastern dialect.^[8] The following has been noted:^[9]

Sherani

According to Josef Elfenbein, Sherani Pashto can be classed either as South Western or South Eastern.^[11] Word choice can be distinct:^[12]

Marwat-Bettani

In Marwat-Bettani the following is noted:^[13]

Compare the words

Comparison with Karlāṇi varieties

Marwatwala agrees with other Karlāṇi varieties in the phonetic change in ښ as [ʃ].^[15]

Example:

Rendition of ش

It is noted by Yousuf Khan Jazab, in Marwatwala ش can be rendered as [s].^[14]

Example:

References

1. ^ e27
2. ^ "Glottolog 4.3 - Southern Pashto". glottolog.org. Retrieved 2020-10-16.
3. ^ Prods Oktor Skjærvø, P.O. 1989. Pashto. In "Compendium Linguarum Iranicarum", R. Schmitt (ed.), 384-410.
4. ^ "Iran"
5. ^ MacKenzie, D. N. "A Standard Pashto". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies. 22: 231–235. Archived from the original on October 11, 2017.
6. ^ بها, اکمل (2019). پښتو لهجوي قاموس. Vol. څلورم ټوک. د علومو اکډمي د ژبو او ادبياتو مرکز. pp. ۱–۹۸.
7. ^ Hallberg, Daniel G. 1992. Pashto, Waneci, Ormuri. Sociolinguistic Survey of Northern Pakistan, 4.
8. ^ Kaye, Alan S. (1997-06-30). Phonologies of Asia and Africa: (including the Caucasus). Eisenbrauns. p. 740. ISBN 978-1-57506-019-4.
9. ^ کاکړ, سيال (2012). زريني پانګي. افغان څېړنيز مرکزٜ کوټه.
10. ^ کاکړ, سيال (2012). زريني پانګي. افغان څېړنيز مرکزٜ کوټه. p. 56.
11. ^ Kaye, Alan S. & Daniels, Peter T. (1997). Phonologies of Asia and Africa: (including the Caucasus). Eisenbrauns. p. 740. ISBN 978-1-57506-017-0.
12. ^ Habibi, A. H. "پښتو لهجې". Alama Habibi
13. ^ Rensch, Calvin Ross (1992). Sociolinguistic Survey of Northern Pakistan: Pashto, Waneci, Ormuri. National Institute of Pakistan Studies, Quaid-i-Azam University. pp. 79–145.
14. ^ Khan Jazab, Yousaf (2017). An Ethno-linguisitic Study of the Karlani Varieities of Pashto. Pashto Academy, University of Peshawar. p. 71.
15. ^ Jazab, Yousaf Khan. An Ethno-Linguistic Study of the Karlanri Varieties of Pashto. Pashto Academy, University of Peshawar. pp. 70–71.