Solar eclipse of June 16, 1806
PreviousSolar eclipse of December 21, 1805
NextSolar eclipse of December 10, 1806

A total solar eclipse occurred at the Moon's descending node of orbit on Monday, June 16, 1806 (sometimes dubbed Tecumseh's Eclipse), with a magnitude of 1.0604. A solar eclipse occurs when the Moon passes between Earth and the Sun, thereby totally or partly obscuring the image of the Sun for a viewer on Earth. A total solar eclipse occurs when the Moon's apparent diameter is larger than the Sun's, blocking all direct sunlight, turning day into darkness. Totality occurs in a narrow path across Earth's surface, with the partial solar eclipse visible over a surrounding region thousands of kilometres wide. Occurring about 1.7 days before perigee (on June 18, 1806, at 9:30 UTC), the Moon's apparent diameter was larger.[1]

The path of totality was visible from parts of modern-day northwestern Mexico, the states of Arizona, New Mexico, Colorado, northwestern Texas, Oklahoma, Kansas, Missouri, southeastern Iowa, Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Ohio, Pennsylvania, New York, Connecticut, Massachusetts, Vermont, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, and Maine in the United States, Western Sahara, Mauritania, Mali, and Niger. A partial solar eclipse was also visible for parts of North America, Central America, the Caribbean, Europe, and West Africa.

The eclipse was predicted by Shawnee prophet Tenskwatawa and its appearance aided unity among the Indigenous peoples of North America. Astronomer José Joaquín de Ferrer observed and named the solar corona during this eclipse.

Observations

José Joaquín de Ferrer observed from Kinderhook, New York and gave the name corona to the glow of the faint outer atmosphere of the Sun seen during a total eclipse. He proposed that the corona must belong to the Sun, not the Moon, because of its great size. Ferrer also stated that during the total eclipse of 1806, the irregularities of the Moon's surface were plainly discernible.[2]

Capel Lofft observed from the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland.[3]

Tenskwatawa's prediction

It has been called Tecumseh's Eclipse after the Shawnee chief, Tecumseh. He realized that the only hope for the various tribes in east and central North America was to join. He was assisted by his brother, Tenskwatawa, called The Prophet, who called for a rejection of European influence and a return to traditional values. This tribal unity threatened William Henry Harrison, the Territorial Governor of Indiana and future 9th President of the United States. Harrison tried to discredit the Shawnee leader by challenging Tenskwatawa to prove his powers. He wrote: "If he (Tenskwatawa) is really a prophet, ask him to cause the Sun to stand still or the Moon to alter its course, the rivers to cease to flow or the dead to rise from their graves."

Tenskwatawa declared that the Great Spirit was angry at Harrison and would give a sign. "Fifty days from this day there will be no cloud in the sky. Yet, when the Sun has reached its highest point, at that moment will the Great Spirit take it into her hand and hide it from us. The darkness of night will thereupon cover us and the stars will shine round about us. The birds will roost and the night creatures will awaken and stir." On that day, there was an eclipse, and Harrison's attempt to divide the Shawnee people backfired spectacularly. Then, Tecumseh ordered the Great Spirit to release the sun.[4]

Eclipse details

Shown below are two tables displaying details about this particular solar eclipse. The first table outlines times at which the Moon's penumbra or umbra attains the specific parameter, and the second table describes various other parameters pertaining to this eclipse.[5]

June 16, 1806 Solar Eclipse Times
EventTime (UTC)
First Penumbral External Contact1806 June 16 at 13:47:18.5 UTC
First Umbral External Contact1806 June 16 at 14:44:05.8 UTC
First Central Line1806 June 16 at 14:45:19.5 UTC
First Umbral Internal Contact1806 June 16 at 14:46:33.4 UTC
First Penumbral Internal Contact1806 June 16 at 15:49:22.2 UTC
Ecliptic Conjunction1806 June 16 at 16:21:07.3 UTC
Equatorial Conjunction1806 June 16 at 16:22:27.7 UTC
Greatest Duration1806 June 16 at 16:24:24.6 UTC
Greatest Eclipse1806 June 16 at 16:24:26.5 UTC
Last Penumbral Internal Contact1806 June 16 at 16:59:34.4 UTC
Last Umbral Internal Contact1806 June 16 at 18:02:18.7 UTC
Last Central Line1806 June 16 at 18:03:34.3 UTC
Last Umbral External Contact1806 June 16 at 18:04:49.9 UTC
Last Penumbral External Contact1806 June 16 at 19:01:31.5 UTC
June 16, 1806 Solar Eclipse Parameters
ParameterValue
Eclipse Magnitude1.06042
Eclipse Obscuration1.12449
Gamma0.32035
Sun Right Ascension05h37m06.5s
Sun Declination+23°21'35.2"
Sun Semi-Diameter15'44.3"
Sun Equatorial Horizontal Parallax08.7"
Moon Right Ascension05h37m11.4s
Moon Declination+23°40'49.1"
Moon Semi-Diameter16'25.5"
Moon Equatorial Horizontal Parallax1°00'17.0"
ΔT12.1 s

Eclipse season

See also: Eclipse cycle

This eclipse is part of an eclipse season, a period, roughly every six months, when eclipses occur. Only two (or occasionally three) eclipse seasons occur each year, and each season lasts about 35 days and repeats just short of six months (173 days) later; thus two full eclipse seasons always occur each year. Either two or three eclipses happen each eclipse season. In the sequence below, each eclipse is separated by a fortnight.

Eclipse season of June 1806
June 16
Descending node (new moon)
June 30
Ascending node (full moon)
Total solar eclipse
Solar Saros 124		Partial lunar eclipse
Lunar Saros 136

Eclipses in 1806

Metonic

Tzolkinex

Half-Saros

Tritos

Solar Saros 124

Inex

Triad

Solar eclipses of 1805–1808

The partial solar eclipses on January 30, 1805 and July 26, 1805 occur in the previous lunar year eclipse set, and the partial solar eclipse on October 19, 1808 occurs in the next lunar year eclipse set.

Solar eclipse series sets from 1805 to 1808
Ascending node Descending node
SarosMapGammaSarosMapGamma
109January 1, 1805

Partial		−1.5315114June 26, 1805

Partial		1.0462
119December 21, 1805

Annular		−0.8751124June 16, 1806

Total		0.3204
129December 10, 1806

Annular		−0.1627134June 6, 1807

Hybrid		−0.4577
139November 29, 1807

Hybrid		0.5377144May 25, 1808

Partial		−1.2665
149November 18, 1808

Partial		1.1874

Metonic series

All eclipses in this table occur at the Moon's descending node.

24 eclipse events between August 28, 1802 and August 28, 1859
August 27–28June 16April 3–4January 20–21November 9
122124126128130

August 28, 1802
June 16, 1806
April 4, 1810
January 21, 1814
November 9, 1817
132134136138140

August 27, 1821
June 16, 1825
April 3, 1829
January 20, 1833
November 9, 1836
142144146148150

August 27, 1840
June 16, 1844
April 3, 1848
January 21, 1852
November 9, 1855
152

August 28, 1859

Notes

  1. ^ "Moon Distances for London, United Kingdom, England". timeanddate. Retrieved 22 September 2024.
  2. ^ History of Physical Astronomy, January 1852
  3. ^ Blake, William (1796). "The Monthly magazine. v.22 (1806). - Full View | HathiTrust Digital Library | HathiTrust Digital Library". Monthly Magazine and Critical Register of Books. Retrieved 2017-07-04.
  4. ^ "An Account of 1806, June 16 eclipse from a sorrow in our heart: A life of Tecumseh" by Allan W. Eckert.
  5. ^ "Total Solar Eclipse of 1806 Jun 16". EclipseWise.com. Retrieved 23 September 2024.

References