Ray Hnatyshyn
Honorific prefixThe Right Honourable
Order24th
OfficeGovernor General of Canada
Term startJanuary 29, 1990
Term endFebruary 8, 1995
MonarchElizabeth II
PredecessorJeanne Sauvé
SuccessorRoméo LeBlanc
Prime minister
Office 1Minister of Justice and Attorney General
Term start 1June 30, 1986
Term end 1December 7, 1988
Predecessor 1John Crosbie
Successor 1Joe Clark (acting)
Doug Lewis
Prime minister 1Brian Mulroney
Office 2President of the Privy Council
Term start 2February 27, 1985
Term end 2June 30, 1986
Predecessor 2Erik Nielsen
Successor 2Don Mazankowski
Prime minister 2Brian Mulroney
Office 3Minister of Energy, Mines and Resources
Term start 3June 4, 1979
Term end 3March 3, 1980
Predecessor 3Alastair Gillespie
Successor 3Marc Lalonde
Prime minister 3Joe Clark
Parliament 4Canadian
Riding 4Saskatoon West
Saskatoon—Biggar (1974–1979)
Term start 4July 8, 1974
Term end 4November 21, 1988
Predecessor 4Alfred Gleave
Successor 4Riding abolished
Office 5Chancellor of Carleton University
Term start 5November 2002
Term end 5December 18, 2002
Predecessor 5Arthur Kroeger
Successor 5Marc Garneau
Birth nameRamon John Hnatyshyn
Birth dateMarch 16, 1934
Birth placeSaskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
Death dateDecember 18, 2002 (aged 68)
Death placeOttawa, Ontario, Canada
Resting placeBeechwood Cemetery
FatherJohn Hnatyshyn
SpouseGerda Nygaard Andreasen (m. January 9, 1960)
PartyProgressive Conservative
Alma materUniversity of Saskatchewan (BA, LLB)
OccupationLawyer · politician
AllegianceCanada
Branch labelBranch
BranchRoyal Canadian Air Force Reserve
Service years labelService years
Service years1951–1956
Unit23 Wing Auxiliary

Ramon John "Ray" Hnatyshyn (/nəˈtɪʃən/ nə-TISH-ən; March 16, 1934 – December 18, 2002) was a Canadian lawyer and statesman who served as the 24th governor general of Canada from 1990 to 1995.

Hnatyshyn was born and educated in Saskatchewan and served in the Royal Canadian Air Force prior to being elected to the House of Commons in 1974. On June 4, 1979, Hnatyshyn was sworn into the Queen's Privy Council for Canada[1] and served as a minister of the Crown in two non-successive governments until 1988.

He was appointed governor general by Queen Elizabeth II in 1989, on the recommendation of Prime Minister Brian Mulroney. He replaced Jeanne Mathilde Sauvé as viceroy, and occupied the post until succeeded by Roméo LeBlanc in 1995. As the Queen's representative, Hnatyshyn followed an egalitarian approach by reversing some exclusive policies of his predecessors, such as by opening up Rideau Hall to ordinary Canadians and tourists alike, and was praised for raising the stature of Ukrainian Canadians.

He subsequently practiced law and sat as Chancellor of Carleton University before dying of pancreatitis on December 18, 2002.

Early life and career

Hnatyshyn, a Ukrainian Canadian, was born in Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, to Helen Constance (Pitts) and John Hnatyshyn. John practised as a lawyer, but also became involved in politics, running unsuccessfully in three federal elections in the riding of Yorkton before becoming Canada's first Ukrainian-born senator in 1959.[2][3][4][n 1] John's political links and friendship with John Diefenbaker, the future prime minister, would provide his son with frequent exposure to high-calibre political debate.[5]

Ray Hnatyshyn attended Victoria Public School and Nutana Collegiate Institute in Saskatoon, then went on to study at the University of Saskatchewan, earning a Bachelor of Arts in 1954, and a Bachelor of Laws two years later.[2] He was called to the bar of Saskatchewan in 1957 and briefly worked at a Saskatoon law firm, then moved to Ottawa in 1958 to take a position as an assistant to Walter Aseltine, the Government Leader in the Canadian Senate.[2][6]

Hnatyshyn returned to Saskatoon in 1960 and resumed his career as a lawyer. That year, on January 9, he married Karen Gerda Nygaard Andreasen, eventually having and raising two sons with her.[2][7] In the 1964 Saskatchewan general election, he ran unsuccessfully as a Progressive Conservative Party of Saskatchewan candidate in the electoral district of Saskatoon City.[2] In 1966 he began teaching at the University of Saskatchewan's College of Law as a sessional lecturer, and in 1973 he was appointed Queen's Counsel in Saskatchewan.[2][5][8]

In his youth, Hnatyshyn enrolled in the Royal Canadian Air Cadets, where he was a member of 107 Spitfire Squadron in Saskatoon. He was enlisted as a reservist with the Royal Canadian Air Force (RCAF) from 1951 to 1956, then served in the RCAF's 23 Wing (Auxiliary) from 1956 to 1958.[8][9]

Member of Parliament

In the 1974 federal election, Hnatyshyn ran as a Progressive Conservative Party (PC) candidate and narrowly won the riding of Saskatoon—Biggar against New Democratic Party incumbent Alfred Gleave. He thereby became a member of Parliament (MP).[2][9] He was appointed the PCs' deputy house leader in 1976.[9]

When Saskatoon—Biggar was abolished ahead of the 1979 election, Hnatyshyn followed most of his constituents into the newly established riding of Saskatoon West, where he won re-election. The PCs won a minority government in that election, and Hnatyshyn was appointed on June 4 to the Cabinet chaired by Joe Clark as Minister of Energy, Mines, and Resources, as well as Minister of State for Science and Technology.[2][9]

The PC minority government fell in December 1979, and the Liberals regained power in the subsequent federal election held on February 18, 1980. Hnatyshyn was re-elected MP in Saskatoon West, and was named opposition critic for justice.[9] Brian Mulroney replaced Joe Clark as PC leader following the 1983 leadership election, and named Hnatyshyn Opposition House Leader in April 1984.[9]

The PCs won a landslide majority government in the 1984 federal election, and Hnatyshyn was named Government House Leader in November 1984,[2] before adding President of the Privy Council to his portfolio in February 1985.[9] By mid-1986, as the PCs began to trail the Liberals in opinion polling, Mulroney announced a cabinet shuffle, naming Hnatyshyn Minister of Justice and Attorney General of Canada on June 30.[2][9][10] He was called to the bar of Ontario the same year,[11] and was appointed Queen's Counsel in Canada in 1988.[4][8]

Saskatoon West was abolished before the election of 1988, and Hnatyshyn attempted to follow most of his constituents into Saskatoon—Clark's Crossing, but lost to NDP challenger Chris Axworthy.[9] Following his defeat, Hnatyshyn returned to practising law, joining the Ottawa firm of Gowling, Strathy & Henderson in April 1989.[2]

Governor General of Canada

On December 14, 1989, Queen Elizabeth II, by commission under the royal sign-manual and Great Seal of Canada, appointed Prime Minister Brian Mulroney's choice of Hnatyshyn to succeed Jeanne Sauvé as the Queen's representative. He was the second consecutive Saskatchewan-born Governor-General. Hnatyshyn was sworn in during a ceremony in the Senate chamber on January 29, 1990.[11]

Hnatyshyn thereafter made an effort to open up Rideau Hall—the monarch's and governor general's residence in Ottawa[12][13][14][15][16][17][18]—to the public, establishing a visitors' centre and initiating guided tours of the palace and the royal park in which it sits. These moves marked a complete reversal of the policies of his predecessor Sauvé, who had closed Rideau Hall to the general public. In 1991, Hnatyshyn staged on the grounds the first of the annual Governor General's Summer Concert Series and, the year after, mounted His Excellency's Most Excellent Rock Concert and re-opened the skating rink to the public.[2]

These events blended with some of Hnatyshyn's self-imposed mandates during his viceregal tenure, which included a desire to engage Canadian youth and focus attention on education and to encourage the arts. To these ends, he established in 1992 the Governor General's Performing Arts Award, the Ramon John Hnatyshyn Award for Voluntarism in the Arts, and the Governor General's Flight For Freedom Award for Lifetime Achievement in Literacy.[2] Further, he founded the International Council for Canadian Studies, the Governor General Ramon John Hnatyshyn Education Fund, the Ramon John Hnatyshyn Award for Law, and the Governor General's International Award for Canadian Studies.[7]

Among numerous other official and ceremonial duties, the Governor General presided over celebrations to mark the 125th anniversary of Confederation[5] and welcomed to Rideau Hall the Prince and Princess of Wales, along with a host of foreign dignitaries such as President of Russia Boris Yeltsin and King Hussein and Queen Noor of Jordan. Further, Hnatyshyn undertook a number of state visits, including one to Ukraine,[7] before his time serving at Her Majesty's pleasure ended on February 6, 1995.

Throughout his tenure as the Canadian viceroy, Hnatyshyn was both defended and criticised by the Monarchist League of Canada. In their final summary of Hnatyshyn's years in office, though, the former governor general was generally viewed to have not stood up for the Canadian Crown that he represented, choosing to follow, instead of Vincent Massey's example, that of Sauvé, who was herself seen as a republican. This lack of loyalty, it was argued, left Hnatyshyn with few defenders when he was targeted by members of the Reform Party for his salary and taxes.[15] It was thought by John Pepall that Hnatyshyn's name had been selected by Mulroney to put forward to the Queen for appointment as governor general because Hnatyshyn, who had just recently been a member of the Cabinet headed by Mulroney until losing his parliamentary seat in the 1988 election, was someone Mulroney could "hardly feel any deference for", allowing Mulroney to continue to show the "juvenile extreme of the politician's craving for publicity and centre stage" he had while Jeanne Sauvé was governor general.[19]

Post viceregal career and death

After his departure from Government House, Hnatyshyn returned to Gowling, Strathy & Henderson, where he became senior partner.[11][2][4] In November 2002 he was installed as Chancellor of Carleton University in Ottawa; however, he died of complications from pancreatitis shortly before Christmas that year.[2] Per tradition, and with the consent of his family, Hnatyshyn lay in state for two days in the Senate chamber.[20] Though he was Ukrainian Orthodox, he was commemorated in his state funeral in a multi-faith ceremony on December 23, 2002, at Ottawa's Christ Church Cathedral.[2][20] The service included the funeral rite of the Ukrainian Orthodox Church—officiated by Archbishop Yurij, Bishop of Toronto, and the clergy of the Ukrainian Orthodox Church—and a eulogy from the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation's chief correspondent, Peter Mansbridge.[21] Adrienne Clarkson, by that time the sitting governor general, paid tribute to him via video, as she and her husband were en route to spend Christmas with Canadian troops stationed in the Persian Gulf.[22] Hnatyshyn was then buried at Beechwood Cemetery in Ottawa.[23]

Various memorials followed Hnatyshyn's death: On March 16, 2004, Canada Post unveiled at a ceremony, attended by Hnatyshyn's widow, a $0.49 postage stamp designed by Vancouver graphic artist Susan Mavor, and bearing the formal portrait of Hnatyshyn taken by Canadian Press photographer Paul Chaisson on the day Hnatyshyn became governor general, along with a tone-on-tone rendering of part of Hnatyshyn's coat of arms. Two years later, a 48-minute documentary DVD examining the life of Hnatyshyn, A Man for all Canadians was released in Canada by IKOR Film.[24]

Honours and arms

Ramon J. Hnatyshyn
Native name(1990–1995)
DipstyleHis Excellency the Right Honourable
Son Excellence le très honorable
OffstyleYour Excellency
Votre Excellence
AltstyleSir
Monsieur

Honours

Ribbon bars of Ray Hnatyshyn
Appointments
Medals
Foreign honours

Honorary military appointments

Honorary degrees

Monuments

Honorific eponyms

Awards
Organisations

Arms

Ray Hnatyshyn
NotesJust prior to his installation as Governor General, Hnatyshyn was granted a personal coat of arms that depicted his Ukrainian and Canadian roots.
Year adoptedJanuary 16, 1990
CrestA demi lion Gules charged on each shoulder with a maple leaf Argent holding in its dexter forepaw scales of justice Or;
EscutcheonPer fess Bleu Céleste and Or in chief a lion passant guardant Or royally crowned proper holding in its dexter paw a maple leaf Gules fimbriated Or in base a lion passant guardant Bleu Céleste holding in its dexter paw a heart Gules;
SupportersDexter a white tailed deer per fess Bleu Céleste and Or armed and gorged with a collar all Or pendant therefrom a bezant charged with a representation of the badge of the House of Commons of Canada proper, sinister a bull per fess Bleu Céleste and Or gorged with a collar Vert fimbriated Argent pendant therefrom a prairie lily flower proper charged with the Tryzub of the Ukraine Blue Céleste
Compartmentthe whole set upon a compartment party per pale of trees of the boreal forest Vert and a wheat field Or rising above barry wavy Azure and Argent;
OrdersThe ribbon and insignia of a Companion of the Order of Canada.
DESIDERANTES MELIOREM PATRIAM
(They desire a better country)

Archives

There is a Ramon J. Hnatyshyn fonds at Library and Archives Canada.[44]

Notes

  1. ^ John Hnatyshyn was born in Bukovina, then a part of Austria-Hungary. Canada's first senator of Ukrainian descent, William Michael Wall, was born in Manitoba.

References

  1. ^ Privy Council Office (October 30, 2008), "Information Resources > Current Chronological List of Members of the Queen's Privy Council for Canada > 1971-1980", Queen's Printer for Canada, archived from the original on February 15, 2016, retrieved March 2, 2009
  2. ^ Hillmer, Norman & Kucharsky, Danny (2018-02-28). "Ray Natyshyn". The Canadian Encyclopedia. Retrieved 2021-07-11.
  3. ^ "Profile - Hnatyshyn, John". Library of Parliament. Retrieved 2021-07-13.
  4. ^ Welsh, Teresa. "Hnatyshyn, Ramon John (1934- 2002)". University of Regina. Archived from the original on 2021-07-13. Retrieved 2021-07-13.
  5. ^ Bowman, John. "Indepth Backgrounder: Ramon John Hnatyshyn". CBC. Archived 2003-02-11 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved March 5, 2009.
  6. ^ "Honorary Degree recipients", University of Manitoba, archived from the original on 2020-11-16, retrieved 2021-07-19
  7. ^ Office of the Governor General of Canada, "Role and Responsibilities > Former Governors General > The Right Honourable Ramon John Hnatyshyn", Queen's Printer for Canada, retrieved February 4, 2010[dead link]
  8. ^ "Honorary Degrees: His Excellency, the Right Honourable Ramon John Hnatyshyn, BA, LLB, P.C., C.C., C.M.M, C.D., Q.C.". University of Saskatchewan. Retrieved 2021-07-11.
  9. ^ "Profile - Hnatyshyn, Ramon John". Library of Parliament. Retrieved 2021-07-11.
  10. ^ Bociurkiw, Michael B. (1986-07-06). "Ukrainian becomes justice minister in major Canadian Cabinet shuffle". The Ukrainian Weekly. Retrieved 2021-07-14.
  11. ^ "1990: Ray Hnatyshyn sworn in as Governor General". CBC. Retrieved 2021-07-12.
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  14. ^ Lanctot, Gustave (1964), "Royal Tour of King George VI and Queen Elizabeth in Canada and the United States of America 1939", Toronto: E.P. Taylor Foundation, ASIN B0006EB752
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  22. ^ "Special coverage of the state funeral for former governor general Ray Hnatyshyn (Adrienne Clarkson segment)". CBC News. December 23, 2002. Retrieved March 4, 2009.
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  25. ^ "Programs > Nation Builders > 2004 > Awards Recipients for 2004 > The Right Honourable Ramon John Hnatyshyn, P.C., C.C., C.M.M., C.D., Q.C.", Ukrainian Canadian Congress, archived from the original on March 31, 2010, retrieved March 4, 2009
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  38. ^ "Over 500 Degrees to be Conferred". Memorial University of Newfoundland. October 20, 1994. Retrieved March 4, 2009.
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  42. ^ "Honorary LLD". Retrieved 2023-08-09.
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  44. ^ "Ramon J. Hnatyshyn fonds, Library and Archives". 20 July 2017. Retrieved September 4, 2020.