Pahoturi
AltnamePaho River
RegionPahoturi River, New Guinea
FamilycolorPapuan
Fam 1Trans-Fly or independent language family
Glottopaho1240
GlottorefnamePahoturi

The Pahoturi River languages are a small family of Papuan languages spoken around the Pahoturi (Paho River). This family includes eight language varieties including Agöb (Dabu), Em,[1] Ende, Idan,[2] Idi, Idzuwe,[3] Kawam, and Taeme, which are spoken in the Pahoturi River area south of the Fly River, just west of the Eastern Trans-Fly languages. Idzuwe is no longer spoken. Ross (2005) tentatively includes them in the proposed Trans-Fly – Bulaka River family,[4] though more recent work has classified Pahoturi River as an independent family within the region.[5]

Some Pahoturi River speakers were originally hunter-gatherers, but have recently shifted to becoming gardeners.[5]: 649

Classification

Wurm (1975) and Ross (2005) suggest that the Pahoturi languages may be related to the Tabo (Waia) language just north of the Fly delta. However, they present no evidence, and the pronouns do not match.[6]

Evans and colleagues (2018) classify the Pahoturi River languages as an independent language family.[5]

Languages

Five of the varieties have traditionally been grouped[5] into the following two language groups:

  1. Agöb (Dabu), Ende, and Kawam
  2. Idi and Taeme

Preliminary work on the language family suggests that these varieties form a dialect chain. It is assumed that Em is more closely related to Agob and Ende, while Idan and Idzuwe are more closely related to Idi and Taeme.

Pahoturi River languages and respective demographic information listed by Evans (2018) are provided below.[5]

{|

|+ List of Pahoturi River languages ! Language !! Location !! Population !! Alternate names |- | Idi || central-east Morehead Rural LLG || 774 || |- | Taeme || northeast Morehead Rural LLG || 834 || Tame, Kondobol, Yao |- | Agob || southeast Morehead Rural LLG || 1,437 || Bugi, Dabu |- | Ende || east Morehead Rural LLG || 542 || |- | Kawam || east Morehead Rural LLG and west Oriomo-Bituri Rural LLG || 457 || Wipim |}

Phonemes

Usher (2020) reconstructs the consonant inventory as follows:[7]

{|

|*m || *mʷ || *n || || || *ŋ || [*ŋʷ] |- |*p || *pʷ || *t || *ʈ || *ts || *k || *kʷ |- |*b || *bʷ || *d || *ɖ || *dz || *g || *gʷ |- |*mb || *mbʷ || *nd || *ɳɖ || *ndz || *ŋg || *ŋgʷ |- | || || *l || *ɭ || || || |- | || *w || *r || *ɽ || *j || || |}

Pronouns

The pronouns Ross reconstructs for the family are:[4]

Proto-Pahoturi River

{| class="wikitable"

|- |I||*ŋa-na||we||? |- |thou||*ba or *be||you||*-bi |- |s/he||*bo||they||? |}

Lindsey lists the following pronouns for each of the language varieties in the family.[8]

Pahoturi River pronouns
CaseEnglishAgobEmEndeKawamIdiTaeme
NominativeI (1sg)ŋənaŋənaŋənaŋənaŋənŋən
thou (2sg)boŋoboŋoboŋobuŋobæbæ
s/he (3sg)bobogobogobobobo
we exclusive (1.nsg.excl)ŋumiŋumiŋəmiŋəmiŋəmi/bibi
we inclusive (1.nsg.incl)ibiibiibiibijɪbijəbi
you (2nsg)bibibibibibibibibæbæ
they (3nsg)ubiubiubiubibo/wɪbibo/ubi
AccusativeI (1sg)ŋənamŋənamŋənəmŋonombomŋənəm
thou (2sg)bæmbæmbambæmbabombabom
s/he (3sg)obomobomobomobomobomobom
we exclusive (1.nsg.excl)ŋənamŋumimŋəmimŋəmimbimŋəmim
we inclusive (1.nsg.incl)ibomibamibimibimjəbimjɪbim
you (2nsg)bæmbæmbibimbibimbibimbibim
they (3nsg)obamobæmubimubimubim/wəbimubim
DativeI (1sg)ŋɵmɽeŋəmɽeŋəmɽeŋəmreblæŋəmʎæ
thou (2sg)bæɽebabɽebabɽebæbrebæblæbæbʎe
s/he (3sg)obɽeobɽeobɽeobooblæobʎe
we exclusive (1.nsg.excl)ŋɵmraŋumraŋəmiraŋəmirabliŋəmʎi
we inclusive (1.nsg.incl)ibraibraibraibrajəblijɪbʎi
you (2nsg)bærababrabibrabibrabiblibibʎi
they (3nsg)obraobraubiraubiraubliubʎi
PossessiveI (1sg)ŋɵmoŋəmoŋəmoŋomobo/bænæŋəmo
thou (2sg)bənebənebənebənebənæbənæ
s/he (3sg)obooboobooboobo/obænæobo
we exclusive (1.nsg.excl)ŋəmaŋəmaŋəmaŋəmabaŋəma
we inclusive (1.nsg.incl)ibaibaibaibajəbajəba
you (2nsg)binabinabinabinabənabəna
they (3nsg)obaobaobaobaobawəba

Documentation status

The Pahoturi River languages are all under various states of documentation. The following table lists some general lexical, grammatical, textual, and typological resources that have been identified for each of the currently spoken Pahoturi River languages.

Lexical resources
ResourceAgobEmEndeIdanIdiKawamTaeme
Yamfinder wordlist1[9]1[10]4[11][12][13][14]N23[15][16][17]1[18]
Swadesh listY[19]NNNYNN
DictionaryNNY[20]NYNN
Textual resources
ResourceAgobEmEndeIdanIdiKawamTaeme
Language data corpus (any)Y[21][22]Y[22]Y[22][23][24]NY[25][26][22][27][28][29]Y[22]Y[22]
North Wind and the Sun textNNY[30]NY[31]NN
The Pear StoryNNNNNNN
Bible translationNNY (Mark)[32]NNY (Mark)[33]Y (Luke)
Bible stories/Words of LifeY[34]NY[35]NY[36]NY[37]
Typological resources
ResourceAgobEmEndeIdanIdiKawamTaeme
Leipzig Valency QuestionnaireNNElicited the verbs in the Q, not onlineNElicited the verbs in the Q, not onlineNN
Social Cognition Parallax Interview CorpusNN5[22]NYNN
GrambankNNY[38]NY[39]NN
Intercontinental Dictionary SeriesNNY[40]NNNN
Numeral Systems of the World's LanguagesNNYNYNY
PR Verbal Number questionnaireNNY[41]NYNN

References

  1. ^ Lindsey, Kate (2017). "A first look at the Pahoturi River family". Austronesian and Papuan Languages and Linguistics Conference
  2. ^ Scanlon, Catherine (2023). "Idan: a hidden language variety steps into the open (Pahoturi River family)". Current Trends in Papuan Linguistics II
  3. ^ Lindsey, Kate; Schokkin, Dineke; Wu, Nairan (2022). "The Pahoturi River language family, with special reference to its verbal puzzles". Linguistic Typology
  4. ^ Ross, Malcom. "Pronouns as a preliminary diagnostic for grouping Papuan languages". Papuan pasts: cultural, linguistic and biological histories of Papuan-speaking peoples. Pacific Linguistics.
  5. ^ Evans, Nicholas (2018). "The languages of Southern New Guinea". The Languages and Linguistics of the New Guinea Area: A Comprehensive Guide. Vol. 4. The World of Linguistics. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 641–774. ISBN 978-3-11-028642-7.
  6. ^ Hammarström, Harald. "Tabo". Glottolog. Retrieved January 5, 2019.
  7. ^ New Guinea World, Paho River
  8. ^ Lindsey, Kate L. (April 16, 2018). "Language Corpus of Ende and other Pahoturi River Languages". PARADISEC. doi:10.26278/5c1a5cfcaacde. Retrieved January 5, 2019.
  9. ^ Gurel, Nugan Paal (2018). "Yamfinder and Proto PR Survey (Agob)"
  10. ^ Bolet, Sawe (2017). "Yamfinder Survey (Em)"
  11. ^ "Nabu - Yamfinder survey (Ende)". catalog.paradisec.org.au. Retrieved 2023-08-18.
  12. ^ "Nabu - Yamfinder survey (Ende)". catalog.paradisec.org.au. Retrieved 2023-08-18.
  13. ^ "Nabu - Yamfinder survey (Ende)". catalog.paradisec.org.au. Retrieved 2023-08-18.
  14. ^ "Nabu - Yamfinder survey (Ende)". catalog.paradisec.org.au. Retrieved 2023-08-18.
  15. ^ "Nabu - Yamfinder Survey (Kawam)". catalog.paradisec.org.au. Retrieved 2023-08-18.
  16. ^ "Nabu - Yamfinder Survey (Kawam) - Mamena Agesa". catalog.paradisec.org.au. Retrieved 2023-08-18.
  17. ^ "Nabu - Yamfinder Survey (Kawam) - George Yagai". catalog.paradisec.org.au. Retrieved 2023-08-18.
  18. ^ "Nabu - Yamfinder survey (Tame)". catalog.paradisec.org.au. Retrieved 2023-08-18.
  19. ^ "Agob Swadesh List". www.language-archives.org. Retrieved 2023-08-18.
  20. ^ "CV & Publications". Kate Lynn Lindsey. Retrieved 2023-08-18.
  21. ^ "Nabu - Australia, PNG, Solomon Islands". catalog.paradisec.org.au. Retrieved 2023-08-18.
  22. ^ "Nabu - Language Corpus of Ende and other Pahoturi River Languages". catalog.paradisec.org.au. Retrieved 2023-08-18.
  23. ^ "Nabu - Ende Recordings". catalog.paradisec.org.au. Retrieved 2023-08-18.
  24. ^ "Nabu - CoEDL Corpora Collection". catalog.paradisec.org.au. Retrieved 2023-08-18.
  25. ^ "Nabu - Recordings of the Idi language". catalog.paradisec.org.au. Retrieved 2023-08-18.
  26. ^ "Nabu - Idi Field Methods, LSA Linguistic Institute". catalog.paradisec.org.au. Retrieved 2023-08-18.
  27. ^ "Nabu - Languages of Southern New Guinea: Idi". catalog.paradisec.org.au. Retrieved 2023-08-18.
  28. ^ "Nabu - Languages of Southern New Guinea: Coconut Interviews". catalog.paradisec.org.au. Retrieved 2023-08-18.
  29. ^ "Nabu - Social Cognition Project". catalog.paradisec.org.au. Retrieved 2023-08-18.
  30. ^ Kaoga Dobola, Andrew (2018). "Kämag a Yäbäd"
  31. ^ Schokkin, Dineke; Gast, Volker; Evans, Nicholas; Döhler, Christian (2021). 5. Phonetics and phonology of Idi. University of Hawai'i Press. ISBN 978-0-9979673-2-6.
  32. ^ "Mak Bine Yesu Bo Pallall Mer Abal Ttam Eka Buk (Ende Eka Walle): The Gospel of Mark in Ende Language: Fine Soft cover (2010) | Masalai Press". www.abebooks.com. Retrieved 2023-08-18.
  33. ^ "Mak Bo Peba: Kawam Ekä Arong (The Book of Mark in Kawam Language) - Wycliffe Bible Translators; The Lewada Bible Translation Centre: 9789980035240 - AbeBooks". www.abebooks.com. Retrieved 2023-08-18.
  34. ^ "Agob language". globalrecordings.net. Retrieved 2023-08-18.
  35. ^ "Agob: Ende language". globalrecordings.net. Retrieved 2023-08-18.
  36. ^ "Idi" (in German). globalrecordings.net. Retrieved 2023-08-18.
  37. ^ "Taeme language". globalrecordings.net. Retrieved 2023-08-18.
  38. ^ "Grambank - Language Agob-Ende-Kawam". grambank.clld.org. Retrieved 2023-08-18.
  39. ^ "Grambank - Language Idi-Taeme". grambank.clld.org. Retrieved 2023-08-18.
  40. ^ "IDS - Ende (Papua New Guinea)". ids.clld.org. Retrieved 2023-08-18.
  41. ^ "Nabu - Filming aspectual and pluractional video stimuli". catalog.paradisec.org.au. Retrieved 2023-08-18.