In Lithuanian phonology, stressed heavy syllables are pronounced in one of two prosodically distinct ways.[1][2] One way is known as the acute or falling accent: this may be described as "sudden, sharp or rough". In Lithuanian it is called tvirtaprãdė pri̇́egaidė, literally 'firm-start accent'. The second way is known as the circumflex or rising accent, which may be described as "continued, mild or smooth". In Lithuanian it is called tvirtagãlė pri̇́egaidė, literally 'firm-end accent'. Light (i.e. short) syllables may be stressed or unstressed, but cannot be differentiated by accent.

In written Lithuanian, various diacritic marks (acute , tilde , and grave ) are used to mark the tonal accent and stress.

Syllable weight

In Lithuanian, heavy (i.e. long) syllables include those containing:[3]

  • long vowels (monophthongs)
  • diphthongs (/aw aj ɛj uj/) which end in a glide (/j/ or /w/)
  • closed syllables ending in sonorants (/l m n r/)
  • complex monophthongs (/ie/ and /uo/) behaving as a phonemic unit

Heavy syllables can be either stressed or unstressed.

In mixed acute diphthongs beginning with /i/ or /u/, the acute mark is replaced by a grave; this reflects the fact that, in the standard language (but not in some dialects), the first part of the diphthong is short. In complex diphthongs, the acute accent is marked by an acute diacritic over the first letter and the circumflex by a tilde over the second letter. This indicates a perception that the letter is stronger in some way. For example, a higher pitch or a longer or louder sound, depending on the dialect and speaker. Stressed short vowels are marked by a grave diacritic .

Stress

Stress is free and can occur on any syllable of the word. However, it rarely occurs more than four syllables before the end of the word. Some nouns and adjectives have fixed stress, that is, an accent remains on the same stem syllable in all the inflections. Other nouns and adjectives have mobile stress where the accent moves from place to place, particularly between stem and ending. In each declension of the noun or adjective, there are four accent classes, one fixed and three mobile, all with different patterns of movement.

Stress is a complex of various acoustic features, particularly loudness (strength and intensity).[4]: 52, 142, 149, 154, 167 Other features such as duration, spectrum and pitch, are of lesser importance in normal speech.

The frequency of syllables stressed at various positions from the ends of words varies: the last syllable is stressed 28.67% of the time; the second last, 53.22% of the time (most commonly); the third last, 16.10%, the fourth last, 1.86% and the fifth last, 0.15% (least commonly).,[5] which means that despite the apparent freedom of accentuation, more than 97% of words are in fact stressed on one of the last three syllables. The most distant syllable that can be stressed is the sixth.

Nouns stressed in this way are declined in the same manner as other polysyllabic nouns. For example,

  • pageležinkelė̃ meaning "place along the railway" and pãgeležinkelei meaning, "in the place along the railway"[clarification needed] (geleži̇̀nkelis meaning "railway", from geleži̇̀s meaning "iron" and kẽlias meaning "road")

Polysyllabic compound words and prefixed words, usually have one or sometimes two secondary (or weaker) stresses.[6] The further the secondary stress is from the main stress, the stronger it is. For example,

  • sep'tynias-dešim̃tas, "the seventieth";
  • pasigerv-uogiáudamas, "when picking blackberries for oneself" (masculine singular),
  • pasigerv-uogiáuti, "to pick blackberries for oneself for some wanted period of time"
  • pagerv-uogiáuti, "to pick blackberries for some time" (perfective verb - in the present tense the meaning is abstract)
  • gerv-uogiáuti, "to pick blackberries" (imperfective), (gérvuogė meaning blackberry from gérvė meaning "crane" and úoga meaning "berry").

In international words, which consist of three poorly inter-flowing parts, two secondary stresses may occur. For example,

  • 'mikro/"foto/grãfija 1, "microphotograph"
  • 'mili/"amper/mètras 2, "milliampere meter"
  • 'hidro/a"ero/dròmas 2, "seadrome".

Long syllables, that is, those containing a long vowel, a diphthong, or a mixed diphthong which ends in a sonorant, may have one of two types of accents: the acute or the circumflex. In an unstressed position, the opposition of the two accents is neutralized and reflected by a circumflex accent.[clarification needed][4]

In dialects, there are cases when words may be differentiated only by the use of accents on unstressed syllables. One example is where an accent determines the declensional case,

  • statýtám sg. dat., statýtam̃ sg. loc. This sg. loc. is a shorter form of statýtame.
  • statýtas, meaning "built", the past participle (masculine sg. nom.) of statýti, meaning "to build (something)".[7]

In standard language, such a difference would not be emphasized. The m might have an increased emphasis in the case of an ending -e drop in sg. locative.[clarification needed]

Syllable nucleus

Mixed and simple diphthongs are present only when they are followed by consonants or when they occur at the end of a word. When they are followed by a vowel, the diphthong is split into two syllables. For instance,

  • gul̃-ti (infinitive), gù-la (third person present) and, gù-lė (third person past) (meaning "to lie on or in")
  • kél-ti, kẽ-lia, kė́-lė ("to raise")
  • gui-ti, gu-ja, gu-jo ("to harass or banish").

Diphthongs are distinguished from monophthongs (simple vowels) by the fact that they do not have short equivalents. Complex diphthongs differ from the others in that the second component is a vowel rather than a consonant, that is, a semivowel or sonorant, and they do not split into two syllables. For example,

  • pri̇́eangis: the prefix is prie, not pri-e
  • núoara: the prefix is núo, not nú-o.

Complex diphthongs also differ from monophthongs in that their rise is variable; they are longer than long vowels and, in comparison to au, ai, ei, an accent does not lengthen their parts.[8]

When foreign words are adopted, and there are simple (eu, oi, ou) or mixed diphthongs (o or e with l, m, n, or r); the sounds of the o and the e are not lengthened. One exception is the mixed diphthong or which is found in old, nativized foreign words like morkà "carrot" and, gõrčius "measure of about three litres". In this case, the o is long and marked by a circumflex when stressed or written ò when short. (Both variants are used).

Mixed diphthongs with long vowels can be found in compound words. For example,

  • dvárponis
  • kérplėša
  • žẽmuogė (žẽmė meaning "earth" and úoga meaning "berry").

These can be compared to other mixed diphthongs where the long vowel is not present such as:

  • keliõnmaišis, "a hold-all or haversack" (keliõnė meaning "trip" and mai̇̃šas meaning "bag")
  • alkū́nkaulis, "the ulnar bone" (alkū́nė meaning "elbow" and káulas meaning "bone").[6]

Differentiating between tone patterns

Heavy syllables and diphthongs (simple, complex or mixed) may have two accents. The presence of minimal pairs, indicates the role of the two accentual patterns. For example,

  • áukštas [ˈâʊ̯kʃtɐs] "tall" vs. aũkštas [ˈɒ̌ʊ̯ˑkʃtɐs] "storey"
  • káltas "chisel"; kal̃tas "guilty"
  • kóšė "(he, she or they) filtered, was/were filtering"; kõšė "porridge"
  • rūgšti̇̀s (sg. acc., rū́gštį) "acid", rū̃gštis (sg. acc. rū̃gštį) "sourness"
  • sū́ris "cheese"; sū̃ris "saltiness"
  • táipinti "to type" (borrowing from the English); tai̇̃pinti* "to say 'yes' many times about something"

An accent represents a complex of acoustic features such as, sound quality (timbre), quantity, strength (intensity), fundamental frequency (pitch), and degree of pitch separation.[9] These features may be varied in order to produce dialect and in order to differentiate between two accents when they are present.

The differentiation between two accents present in monophthongs and complex diphthongs is clearest in the Samogitian dialect. It is less so in western Aukštaitian and more assimilated in the eastern and southern Aukštaitian dialects.[4] In the standard language, accents in monophthongs differ with longer circumflex vowels both in diapason (tonal grouping) and intensity.[9] In practice, however, these distinctions are minor. Similarly, in complex diphthongs (ie and uo), and mixed diphthongs beginning with i and u, the first element of these diphthongs does not lengthen when stressed. On the other hand, simple and mixed diphthongs starting in a and e are clearly differentiated in the standard language. The first part of the diphthong becomes longer and more tense under the acute accent. In eastern and southern Aukštaitian, diphthongs starting in i and u lengthen similarly to those in a and e, and thus the accents can be easily differentiated.

In the Samogitian and western Aukštaitian dialects, variation of pitch and tone is an important way to differentiate accents. For instance, accents may differ in where they appear in time relative to the peak of the pitch and the peak of the diapason.[4] In particular, the acute accent, when depicted as a graph, has a curve with pitch similar to the circumflex, but more sudden. The rise lasts for a shorter time and falls more rapidly. It starts when the pitch is higher and then, after a slight and quick rise, it falls. In comparison, the circumflex accent, when depicted as a graph, has a curve in which the rise lasts longer and falls less rapidly. It begins when the pitch is a little lower than that of the acute, rises slightly to a peak that is later than the acute and then falls at a similar rate but to a lesser extent. The Samogitian dialect also uses the "laužtinė priegaidė", a variant of the acute accent. It is similar to the Latvian broken tone and the Danish stød.

Choice of intonation is used in Lithuanian and other Indo-European languages to determine meaning. The other Indo-European languages include Latvian, Serbo-Croatian and Ancient Greek. Swedish and Norwegian also have tonal distinctions, but these latter are not Proto-Germanic in origin. Rather, they are a Scandinavian innovation where tonal differences have arisen when old monosyllabic words have received an additional vowel, but have kept their original tonal characteristics.

Pronunciation

Friedrich Kurschat, in his "Grammar of the Lithuanian language" (Grammatik der littauischen Sprache, 1876) called the two accents "sudden" (gestossene Betonung) and "continued" (geschliffene Betonung). He described them as different variations (rise and fall) of tone and illustrated them with notes. The circumflex tone is described as a rise of a minor third interval and for the mixed diphthongs as a rise of a perfect fourth interval. The acute tone is described as a fall of a perfect fifth interval.[3]

Kazimieras Jaunius describes strength of voice (more than tone) as an element differentiating between the two accents. The acute accent, tvirtapradė priegaidė changes from stronger and higher to weaker and lower. The circumflex accent, tvirtagalė changes from weaker and lower to stronger and higher.[7]

Pronunciations of the two accents by speakers of dialects have minor differences. Vaitkevičiūtė studied the pronunciation of four words by speakers of different dialects.[6] The words were the singular vocatives rýte ("morning"), rỹti (a male name), sū́ri ("cheese") and, sū̃ri ("saltiness"). The dialect speakers were from western Aukštaitians (Marijampolė, Vilkaviškis, Kazlų Rūda, Garliava), Veliuona, and Dzūkian.

Western Aukštaitija

In this region, the acute accent is more intense and has a higher pitch; the threshold of pitch between the accented syllable and the following syllable nucleus is larger (56 Hz versus 51 Hz), and the length of the nuclei of the syllables is shorter (rýte, where y = 394 ms and e = 163 ms versus rỹte where y = 433 ms and e = 194 ms). Vowels with an acute are significantly shorter and less intense that vowels with a circumflex (rýte, where y length = 190 ms and e length = 102 ms versus rỹte where y length = 286 ms and e length = 80 ms).[6]

Veliuona

In this region, the acute accent is pronounced with a higher starting pitch, a shorter length and a similar intensity to the circumflex and the two accents are most easily distinguished (sū́ri, where ū length = 341 ms and i length = 170 ms versus sū̃ri where ū length = 526 ms and i length = 186 ms).

Dzūkija

In this region, the acute accent over a vowel is shorter and the threshold of pitch between the stressed syllable and the following syllable is smaller than with the circumflex. In rýte and rỹte, the fundamental frequency of the next, unstressed syllable was 78 Hz after an acute accent, and by 88 Hz after a circumflex. The length in rýte, where y = 164 ms; and e = 125 ms versus rỹte where y = 255 ms e = 124 ms.

Articulation and length

When a vowel with an acute is articulated, articulators in mouth tense, the resonance of the epiglottis decreases and the larynx rises. When a vowel with a circumflex accent is articulates, the articulators are less tense, the resonance of the epiglottis increases and the larynx moves down.[6]

Possibilities for accentuation

Vowels

  • Acute, long vowels: ą́, ę́, ė́, ý, į̇́, ó, ū́, ų́[10]
  • Grave, short vowels: à, è, ò, i̇̀, ù
  • Tilde, long vowels: ã, ẽ, õ, ą̃, ę̃, ė̃, ỹ, į̇̃, ū̃, ų̃[10]
  • Tilde, short vowels: ã, ẽ

Diphthongs

  • Compound diphthongs: ái–ai̇̃, áu–aũ, éi–ei̇̃, ùi–ui̇̃
  • Mixed diphthongs: ál–al̃, ám–am̃, án–añ, ár–ar̃, él–el̃, ém–em̃, én–eñ, ér–er̃, i̇̀l–il̃, i̇̀m–im̃, i̇̀n–iñ, i̇̀r–ir̃, ùl–ul̃, ùm–um̃, ùn–uñ, ùr–ur̃
  • Complex diphthongs: i̇́e–iẽ and úo–uõ.
  • Foreign diphthongs used in Lithuanian: èl–el̃, èm–em̃, èn–eñ, èr–er̃, òl, òm, òn, òr, èu, òi, òu

The length of long vowels to complex diphthongs to simple diphthongs with different kinds of accentuation occurs in ratios of 1 : 1.12 : 1.25 with acute accentuation; 1 : 1.02 : 1.08 with circumflex accentuation; and, 1 : 1.09 : 1.15 with no accentuation.[4]

When accentuated short vowels, such as ã or ẽ occur in a non-desinential syllable (one that does end in an inflection), either open or closed, they lengthen and always have a circumflex intonation. Their lengthening is not to the extent of a long vowel. Similarly, in this form, they may constitute the first part of a simple or mixed diphthong. For example,

  • rãtas and ratù (wheel) (sg. nom. - sg. inst.)
  • kẽlias and keliù (road)
  • rãštas and raštù (script) in closed syllables
  • rãktas and raktù (key)
  • ẽglė and eglè (spruce)

In the pronominal masculine dative singular, a stressed letter a is acute if it is not on the last ending; e.g. gerasis 'the good' → gerájam.

There are some cases where these two sounds do not lengthen. In verbs, for example: mèsti (< *met-ti) – to throw, mèstas (or mẽstas) – thrown (but mẽtamas - being thrown). In foreign words: tèmai (dative) – theme, subject (nominative is temà 2). The rule of these two root-lengthening sounds does also not fit for sounds stressed in the ending: spalvà 4 – color (instrumental is spalvà); galvà 3 – head (instrumental is gálva); sodè loc. – in a garden (nominative sõdas 2).

Lengthened vowels a, e (and ą, ę, which were nasal in earlier times) are of the quality [aː], [æː]. Historically, there were long vowels ā, ē ([aː], [æː]), which today are the narrower o, ė.

Lengthening diphthongs

The contrast between the accents in diphthongs starting in a, e (au, ai, ei; a, e + l, m, n, r) is based on the quantity and quality. In acute accented cases, the first element is emphasized: it lengthens, is more tensed, open than the respective element in the circumflex cases. The second element of acute simple diphthongs is more open and less tensed than the respective element of the circumflex diphthongs.[11][12]

In the circumflex cases the second element is emphasized and lengthened.[12] But for the mixed diphthongs, the circumflex variant can also be pronounced without an emphasis and be understood only as shortness of a first element of a diphthong (in contrast to the acute, where the first element lengthens) in a standard language. In some cases, like in a word oppositional to várna 'crow': var̃nas 'raven', the r would occur more likely emphasized, than not. But in some, for example, var̃das 'name', it can occur either emphasized, or not (so that it would be understood by some as vàrdas in the latter case). Such pronunciation and understanding of a circumflex diphthong being more some like without emphasis of any of its two elements, but some like a shortness of a first element, could also fit for aũ, ai̇̃, ei̇̃ diphthongs, but an emphasis of the second element (similarly to the acute case, where the first element is emphasized) is characteristic for them too. The first element of circumflex cases is similar to a short unstressed vowel – not tensed, more closed. In an aũ case a vowel a receives a slight o shade (becomes narrower).[12]

Not lengthening diphthongs

In the acute cases of the diphthongs starting in i, u (i, u + l, m, n, r; ui), the first element does not lengthen and tense in a standard language, but an emphasis remains.[12] Since it does not lengthen, the acute accent is marked by a grave. The first element of acute mixed diphthongs e, o + l, m, n, r of a foreign origin, does not lengthen as well: hèrbas – coat of arms, spòrtas – sport.

In eastern and southern Aukštaitian, dialects these acute diphthongs are lengthened similarly to a, e starting diphthongs.

In the circumflex cases, articulation is like in a, e starting diphthongs: the second element is emphasized and lengthened.[12]

Long vowels, complex diphthongs

In acute complex diphthongs (i.e., uo), the first element is more tensed and closed and the second element more closed, but less tensed than in the circumflex cases, but the two elements do not differ much.[11]

The acute long vowels, similarly, are much more closed and more tensed than the circumflex, but the contrast is lesser than in the complex diphthongs.[11]

Assimilation

The contrast between the two accents in vowels and complex diphthongs is disappearing, because the opposition between the two accents is not present in all the dialects. The base dialects of a standard language (western Aukštaitian) cover a smaller area.[11] The standard language is being affected by different dialects, where speakers pronounce the two accents differently.[11]

The mixed diphthongs starting in i, u and a simple diphthong ui are commonly pronounced without noticeable intensifying of one of the appropriate elements in both acute as well as circumflex cases. It is easy to intentionally intensify the second part in the circumflex accent, but it is common too, that it is impossible to extract, hear out them from the standard language, the sounds are pronounced without an attention on emphasizing some accentual oppositions. In a case of the mixed diphthongs starting in a, e the opposition can be understood at least by different quantity of these sounds: lengthened in the acute case, and not lengthen in the circumflex. Such lengthening helps to hold the two accents in the simple diphthongs (au, ai, ei) too (for example, in an ui case, where the first element is short, the opposition between accents is usually lost in a standard language), but in this case the lengthening, emphasis of the second element in the circumflex accentuation (similarly to the emphasis of the first element in the acute accentuation) is characteristic, not unusual.

Among the reasons of unification of accents in, for example, mixed diphthongs, there possibly is the absence of necessity to distinguish between them. For example, in the case of várna 'crow' - var̃nas 'raven', the r would probably usually be emphasized in var̃nas, but in a case of var̃das 'name', where there is no relative acute word, there can be no feeling for a speaker that they should emphasize a sound r. But in these cases the distinction can be understood through quantity of a sound – the acute variant has lengthened a, and the circumflex – not lengthened. So, in diphthongs, the problematic leave i, u starting diphthongs, where a standard language speaker has no means to hear, directly knows what type of the accent they should have (if they are stressed).

Word part stress and accent

Prefix

  • apý-, ató-, núo-, pó-, pri̇́e-, pri̇́eš-, pró-, są́-, sám-, sán-, užúo-, when they are stressed, are acute in all parts of language, which have them.
  • ap-, at-, pa-, pra-, be-, when they are stressed, are circumflex in nouns, ãp-, ãt-, pã-, prã-, bẽ-, and short in verbs and participles, àp-, àt-, pà-, prà-, bè-.
  • nu-, pri-, už-, had by verbs, are short. In nouns made from these verbs they are either nuo-, prie-, or nu-, pri-, už-, but nu-, pri- are possibly used only with verbal abstracts endings in -imas, -ymas, -umas; nunèšti – to carry away, bear away, to take some thing somewhere, nùneša (present III person), nuneši̇̀mas – a carrying away, núonaša – a thing which is (being) carried away; primaišýti – to admix, primai̇̃šo, primai̇̃šymas, pri̇́emaiša – admixture; užkùrti – to kindle, start a fire, ùžkuria, užkūri̇̀mas, ùžkuras – a portion of material which is (being) fired.
  • pa- in adjectives, when stressed, is elongated for a part of them, and short for another part: pãdrikas – desultory, scattered, pàprastas – simple, ordinary.
  • į-, when stressed, is circumflex in verbs and participles (į̇̃-), and acute (į̇́-) in nouns.
  • per- is always stressed and is acute (pér-), except the nouns, made from other nouns (per̃-): per̃taras – expletive, per̃petė – shoulder-belt, per̃pietė – afterdinner nap, per̃teklius – surplus (but they are also pronounced as acute).

Root

Short vowels a, e in a root of a word lengthen when stressed and have a circumflex accent: ã, ẽ: (sg. nom. - sg. inst.) kẽlias - keliù 'road', rãtas - ratù 'wheel'. But these vowels do not lengthen in foreign words, some forms of disyllabic verbs: temà - tèmos 'theme' (sg. nom. - pl. nom./sg. gen.); mèsti 'to throw', mèstas (or mẽstas) 'thrown (past passive participle)'

Suffix

Some of the suffixes receive acute, some circumflex accents and some – either of the accents. But in the latter case the words having such suffixes have either the different endings, for example: kaimýnas – neighbour, lentýna – shelf and tėvỹnė – fatherland, lenktỹnės pl. – racing. Or the endings are same, but the words still have differences in meaning: viršū́nė – peak, summit, pinnacle, Valiū́nas, Mickū́nas (surnames) and klajū̃nė (f) – wanderer (the suffix has actor's meaning), klajū̃nas – wanderer, malū̃nas – mill.

Ending

Long endings (long vowels and diphthongs), if stressed, are accented in a circumflex accent except a few cases where acute accent occurs – dative singular (unstressed in nouns): gerám (geras - good), pronominal gerájam (< *gerám-jam); gẽrai f, pronominal gẽrajai; dative plural: geri̇́ems, pron. geri̇́esiems; geróms, pron. gerósioms; nakti̇̀ms (naktis - night). And in pronominal forms, besides datives, there are more acute ending cases – instrumental singular masculine and feminine: gerúoju (indefinite form: gerù), gerą́ja (< *gerán-jan) (indefinite: gerà); pl. acc. masc. and fem.: gerúosius (indefinite: gerùs), gerą́sias (indefinite: geràs).

Historically, some endings which are short today, where acute: gerù 'sg. ins. of geras – good' (< gerúo) : gerúoju (pronominal); keliù 'to be raising; to raise' (< keliúo) : keliúosi 'to be getting up; to get up (reflexive of keliu)'.

In nouns the singular dative and accusative forms are never stressed in the ending. Some of the declensional cases, which in some of the four accentuation patterns are stressed, in other – not stressed, are short: singular feminine nominative -à (stressed in the II, III, IV accentuation patterns), singular instrumental and locative, plural accusative and locative.

Nouns

Lithuanian nominal stems are divided into four accentual classes, usually referred to by their numbers. They are defined by the place and type (acute, circumflex accents of syllable, short stress) of the accent. The accent is either steady in the same syllable in all cases (the first pattern), or moves to the ending in one of the three patterns. Here follows the wording along the data, which is also seen in the tables below:

  1. Fixed (columnar) accent on a non-desinential syllable. If the accent is on a pre-desinential syllable, it carries the acute (acute) tone. For polysyllabic words, when they are stressed in the further from the ending syllable than the pre-desinential one is, the type of an accent can be any of the three. When the syllable stressed is further from the ending than the pre-desinential, it is most usually the first syllable of a noun.
  2. Alternation of stress on a short or circumflex (circumflex) pre-desinential syllable with desinential accentuation in a few cases. Only disyllabic nouns.
  3. Alternation of stress on a non-desinential syllable with desinential accentuation. If the accent is on a pre-desinential syllable, it carries the acute tone. Polysyllabic nouns are accented in a further than the pre-desinential syllable from the ending by any kind of the stress. There are only a marginal number of polysyllabic nouns that have stress on a pre-desinential syllable. Place of a stress is in the ending in certain cases, resembling the fourth pattern. If the intonation is acute the word has a mark 3a, 34a, (35a, 36a) written by in dictionaries, and if a circumflex or short, the mark is 3b, 34b, (35b, 36b); the number three means the number of an accentuation pattern, the letter a means the acute intonation, the letter b is for a circumflex intonation or a short stress; if the accent is in a further than the third syllable from the ending the other digit is added, for instance, 34b means that the stress falls on the fourth from the ending syllable and (b) it is short or of circumflex intonation.
  4. Alternation of stress on short or circumflex pre-desinential syllable with desinential accentuation (among these, all cases in plural number, except some in -a, -ė, -is (gen. -ies), -us types). The number of polysyllabic words of this pattern is marginal, two common nouns and few place names.

Relation between accent type and accentuation pattern (the certain stress places in the cases):

  • The words having circumflex intonation (|__̃|-|__|) or short sound stress (|_̀|-|__|) in the pre-desinential syllable (in the stem accentuation cases; in other cases they have accent on the desinence) are accentuated in the second or the fourth patterns.
  • The words having acute intonation (|_́_|-|__|, |_̀_|-|__|) in the next-to-last syllable (for the first accentuation pattern the accent falls only on the stem, for the third it moves to the ending in certain cases) are accentuated in the first or the third patterns.

Accentuation tables

IIIIIIIV
Nominative
Genitive
Dative
Accusative
Instrumental
Locative
Vocative		sývas
sývo
sývui
sývą
sývu
sýve
sýve		i̇̀rklas
i̇̀rklo
i̇̀rklui
i̇̀rklą
i̇̀rklu
i̇̀rkle
i̇̀rkle		sõdas
sõdo
sõdui
sõdą
so
so
sõde		mẽtas
mẽto
mẽtui
mẽtą
me
me
mẽte		iñdas
iñdo
iñdui
iñdą
in
in
iñde		stógas
stógo
stógui
stógą
stógu
sto
stóge		krė́slas
krė́slo
krė́slui
krė́slą
krė́slu
krės
krė́sle		strãzdas
strãzdo
strãzdui
strãzdą
straz
straz
strãzde		lẽdas
lẽdo
lẽdui
lẽdą
le
le
lẽde
Nominative
Genitive
Dative
Accusative
Instrumental
Locative		sývai
sývų
sývams
sývus
sývais
sývuose		i̇̀rklai
i̇̀rklų
i̇̀rklams
i̇̀rklus
i̇̀rklais
i̇̀rkluose		sõdai
sõdų
sõdams
so
sõdais
sõduose		mẽtai
mẽtų
mẽtams
me
mẽtais
mẽtuose		iñdai
iñdų
iñdams
in
iñdais
iñduose		sto
sto
sto
stógus
sto
sto		krės
krės
krės
krė́slus
krės
krės		straz
straz
straz
straz
straz
straz		le
le
le
le
le
le
spùrga
spùrgos
spùrgai
spùrgą
spùrga
spùrgoje
spùrga		ran
rañkos
rañkai
rañką
ran
rañkoje
rañka		gal
gal
gálvai
gálvą
gálva
gal
gálva		dai
dai
dai̇̃nai
dai̇̃ną
dai
dai
dai̇̃na
spùrgos
spùrgų
spùrgoms
spùrgas
spùrgomis
spùrgose		rañkos
rañkų
rañkoms
ran
rañkomis
rañkose		gálvos
gal
gal
gálvas
gal
gal		dai̇̃nos
dai
dai
dai
dai
dai
brólis
brólio
bróliui
brólį
bróliu
brólyje
bróli		mẽdis
mẽdžio
mẽdžiui
mẽdį
me
mẽdyje
mẽdi		ar
árklio
árkliui
árklį
árkliu
ar
ar		vélnias
vélnio
vélniui
vélnią
vélniu
vel
vélniau		keps
kẽpsnio
kẽpsniui
kẽpsnį
keps
keps
keps		kẽlias
kẽlio
kẽliui
kẽlią
ke
ke
ke
bróliai
brólių
bróliams
brólius
bróliais
bróliuose		mẽdžiai
mẽdžių
mẽdžiams
me
mẽdžiais
mẽdžiuose		ar
ar
ar
árklius
ar
ar		vel
vel
vel
vélnius
vel
vel		keps
keps
keps
keps
keps
keps		ke
ke
ke
ke
ke
ke
dróbė
dróbės
dróbei
dróbę
dróbe
dróbėje
dróbe		brãškė
brãškės
brãškei
brãškę
braš
brãškėje
brãške		varš
varš
várškei
várškę
várške
varš
várške		erd
erd
er̃dvei
er̃dvę
erd
erd
er̃dve
dróbės
dróbių
dróbėms
dróbes
dróbėmis
dróbėse		brãškės
brãškių
brãškėms
braš
brãškėmis
brãškėse		várškės
varš
varš
várškes
varš
varš		er̃dvės
erd
erd
erd
erd
erd
tóšis
tóšies
tóšiai
tóšį
tóšimi
tóšyje
tóšie		sli̇̀stis
sli̇̀sties
sli̇̀sčiai
sli̇̀stį
sli̇̀stimi
sli̇̀styje
sli̇̀stie		šir
šir
ši̇̀rdžiai
ši̇̀rdį
šir
šir
šir		nak
nak
nãkčiai
nãktį
nak
nak
nak		šu
šu
šùniui
šùnį
šu
šu
šu
tóšys
tóšių
tóšims
tóšis
tóšimis
tóšyse		sli̇̀stys
sli̇̀sčių
sli̇̀stims
slis
sli̇̀stimis
sli̇̀styse		ši̇̀rdys
šir
šir
ši̇̀rdis
šir
šir		nãktys
nak
nak
nak
nak
nak		šùnys
šu
šu
šu
šu
šu
ámžius
ámžiaus
ámžiui
ámžių
ámžiumi
ámžiuje
ámžiau		tur̃gus
tur̃gaus
tur̃gui
tur̃gų
tur̃gumi
tur̃guje
tur̃gau		sõdžius
sõdžiaus
sõdžiui
sõdžių
sõdžiumi
sõdžiuje
sõdžiau		sū
sū
sū́nui
sū́nų
sū
sū
sū		vir
vir
vir̃šui
vir̃šų
vir
vir
vir
ámžiai
ámžių
ámžiams
ámžius
ámžiais
ámžiuose		tur̃gūs
tur̃gų
tur̃gums
tur
tur̃gumis
tur̃guose		sõdžiai
sõdžių
sõdžiams
so
sõdžiais
sõdžiuose		sū́nūs
sū
sū
sū́nus
sū
sū		vir̃šūs
vir
vir
vir
vir
vir
II
dakas
dalỹko
dalỹkui
dalỹką
daly
daly
dalỹke		vainas
vaiki̇̀no
vaiki̇̀nui
vaiki̇̀ną
vaiki
vaiki
vaiki̇̀ne		mergi
mernos
mergi̇̀nai
mergi̇̀ną
mergi
mergi̇̀noje
mergi̇̀na		sveika
sveikãtos
sveikãtai
sveikãtą
sveika
sveikãtoje
sveikãta		balañdis
balañdžio
balañdžiui
balañdį
balan
balañdyje
balañdis		jaunuõlis
jaunuõlio
jaunuõliui
jaunuõlį
jaunuo
jaunuõlyje
jaunuõli		jaunuõlė
jaunuõlės
jaunuõlei
jaunuõlę
jaunuo
jaunuõlėje
jaunuõle		kepùrė
kepùrės
kepùrei
kepùrę
kepu
kepùrėje
kepùre		pavõjus
pavõjaus
pavõjui
pavõjų
pavõjumi
pavõjuose
pavõjai
dalỹkai
dalỹkų
dalỹkams
daly
dalỹkais
dalỹkuose		vaiki̇̀nai
vaiki̇̀nų
vaiki̇̀nams
vaiki
vaiki̇̀nais
vaiki̇̀nuose		mergi̇̀nos
mergi̇̀nų
mergi̇̀noms
mergi
mergi̇̀nomis
mergi̇̀nose		sveikãtos
sveikãtų
sveikãtoms
sveika
sveikãtomis
sveikãtose		balañdžiai
balañdžių
balañdžiams
balan
balañdžiais
balañdžiuose		jaunuõliai
jaunuõlių
jaunuõliams
jaunuo
jaunuõliais
jaunuõliuose		jaunuõlės
jaunuõlių
jaunuõlėms
jaunuo
jaunuõlėmis
jaunuõlėse		kepùrės
kepùrių
kepùrėms
kepu
kepùrėmis
kepùrėse		pavõjai
pavõjų
pavõjams
pavo
pavõjais
pavõjuose
III
vi̇́esulas
vi̇́esulo
vi̇́esului
vi̇́esulą
vi̇́esulu
viesu
vi̇́esule		pãdaras
pãdaro
pãdarui
pãdarą
pãdaru
pada
pãdare		ki̇̀biras
ki̇̀biro
ki̇̀birui
ki̇̀birą
ki̇̀biru
kibi
ki̇̀bire		gniùtulas
gniùtulo
gniùtului
gniùtulą
gniùtulu
gniutu
gniùtule		gyvu
gývulio
gývuliui
gývulį
gývuliu
gyvu
gyvu		auksaka
áuksakalio
áuksakaliui
áuksakalį
áuksakaliu
auksaka
auksaka		švytu
švỹturio
švỹturiui
švỹturį
švỹturiu
švytu
švytu		vynda
vỹndario
vỹndariui
vỹndarį
vỹndariu
vynda
vynda		rutu
rùtulio
rùtuliui
rùtulį
rùtuliu
rutu
rutu
viesu
viesu
viesu
vi̇́esulus
viesu
viesu		pada
pada
pada
pãdarus
pada
pada		kibi
kibi
kibi
ki̇̀birus
kibi
kibi		gniutu
gniutu
gniutu
gniùtulus
gniutu
gniutu		gyvu
gyvu
gyvu
gỹvulius
gyvu
gyvu		auksaka
auksaka
auksaka
áuksakalius
auksaka
auksaka		švytu
švytu
švytu
švỹturius
švytu
švytu		vynda
vynda
vynda
vỹndarius
vynda
vynda		rutu
rutu
rutu
rùtulius
rutu
rutu
III
aukštu
aukštu
áukštumai
áukštumą
áukštuma
aukštu
áukštuma		dyku
dyku
dỹkumai
dỹkumą
dỹkuma
dyku
dỹkuma		pakar
pakar
pãkarpai
pãkarpą
pãkarpa
pakar
pãkarpa		iškilu
iškilu
i̇̀škilumai
i̇̀škilumą
i̇̀škiluma
iškilu
i̇̀škiluma		auksaka
auksaka
áuksakalei
áuksakalę
áuksakale
auksaka
áuksakale		vynda
vynda
vỹndarei
vỹndarę
vỹndare
vynda
vỹndare
áukštumos
aukštu
aukštu
áukštumas
aukštu
aukštu		dỹkumos
dyku
dyku
dỹkumas
dyku
dyku		pãkarpos
pakar
pakar
pãkarpas
pakar
pakar		i̇̀škilumos
iškilu
iškilu
i̇̀škilumas
iškilu
iškilu		áuksakalės
auksaka
auksaka
áuksakales
auksaka
auksaka		vỹndarės
vynda
vynda
vỹndares
vynda
vynda
III
obe
obe
óbeliai
óbelį
obe
obe
obe		patir
patir
pãtirčiai
pãtirtį
patir
patir
patir		kibirkš
kibirkš
ki̇̀birkščiai
ki̇̀birkštį
kibirkš
kibirkš
kibirkš		vandu
vande
vándeniui
vándenį
vande
vande
vande		akmu
akme
ãkmeniui
ãkmenį
akme
akme
akme
óbelys
obe
obe
óbelis
obe
obe		pãtirtys
patir
patir
pãtirtis
patir
patir		ki̇̀birkštys
kibirkš
kibirkš
ki̇̀birkštis
kibirkš
kibirkš		vándenys
vande
vande
vándenis
vande
vande		ãkmenys
akme
akme
ãkmenis
akme
akme
I
daržóvė
daržóvės
daržóvei
daržóvę
daržóve
daržóvėje
daržóve		šešė́lis
šešė́lio
šešė́liui
šešė́lį
šešė́liu
šešė́lyje
šešė́li		pavãsaris
pavãsario
pavãsariui
pavãsarį
pavãsariu
pavãsaryje
pavãsari		vãsara
vãsaros
vãsarai
vãsarą
vãsara
vãsaroje
vãsara		liùdytojas
liùdytojo
liùdytojui
liùdytoją
liùdytoju
liùdytojuje
liùdytojau		sánkaba
sánkabos
sánkabai
sánkabą
sánkaba
sánkaboje
sánkaba
daržóvės
daržóvėms
daržóvių
daržóvėmis
daržóves
daržóvėse		šešė́liai
šešė́lių
šešė́liams
šešė́lius
šešė́liais
šešė́liuose		pavãsariai
pavãsarių
pavãsariams
pavãsarius
pavãsariais
pavãsariuose		vãsaros
vãsarų
vãsaroms
vãsaras
vãsaromis
vãsarose		liùdytoja
liùdytojų
liùdytojams
liùdytojus
liùdytojais
liùdytojuose		sánkabos
sánkabų
sánkaboms
sánkabas
sánkabomis
sánkabose

References

  1. ^ Antanas Pakerys, "Lietuvių bendrinės kalbos prozodija." 1982. Priegaidė is translated as an accent.
  2. ^ Kudirka R. "Acoustic features of pitch in Standard Lithuanian monophthongs." Ceeol.com
  3. ^ Girdenis A. "Frydricho Kuršaičio priegaidės (akustinė rekonstrukcija)." Baltistica 2008 XLIII (3) p.381 - 404. Archived 2014-04-13 at the Wayback Machine
  4. ^ Pakerys A. "Lietuvių bendrinės kalbos prozodija." Mokslas, Vilnius 1982.
  5. ^ Stundžia B "Lietuvių kalbos kirčiavimas: mokytojo knyga." Baltos lankos, Vilnius 1996, p20.
  6. ^ Vaitkevičiūtė V. "Bendrinės lietuvių kalbos kirčiavimas." Šviesa, Kaunas 2004 p. 15–24.
  7. ^ Laigonaitė A. "Literatūrinės lietuvių kalbos kirčiavimas" Vilnius 1959 p. 5, 6 and 17.
  8. ^ Kazimieras Garšva "Complex diphthongs ie, uo and their phonological interpretation." Žmogus ir žodis 2001 p.23
  9. ^ Kudirka R. "Acoustic features of pitch in Standard Lithuanian monophthongs." Acta linguistica Lithuanica 2005 p.4a and 20b. (An analysis of the language of two speakers of standard Lithuanian).
  10. ^ , and (the rarely accented) should retain their dot in lowercase when accented with an acute, grave or tilde (see Lithuanian Standards Board, Proposal to add Lithuanian accented letters to the UCS, N4191, December 2011). They can properly be encoded by using U+0307 (combining dot above) after the base letter and before the accent. For instance, , , .
  11. ^ Vaitkevičiūtė (2004), Bendrinės lietuvių kalbos kirčiavimas, p. 12
  12. ^ Stundžia (1996), Lietuvių kalbos kirčiavimas: mokytojo knyga, p. 27