List of orogenies

The following is a list of known orogenies organised by continent, starting with the oldest in each. The headings are present-day continents, which may differ from the geography contemporary to the orogenies. Some orogenies encompass more than one continent and may have different names in each, and some very large orogenies include sub-orogenies. As with other geological phenomena, orogenies are often subject to revised interpretations of their age, type and associated paleogeography.

In some (especially older) literature, the term orogeny refers to a long episode of basin formation and deposition of sediments over hundreds of millions of years, ending with deformation (sometimes including metamorphism) of these deposits. However, some workers use the term only for the final mountain-building deformation event over tens of millions of years or shorter.^[1][2]

African orogenies

• , Neoproterozoic Era (550 Ma)

Antarctic orogenies

Orogenies affecting Antarctica include:^[3]

• – (4000±200 Ma)
• – (c. 3500 Ma)
• , (c. 3000 Ma)
• – (2650±150 Ma)
• – (2000–1700 Ma)
• – (1000±150 Ma)
• – (633–620 Ma)
• – (c. 550 – c. 480 Ma)

Asian orogenies

• Aravalli-Delhi Orogen – Precambrian
• Altaid Orogeny – Paleozoic Era
• during the Permian Period
• Cimmerian and Cathaysian orogenies
  • Active through Triassic and Jurassic Periods along south and southeast Asia.
• Dabie-Sulu orogeny – Mesozoic Era
• Persia–Tibet–Burma orogeny – Cenozoic Era; caused by the continuing collision of the Arabian and Indian Plates with the Eurasian Plate, encompassing:
  • Himalayan orogeny – Forming the Himalaya Mountains

European orogenies

• – Formation of an extensive area of tonalitic-trondhjemitic crust in Fennoscandia, (3.1–2.9 Ga)
• – Formation of two different types of terrain compatible with plate tectonic concepts. One is a belt of high-grade gneisses formed in a regime of strong mobility, while the other is a region of granitoid intrusions and greenstone belts surrounded by the remnants of a Saamian substratum, (2.9–2.6 Ga)
• , (2.0–1.75 Ga)
• – Formation of tonalitic-granodioritic plutonic rocks and calc-alkaline volcanites (like the previous Svecofennian orogeny), (1.75–1.5 Ga)
• – Essentially reworking of previously formed crust, (1.25 Ga – 900 Ma)
• – Affecting the northern Baltic Shield during the Neoproterozoic Era, (620–550 Ma)
• – On the north coast of Armorica in the Ediacaran/Cambrian, (660–540 Ma)
• – Deformation of the western Scandinavian Peninsula, Britain and Ireland, in the Ordovician Grampian phase and the Silurian Scandian phase^[4]
• – Deformation in western Iberia, southwest Ireland, southwest England, central and western France, southern Germany and Czech Republic, during the Devonian and Carboniferous Periods
• , during the Permian Period.
• , encompassing:
  • The Formation of the Alps, during the Eocene through Miocene Periods
  • – Building the Carpathian Mountains of eastern Europe, during the Jurassic-Cretaceous to Miocene Period
  • – In Greece and the Aegean area, during Eocene through Miocene Periods

North American orogenies

• – Superior province, South Dakota to Lake Huron, late Archean Eon (2700–2500 Ma)
• – Along western edge of Canadian Shield, (2100–1900 Ma)
• – Extends from Hudson Bay west into Saskatchewan then south through the western Dakotas and Nebraska. Result of the collision of the Superior craton with the Hearne craton and the Wyoming craton, during the Proterozoic Eon (2000–1800 Ma)
• – (1910–1770 Ma)
• – Collision at the southern margin of the North Atlantic Craton, late Paleoproterozoic Era (1850–1720 Ma)
• – Wisconsin, Minnesota, Michigan, and southern Ontario, (1850–1840 Ma)
• – Proterozoic collision between the Hearne craton and the Wyoming craton in southwest Montana, (1770 Ma)
• – Mojave Desert region, southwestern U.S.
• , (1710–1700 Ma)
• – Mid to southwestern U.S., (1675–1650 Ma)
• – Mid to southwestern U.S., (1430–1300 Ma)
• – Worldwide, during the late Proterozoic Eon (1300–1000 Ma). Associated with the assembly of the supercontinent Rodinia. Formed folded mountains in eastern North America from Newfoundland to North Carolina, (1100–1000 Ma)
• , including:
  • – From Cryogenian to Devonian Periods
  • – In the northeastern U.S. and Canada, during the Ordovician Period
  • – In the eastern U.S., during the Silurian and Devonian Periods
• – Usually seen as the same as the Variscan orogeny in Europe
  • Appalachian Mountains are a well-studied orogenic belt resulting from a late Paleozoic collision between North America and Africa.
• Ouachita Mountains of Arkansas and Oklahoma is an orogenic belt that dates from the late Paleozoic Era and is most likely a continuation of the Appalachian orogeny west across the Mississippi embayment – Reelfoot Rift zone.
• – Ancestral Sierra Nevada, western U.S., from late Devonian Period to early Mississippian age
• – Innuitian Mountains, Canadian Arctic, extending from Ellesmere Island to Melville Island, Mississippian age (345 Ma)
• – Rocky Mountains, western North America, (270–240 Ma)
• – Developed along western North America, during the Jurassic Period
• – Rocky Mountains, western North America, (140–50 Ma)
• – Rocky Mountains, western North America, (70-40 Ma)
• – Transverse Ranges, western North America, Pleistocene Period to present day

Oceania orogenies

Australian orogenies

• – Gawler craton, South Australia, (2440–2420 Ma)
• – Glenburgh Terrane, Western Australia, (c. 2005–1920 Ma)
• – MacArthur Basin, northern Australia, (c. 1890–1850 Ma)
• – Gawler craton, South Australia, (c. 1845–1700 Ma)
• – Gawler craton, South Australia
• – Gawler craton, South Australia
• – North Yilgarn craton margin, Western Australia, (c. 1765 Ma)
• – Western Australia, (c. 1710–1020 Ma)
• – Gascoyne Complex, Western Australia, (c. 1680–1620 Ma)
• – Mount Isa Block, Queensland, (c. 1600 Ma)
• – Gawler craton, South Australia, (1570–1555 Ma)
• – Olary Block, South Australia
• – Gascoyne Complex, Western Australia
• – Musgrave Block, Central Australia, (c. 1080 Ma)
• – Gascoyne Complex, Western Australia, (c. 920–850 Ma)
• – Central Australia, late Neoproterozoic Era to Cambrian Period (c. 630–520 Ma)
• – South Australia and Victoria, Ordovician Period, (c. 514–510 Ma)
• – Victoria and New South Wales, (c. 540 and 440 Ma)
• – Northern continuation of the Lachlan Orogeny
• – Central Australia, early Carboniferous Period, (450–300 Ma)
• – Victoria and New South Wales, Carboniferous Period (c. 318 Ma)
• – Queensland and New South Wales, Permian Period to Triassic Period (c. 260–225 Ma)
• Sprigg Orogeny – continuing uplift of the Flinders and Mt Lofty Ranges in South Australia (Miocene – present)^[5]

New Zealand orogenies

• , (370–330 Ma)
• , (142–99 Ma)
• , (24 Ma – present)

South American orogenies

• – Paleoproterozoic^[6]
• Guriense orogeny
• – Brasilia Belt
  • – Paraguai Belt
• – Sierra de la Ventana
• , Chilean Coast Range, (300–330 Ma)^[7]
• , Andes Mountains, (200 Ma – present)

Table

References

1. ^ Sengör, A.M.C. (1990); Plate tectonics and orogenic research after 25 years: A Tethyan perspective. Earth Sci. Reviews, 277, 1-201.
2. ^ van Dijk, J.P. (1992); Late Neogene fore-arc basin evolution in the Calabrian Arc (Central Mediterranean). Tectonic sequence stratigraphy and dynamic geohistory. With special reference to the geology of Central Calabria. Geologica Ultrajectina, 92, 288 pp. ISBN 90-71577-46-5; pp. 251-264
3. ^ "Geochronology". Archived from the original on 2008-10-19. Retrieved 2010-11-26. Tectonics of the Transantarctic Mountains: Geochronology
4. ^ Strachan, R.A.; Smith, M.; Harris, A.L.; Fettes, D.J. (2002). "4: The Northern Highland and Grampian terranes". The Geology of Scotland. Trewin N.H. (ed.). Geological Society, London. ISBN 978-1-86239-126-0.
5. ^ Sandiford, M.: Neotectonics of southeastern Australia: linking the Quaternary faulting record with seismicity and in situ stress In Hillis, R. R. & Müller, R. D. (Editors) 2003. Evolution and Dynamics of the Australian Plate, pp 2, 107-120. Geological Society of Australia Special Publication 22 and Geological Society of America Special Paper 372.
6. ^ Alkmima, Fernando F. and Stephen Marshak; Transamazonian Orogeny in the Southern São Francisco Craton Region, Minas Gerais, Brazil: evidence for Paleoproterozoic collision and collapse in the Quadrilátero Ferrífero, Precambrian Research, Volume 90, Issues 1–2, 30 June 1998, Pages 29–58
7. ^ The Geology of Chile Teresa Moreno, Wes Gibbons, Geological Society of London