See also: Libyan Army (1951–2011) and Libyan National Army
Libyan Army
Army
Unit nameLibyan Army
Native nameرئاسة الأركان العامة للجيش الليبي
Dates1951
RoleLand warfare
Size132000[1]
ColorsBlack, red
Commander 1Mohamed al-Menfi
Commander1 labelCommander-in Chief
Commander 2Salaheddine al-Namroush (acting)[2]
Commander2 labelChief of General Staff

Since the outbreak of the Libyan civil war in 2011, the unified pre-war Gaddafi armed forces dissolved. The pre-war Libyan Army (Arabic: رئاسة الأركان العامة للجيش الليبي) no longer exists.

The Libyan Armed Forces dissolved in the course of the first Libyan civil war from 2011, and after the second civil war, armed groups in Libya are generally divided between the Government of National Accord (GNA) based in Tripoli, which has a collection of militias, and Khalifa Haftar's "Libyan National Army" in and around Benghazi.[3]

GNA forces have been fighting against various other factions in Libya, including the Islamic State.[4][5] Most of the forces under the Tripoli government's command consist of various militia groups, such as the Tripoli Protection Force, and local factions from cities like Misrata and Zintan.[6][7]

Factions

Libya is divided between the GNA in the west; the LNA in the east; and other factions. The Libyan National Army (LNA) evolved following the fall of Muammar Gaddafi. In 2014, the LNA came under the control of Khalifa Haftar and the House of Representatives, whose geographical location is in the eastern Libyan city of Tobruk.

In 2017, there was no truly unified army or air force under the Presidential Council's command, and only the Libyan Navy was fully operating under the GNA's control.[8] The Tripoli government aimed to integrate many different militia groups into a regular command structure,[4][9][10] and created a Presidential Guard. Prime Minister Sarraj hold the role of supreme commander of the army.[11] The Libyan Army is commanded by the GNA Defense Ministry, which was initially led by Colonel Al-Mahdi Al-Barghathi from 2016[12] until he was removed in July 2018, at which point GNA Prime Minister Fayez al-Sarraj took on the role of defense minister.[13][7] The Chief of the General Staff was Major General Abdel Rahman al-Taweel,[8] from September 2017 until his removal in February 2019, being replaced by Lieutenant General Mohammed al-Shareef.[14]

2017–2018

Since the establishment of the Government of National Accord in 2016 clashes continued to occur between different factions in Tripoli nominally loyal to the new UN-backed unity government, leaving hundreds dead. Khalifa al-Ghawil proclaimed the creation of a new government consisting of the former General National Congress.[15] Elements of the Presidential Guard defected to the rebels and took over key buildings in the capital.[16][17] Pro-GNA forces eventually were able to defeat the GNC coup attempt.[18][19] Around mid-2017, militias allied to the GNA fully secured the capital. In August 2018 fighting broke out between different groups in Tripoli that were all nominally subordinated to the GNA's defense ministry, forcing Prime Minister Sarraj to call in other militias from different towns outside the capital. A unit called the 7th Brigade had rebelled, leading to its dissolution.[7][20]

2019

On 6 April 2019, a joint operations room was formed in response to Khalifa Haftar's attack on Tripoli to coordinate their military forces. It is led by Western military zone commander Osama al-Juwaili and includes the heads of the Tripoli and Central military zones, the Counter-Terrorism Force, and representatives from the Presidential Guard and Military Intelligence Bureau.[11]

In response to a common interest in defending Tripoli against the LNA, the armed militias that in mid 2019 composed the armed forces of the GNA coordinated with one another mainly by agreement among armed group commanders rather than by the official command structure. The militias remained mostly autonomous in decision-making while formally being integrated into the GNA chain of command. Lacher Wolfram, writing in a Security Assessment in North Africa publication, described this as "bottom-up integration" and a "remarkable development" that "could potentially serve as a starting point for the creation of properly integrated forces ... [with] loyalty to a unified command structure".[21]

Military zones

On 1 June 2017, the GNA announced the creation of seven military zones throughout Libya. They include Tripoli, Benghazi, Tobruk, Sabha (Southern), Kufra, Central (from Misrata to Zuwetina), and Western (west of Tripoli to Jebel Nafusa) . The commanders of each zone were responsible for training and preparation of the forces in their area and answered to the Libyan army chief of staff. Not all of the territories accounted for were under the GNA's control at the time.[22][23][24]

The leaders of the military zones are as follows.

Known units

Allies

One of the GNA's main allies is Turkey. Turkey had deployed weapons and equipment to GNA troops even before the Government of National Accord (GNA) requested Turkish military support in December 2019.[34] Turkey's engagement for the GNA is linked to its broader strategic interests in the Eastern Mediterranean: in November, Turkey and GNA leader Fayez al-Sarraj signed a defense cooperation deal. At the same time GNA and Turkey agreed one on maritime boundaries in the Eastern Mediterranean, where Turkey is locked in a dispute with regional rivals Greece, Cyprus, Egypt and Israel over access to sea regions rich in natural gas.

Equipment

Weapons

ModelimagetypeCalibreQuantityOriginNotes
Pistol
TT-33[35]Semi-automatic pistol7.62×25mm Tokarev
Makarov PM[36]Semi-automatic pistol9×18mm Makarov
Browning Hi-Power[37]Semi-automatic pistol9×19mm Parabellum
Glock 17[citation needed]Automatic Pistol9×19mm Parabellum
SAR 9[citation needed]Semi-automatic pistol9×19mm Parabellum
Caracal FSemi-automatic pistol9x19mm ParabellumPurchased and issued to the Ministry of Interior of Libya staff.[38]
Submachine gun
Heckler & Koch MP5[37]Submachine gun9×19mm Parabellum
FN P90[39]Submachine gunFN 5.7×28mm
Shotgun
Benelli M4 Super 90[40][41]Semi-automatic shotgun12 gauge1800ItalyAn order were delivered prior of the start of the Libyan revolution of 2011, later used by Libyan special forces.
Winchester Model 1200[42]Pump-action shotgun12 gauge
Battle rifle and assault rifle
MPT-55Assault rifle5.56×45mm NATOMPT-55K assault rifles supplied by Turkey.[43]
Heckler & Koch G3[44]Battle rifle7.62×51mm NATO
M4A1[45]Carbine5.56×45mm NATO
M16[45]Assault rifle5.56×45mm NATO
Heckler & Koch G36[46][47][48][49][50]Assault rifle5.56×45mm NATO600G36 (variants KV and E) were legally sold from Egypt in 2003, pressumably used by the Khamis Brigade/Special Forces (although this remains unclear), anti-Gaddafi forces, most notably the Tripoli Brigade, would later capture an unknown number of stockpiled G36 from the Bab al-Azizia armory.
AK-47[51]Assault rifle7.62×39mm
AKM[52]Assault rifle7.62×39mm
AK-103[53]Assault rifle7.62×39mmLibyan military stock.
PM md. 63[54]Assault rifle7.62×39mm
Zastava M70[37]Assault rifle7.62×39mmYugoslavia
Norinco CQ[55]Assault rifle5.56×45mm NATOChinese unlicensed copy of M16 rifle, used by the National Liberation Army.
Type 65[56]Assault rifle5.56×45mm NATOTaiwanTaiwanese copy of the M16 rifle
Beretta AR70/90[citation needed]Assault rifle5.56×45mm NATO
FN F2000[57][58]Bullpup assault rifle5.56×45mm NATO367Purchased from FN Herstal in 2008, delivery commenced in 2009, during the Libyan Civil War of 2011, Libyan rebels captured an unknown number of F2000 from Gaddafi loyalists.
FN FAL[37]Battle rifle7.62×51mm NATO
Kale KCRAssault rifle7.62×51mm NATOTurkeysupplied to GNU[59]
Sniper rifle
Barrett M82[citation needed]Anti-materiel rifle.50 BMG
SVD Dragunov[52]Sniper rifle7.62×54mmR
PSL[60]Sniper rifle7.62×54mmRLibyan military stock.
Machine gun
PK[37]General-purpose machine gun7.62×54mmR
RPK[35]Light machine gun7.62×39mm
RPD[35]Light machine gun7.62×39mm
FN Minimi[61][37]Light machine gun5.56×45mm NATO
FN MAG[37]General-purpose machine gun7.62×51mm NATO
M2 Browning[45]Heavy machine gun.50 BMG
DShK[44]Heavy machine gun12.7×108mm
Grenade-based weapon
GM-94Pump-action grenade launcher43×30mmUsed by anti-Gaddafi forces.[62]
Daewoo K4[63]Automatic grenade launcher40×53mmFirst export customer
Anti-tank weapons
RPG-7[35]Rocket-propelled grenade launcher40 mmLibyan military stock.
M40[64]Recoilless rifle105 mmUS, Chinese and Iran made variants used.
SPG-9[64]Recoilless rifle73 mm smoothbore
9M14 Malyutka[65]Anti-tank guided missile125 mm
9K115 MetisAnti-tank guided missile94 mmSupplied by Turkey to the GNA.[66]
MILANAnti-tank guided missile115 mm
Supplied by Qatar during the 2011 Libyan Civil War.[67]
JavlinAnti-tank guided missile127 mmUnited Statescaptured from LNA[68][69]
DehlaviehAnti tank guided missile160 mmIransupplied from Iran[70]

Artillery

NameImageTypeOriginQuantityNotes
Tactical ballistic missile
Scud-BR-17Soviet Union6Refurbished and used by 111th Brigade Majhfal[71][72][73]
TRG-300HurricaneTurkey4~[74]
Rocket artillery
Type 63 multiple rocket launcher107mm MLRS100+Libyan military stock.
BM-21 Grad122mm MLRS40+Libyan military stock.
T-122 Sakarya[75]122mm MLRS20+Supplied by Turkey
Self-propelled howitzer
2S1 Gvozdika122mm20+Libyan military stock.
Palmaria[76]155mm50+[77]Libyan military stock.
T-155 Fırtına155mm7+ supplied by Turkey.[43][78]
Towed howitzer
M114155mmDonated to the Libyan Army by Turkey.[79]
D-30[76]122mm20+Libyan military stock.
M-46130mm60Libyan military stock.
MKE Boran106Turkeysent by turkey[74]
Mortar
M1938120mmUnknownLibyan military stock.
QT-7122mmLibya1Observed in 2026[80]
Anti-aircraft systems
ZPU14.5mm Anti-aircraft gunLibyan military stock. Mounted on technicals.[76]
ZU-23-223mm Anti-aircraft gunMounted on technicals.[76]
ZSU-23-423mm Self-propelled anti-aircraft gunLibyan military stock.
KORKUT35mm Self-propelled anti-aircraft gunSupplied by Turkey.[43]
QW-13Man-portable air-defense system[76]
QW-18Man-portable Air-defence systemChina Thailand[81]large numbers[82]
MIM-23 HawkMedium-range Surface-to-air missile systemSupplied by Turkey.[43]
Hisar O+Medium-range Surface-to-air missile system2+[83]Supplied by Turkey to replace MIM-23 Hawk.[84]
IHTARSurface-Portable anti Unnamned aircraft defend systemTurkey LibyaLarge amount.Supplied By turkey but turned into a portable moving system mounted on toyota.

Vehicles

ModelImageOriginVariantNumberDetails
Main battle tanks
T-54/T-55[76]
T-55A
T-55E		60+Libyan miltary stock.
T-62
T-62M
T-62MV		30+Libyan miltary stock.
T-72[76]T-72
T-72M1		20+Libyan miltary stock.
M60 Patton
M60A13Supplied by Turkey.[43][85]
M60A3United States TurkeyM60A3Large numbers[86]supplied in large amounts by Turkey
M60T (Sabre MK2)TurkeySabre Mk27[87]supplied by Turkey[88]
Infantry fighting vehicles
BMP-1Libyan miltary stock.
BMP-2[76]
Ratel IFVRepublic of South Africa (1961–1994)Ratel 20
Ratel 60		2Captured from the LNA.[89]
Armored cars
EE-9 CascavelMilitary dictatorship in Brazil10+Libyan miltary stocks.[89]
Armoured personnel carriers
FNSS ACV-15[76]ACV-AAPCPurchased from Turkey.[79]
Steyr 4K-7FA[76]
Mbombe 6[76]
KADDB Al-Wahsh[76]5+Captured from the LNA.[89]
BMC Kirpi[76]Kirpi IIPurchased from Turkey.[79]
BMC Vuran[76]Purchased from Turkey.[79]
Lenco BearCat[76]G3
Nimr[76]Ajban10+Captured from the LNA.[89]
STREIT Group Cougar/
}		?Captured from LNA.
STREIT Group Spartan/
?Captured from LNA.
Panthera T63Captured from the LNA.[89]
Panthera F9/
1Captured from the LNA.[89]
HMMWV30+Part of a batch of 200 vehicles sent by the US to Libya in 2012. Some were captured from the LNA.[89]
KJ4-8Libya?manufactured by the company of Black horse based on Misrata[90]
CAN-1Libyaless than 100Manufactured by black horse as new series[91]
Military engineering vehicles
Centurion AVRE[76]AVRE 105
Tank destroyers
9P157-2 Khrizantema-S[76]
Trucks
Toyota Land CruiserHZJ 79Used as technicals.[92]
Toyota 70 seriesJapanLC-70 to LC-79157used as Technicals[93]
Toyota Land Cruiser (J250)JapanLC-30086armoured and used as an APC[93]
Iveco TrakkerTrakker 38040+
KAMAZ?2Captured from the LNA.[89]
MAN SXGermanySX45supplied by Turkey[94]

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Further reading