"archive.org" redirects here. Not to be confused with arXiv or archive.today.
Internet Archive
LanguageEnglish
Launch date1996 (age 30)
FoundationMay 10, 1996 (age 30)
Location
FounderBrewster Kahle
ChairmanBrewster Kahle
Services
Revenue$23.7 million (2023)[1]
Assets$16.6 million (2023)[1]
Num employees122 (2021)[2]
CommercialNo
Current statusActive

The Internet Archive is an American non-profit library founded in 1996 by Brewster Kahle that runs a digital library website, archive.org.[3][4] It provides free access to collections of digitized media including websites, software applications, music, audiovisual, and print materials. The Archive also advocates a free and open Internet. Its mission is committing to provide "universal access to all knowledge".[5][6]

The Internet Archive allows the public to upload and download digital material to its data cluster, but the bulk of its data is collected automatically by its web crawlers, which work to preserve as much of the public web as possible. The Wayback Machine, its web archive, contains more than 1 trillion web captures.[7][8] The Archive also oversees numerous book digitization projects, collectively one of the world's largest book digitization efforts. The archive is used frequently by journalists and Wikipedia editors.[9][10][11]

History

Brewster Kahle founded the Archive in May 1996, around the same time that he began the for-profit web crawling company Alexa Internet.[12][13] The first and oldest page ever archived was a December 1996 edition of USA Today.[14] By October of that year, the Internet Archive had begun to archive and preserve the World Wide Web in large amounts.[15] The archived content became more easily available to the general public in 2001, through the Wayback Machine.

In late 1999, the Archive expanded its collections beyond the web archive, beginning with the Prelinger Archives. Now, the Internet Archive includes texts, audio, moving images, and software. It hosts a number of other projects: the NASA Images Archive, the contract crawling service Archive-It, and the wiki-editable library catalog and book information site Open Library. Soon after that, the Archive began working to provide specialized services relating to the information access needs of the print-disabled; publicly accessible books were made available in a protected Digital Accessible Information System (DAISY) format.[16]

In 2004, the Internet Archive Europe was founded in the Netherlands.[17]

In August 2012, the Archive began adding BitTorrent to its file download options.[18]

In November 2016, Kahle announced that the Internet Archive was building the Internet Archive of Canada, a copy of the Archive to be based somewhere in Canada. The announcement received widespread coverage due to the implication that the decision to build a backup archive in a foreign country was because of the upcoming presidency of Donald Trump.[19][20][21] Beginning in 2017, OCLC and the Internet Archive have collaborated to make the Archive's records of digitized books available in WorldCat.[22]

Since 2018, the Internet Archive visual arts residency has helped to connect digital history with the arts and create something for future generations to appreciate online or off.[23] Previous artists in residence include Taravat Talepasand[23] and Jenny Odell.[24]

The Internet Archive acquires most materials from donations,[25] such as hundreds of thousands of 78 rpm discs from Boston Public Library in 2017,[26] a donation of 250,000 books from Trent University in 2018,[27] and the entire collection of Marygrove College's library after it closed in 2020.[28] All material is then digitized and retained in digital storage, while a digital copy is returned to the original holder and the Internet Archive's copy, if not in the public domain, is lent to patrons worldwide one at a time under the controlled digital lending (CDL) theory of the first-sale doctrine.[29]

On June 1, 2020, four large publishing houses – Hachette Book Group, Penguin Random House, HarperCollins, and John Wiley – filed a lawsuit against the Internet Archive before the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York, claiming that the Internet Archive's practice of controlled digital lending constituted copyright infringement. On March 25, 2023, the court found in favor of the publishers. The negotiated judgment of August 11, 2023, barred the Internet Archive from digitally lending books for which electronic copies are on sale.[30]

Also on August 11, 2023, the music industry giants Universal Music Group, Sony Music and Concord (together with their respective labels Capitol Records, Arista Records and CMGI Recorded Music Assets) sued the Internet Archive before the same United States District Court for the Southern District of New York over the Internet Archive's Great 78 Project for $621 million in damages from alleged copyright infringement.[31][32][33] The lawsuit was settled in September 2025.[34]

In September 2024, Google and the Internet Archive announced a collaboration where links to the Wayback Machine would be included in the 'more about this page' menu in Google Search. This collaboration effectively replaced Google's own Google Cache service that it had retired earlier that year.[35][36] On July 24, 2025, Internet Archive was designated as a Federal Depository Library by the U.S. Senate, allowing it to store public access government records.[37][38] It opened a new headquarters for its European branch on 19 September 2025.[39][40]

On October 22, 2025, Internet Archive held an event in San Francisco to celebrate the first trillion web pages archived in Wayback Machine, a number that was described as a civilization-scale milestone.[41]

2024 cyberattacks

During the week of May 27, 2024, the Internet Archive suffered a series of distributed denial of service (DDoS) attacks that made its services unavailable intermittently, sometimes for hours at a time, over a period of several days.[42][43][44] The attack was claimed on May 28 by a hacker group called SN_BLACKMETA,[45][46] with possible links to Anonymous Sudan.[47] The incident drew a comparison with the 2023 British Library cyberattack, which affected the UK Web Archive.[48]

Beginning October 9, 2024, the Internet Archive's team, including archivist Jason Scott and security researcher Scott Helme, confirmed DDoS attacks, site defacement, and a data breach. The purported hacktivist group SN_BLACKMETA again claimed responsibility.[49] A pop-up on the defaced site claimed that there was a "catastrophic" security breach, stating "Have you ever felt like the Internet Archive runs on sticks and is constantly on the verge of suffering a catastrophic security breach? It just happened. See 31 million of you on HIBP!"[50][46] It was reported that about 31 million user accounts were affected, and compromised in a file called "ia_users.sql", dated September 28, 2024.[49][51] The attackers stole users' email addresses and Bcrypt-hashed passwords.[52]

On October 11, Kahle said that the data is safe, and will bring the service back to normal "in days, not weeks".[53][54] On October 13, the Wayback Machine was restored in a read-only format, while archiving web pages was temporarily disabled.[55] On October 15, 2024, the website was still mostly offline for "prioritizing keeping data safe at the expense of service availability".[56]

On October 20, threat actors stole unrotated API tokens and breached Internet Archive on its Zendesk email support platform; they also claimed responsibility for the other breaches yet stated that SN_BLACKMETA was behind just the DDoS attacks.[57] Having been told that threat actors (behind other breaches than SN_BLACKMETA's DDoS attacks) leaked some stolen data to others in the data-trafficking community, Bleeping Computer posited that said threat actors breached the "well-known and extremely popular" Internet Archive not to extort money but to "gain cyber street cred", thus "increasing their reputation".[57]

On October 21, Internet Archive went back online in a read-only manner.[58] On October 22, all Internet Archive services temporarily went offline again.[59][60] By October 25, service was fully restored.[61]

Operations

The Archive is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit operating in the United States. In 2019, it had an annual budget of $37 million, derived from revenue from its Web crawling services, various partnerships, grants, donations, and the Kahle-Austin Foundation.[62] The Internet Archive also manages periodic funding campaigns. For instance, a December 2019 campaign had a goal of reaching $6 million in donations.[63] It uses Ubuntu as its choice of operating system for the website servers.[64]

The Archive is headquartered in San Francisco, California. From 1996 to 2009, its headquarters were in the Presidio of San Francisco, a former U.S. military base. Since 2009, its headquarters have been at 300 Funston Avenue in San Francisco, a former Christian Science Church. At one time, most of its staff worked in its book-scanning centers; as of 2019, scanning is performed by 100 paid operators worldwide.[65] The Archive also has data centers in three Californian cities: San Francisco, Redwood City, and Richmond. To reduce the risk of data loss, the Archive creates copies of parts of its collection at more distant locations, including the Bibliotheca Alexandrina[66][67] in Egypt and a facility in Amsterdam.[68]

As of 2025, it is reported that Internet Archive operates six data centers,[69] mainly in California, with smaller ones in other U.S. states, Canada and Europe. They have controlled access and fire protection systems, and are monitored for security. All Internet Archive data centers adhere to ISO/IEC 27001 standard, and some of them meet additional certifications.[70]

Also in 2025, it was reported that copies of the archive are kept in locations around the world, as a protection against possible disasters.[71] Back in 2016, all redundancy was provided by RAID-like paired storage, with the 2 copies usually stored at different data centers, while backups were not a regular practice at the time.[72]

Since 2016, Internet Archive started to work to create a decentralized prototype of the digital library. From 2020, content from Internet Archive started to be stored in Filecoin.[73] By October 2023, one petabyte of data had been uploaded to the Filecoin network.[74] The Archive is a member of the International Internet Preservation Consortium[75] and was officially designated as a library by the state of California in 2007.[76][77]

Web archiving

Further information: Web archiving

Wayback Machine

Main article: Wayback Machine

The Wayback Machine is a service that allows archives of the World Wide Web to be searched and accessed.[78] It can be used to see what previous versions of web sites used to look like or to visit web sites that no longer even exist. The Wayback Machine was created as a joint effort between Alexa Internet (owned by Amazon.com) and the Internet Archive.[79] Hundreds of billions of web sites and their associated data (images, source code, documents, etc.) are saved in a database. As of September 5, 2024, the Internet Archive held over 866 billion web pages, more than 42.5 million print materials, 13 million videos, 3 million TV news reports, 1.2 million software programs, 14 million audio files, 5 million images, and 272,660 concerts in its Wayback Machine.[5] In October 2025, the Internet Archive announced that the Wayback Machine had archived one trillion webpages, equivalent to more than 100,000 terabytes of data.[80]

Archive-It

Created in late 2005, Archive-It[81] is a web archiving subscription service that allows individuals and institutions to build and preserve collections of digital content and create digital archives.[82] Archive-It allows the user to customize their capture or exclusion of web content they want to preserve for cultural heritage reasons. Through a web application, Archive-It partners can harvest, catalog, manage, browse, search, and view their archived collections.[83]

In terms of accessibility, the archived websites are full text searchable within seven days of capture.[84] Content collected through Archive-It is captured and stored as a WARC file. A primary and back-up copy is stored at the Internet Archive data centers. A copy of the WARC file can be given to subscribing partner institutions for geo-redundant preservation and storage purposes to their best practice standards.[85] Periodically, the data captured through Archive-It is indexed into the Internet Archive's general archive.

In 2018, the Freedom of the Press Foundation said it would back up Gawker's archives using Archive-it one page at a time.[86] As of 2021, Archive-it was partnering with more than 800 institutions, such as universities, archives, libraries and museums.[87] In 2022, it was used to back up Ukrainian websites.[88] It also had been used to archive some Twitter streams[89] but had difficulty archiving Facebook.[90] The Archive claimed more than 1200 partners in 2024.[91]

Internet Archive Scholar

Main article: Internet Archive Scholar

In September 2020, Internet Archive announced a new initiative to archive and preserve open access academic journals, called Internet Archive Scholar.[92][93][94] As of February 2024, it contained over 35 million research articles with full text access. The materials available come from three different forms: content identified by the Wayback Machine, by digitized print material and sources such as uploads from users and collections from partnerships.[95][96][97] As of 2024, Katina Magazine found the tool to be slower, slightly less recent and less comprehensive than Google Scholar but provided more context per result (making it easier to read for the reviewer), provided filters for datasets and makes its bibliographic database public. Also, due to its nonprofit mission, the archive should remain free, open and transparent into the future helping to preserve materials that sometimes get lost over time. The review described IA Scholar as user-friendly though users may need to re-learn how to perform some search techniques that work differently on Elasticsearch.[98]

General Index

In 2021, the Internet Archive announced the initial version of the General Index, a publicly available index to a collection of 107 million academic journal articles.[99][100]

Items and collections

The Archive stores files inside so-called items, which are similar to directories in that they can contain multiple files, but can have additional metadata such as a description and tags which make them more searchable.

Some file types can be previewed directly on the site, where as others have to be downloaded in order to be opened. If multiple multimedia files exist in an item, the website generates a playlist for video or audio files, or a slide show for pictures. If an item contains at least one video or picture, the Archive generates a preview thumbnail that can be seen on collection pages and in searches. Items can contain mixed data such as music files with an album cover picture, in which case the picture is used as thumbnail.[101][102][103][104] Staff members of the Internet Archive organize items by placing them into so-called collections, which are pages listing multiple items.[105]

Book collections

Text collection

The scanning performed by the Internet Archive is financially supported by libraries and foundations.[106] As of November 2008, when there were approximately 1 million texts, the entire collection was greater than 500 terabytes, which included raw camera images, cropped and skewed images, PDFs, and raw OCR data.[107]

As of July 2013, the Internet Archive was operating 33 scanning centers in five countries, digitizing about 1,000 books a day for a total of more than 2 million books, in a total collection of 4.4 million books – including material digitized by others and fed into the Internet Archive; at that time, users were performing more than 15 million downloads per month.[108]

The material digitized by others includes more than 300,000 books that were contributed to the collection, between about 2006 and 2008, by Microsoft through its Live Search Books project, which also included financial support and scanning equipment directly donated to the Internet Archive.[109] On May 23, 2008, Microsoft announced it would be ending its Live Book Search project and would no longer be scanning books, donating its remaining scanning equipment to its former partners.[109]

Around October 2007, Archive users began uploading public domain books from Google Book Search.[110] As of November 2013, there were more than 900,000 Google-digitized books in the Archive's collection;[111] the books are identical to the copies found on Google, except without the Google watermarks, and are available for unrestricted use and download.[a] Brewster Kahle revealed in 2013 that this archival effort was coordinated by Aaron Swartz, who, with a "bunch of friends", downloaded the public domain books from Google slowly enough and from enough computers to stay within Google's restrictions. They did this to ensure public access to the public domain. The Archive ensured the items were attributed and linked back to Google, which never complained, while libraries "grumbled". According to Kahle, this is an example of Swartz's "genius" to work on what could give the most to the public good for millions of people.[112]

As of 2009, the Text Collection contained more than 1,700,000 items. The largest grouping was the American libraries collection, which included more than 1,100,000 texts, with the next largest, the Canadian libraries collection, having roughly 200,000.[113] By 2025, the American collection had grown to 3,900,000 items,[114] and the Canadian libraries collection to 900,000.[115] At that time, the total content exceeded 47,000,000 texts.[116]

In addition to books, the Archive offers free and anonymous public access to more than four million court opinions, legal briefs, or exhibits uploaded from the United States Federal Courts' PACER electronic document system via the RECAP web browser plugin. These documents had been kept behind a federal court paywall. On the Archive, they had been accessed by more than six million people by 2013.[112]

The Archive's BookReader web app,[117] built into its website, has features such as single-page, two-page, and thumbnail modes; fullscreen mode; page zooming of high-resolution images; and flip page animation.[117][118]

In October 2024, the Internet Archive agreed to accept the paper copies of 400,000 uncatalogued dissertations from the Leiden University Library, from the period 1851–2004, that the library wanted to dispose of. The university had received them from foreign universities as part of a dissertation exchange program that had begun with its foundation in 1575, continuing for nearly 430 years. The Archive plans to digitise them and make them accessible online. The original full collection included theses by Niels Bohr, Marie Curie, Émile Durkheim, Albert Einstein, Otto Hahn, Carl Jung, J. Robert Oppenheimer, Max Planck, Luigi Pirandello, Gustav Stresemann and Max Weber.[119]

Open Library

Main article: Open Library

The Open Library is another project of the Internet Archive. The project seeks to include a web page for every book ever published: it holds 25 million catalog records of editions. It also seeks to be a web-accessible public library: it contains the full texts of approximately 1,600,000 public domain books (out of the more than five million from the main texts collection), as well as in-print and in-copyright books,[120] many of which are fully readable, downloadable[121][122] and full-text searchable;[123] it offers a two-week loan of e-books in its controlled digital lending program for over 647,784 books not in the public domain, in partnership with over 1,000 library partners from six countries[108][124] after a free registration on the web site. Open Library is a free and open-source software project, with its source code freely available on GitHub.

The Open Library faces objections from some authors and the Society of Authors, who hold that the project is distributing books without authorization and is thus in violation of copyright laws,[125] and four major publishers initiated a copyright infringement lawsuit against the Internet Archive in June 2020 to stop the Open Library project.[126]

Digitizing sponsors for books

Many large institutional sponsors have helped the Internet Archive provide millions of scanned publications (text items).[127] Some sponsors that have digitized large quantities of texts include the University of Toronto's Robarts Library, University of Alberta Libraries, University of Ottawa, Library of Congress, Boston Library Consortium member libraries, Boston Public Library, Princeton Theological Seminary Library, and many others.[128]

In 2017, the MIT Press authorized the Internet Archive to digitize and lend books from the press's backlist,[129] with financial support from the Arcadia Fund.[130][131] A year later, the Internet Archive received further funding from the Arcadia Fund to invite some other university presses to partner with the Internet Archive to digitize books, a project called "Unlocking University Press Books".[132][133]

The Library of Congress created numerous Handle System identifiers that pointed to free digitized books in the Internet Archive.[134] The Internet Archive and Open Library are listed on the Library of Congress website as a source of e-books.[135]

Other text collections

Children's Library

Children's Library is a collection of digitized books from the University of California Libraries, the University of Florida's "Literature for Children" Collection, National Yiddish Book Center, New York Public Library, International Children's Digital Library and some other libraries.[136] This collection contains many free historical ebooks for children.[137]

Media collections

In addition to web archives, the Internet Archive maintains extensive collections of digital media that are attested by the uploader to be in the public domain in the United States or licensed under a license that allows redistribution, such as Creative Commons licenses.[citation needed] Media are organized into collections by media type (moving images, audio, text, etc.), and into sub-collections by various criteria.[138] Each of the main collections includes a "Community" sub-collection (formerly named "Open Source") where general contributions by the public are stored.[citation needed]

Audio

Audio Archive

The Audio Archive includes music, audiobooks, news broadcasts, old time radio shows, podcasts, and a wide variety of other audio files. As of January 2023, there are more than 15,000,000 free digital recordings in the collection. The subcollections include audio books and poetry, podcasts, non-English audio, and many others.[139] The sound collections are curated by B. George, director of the ARChive of Contemporary Music.[140]

Digital Library of Amateur Radio and Communications

A project to preserve recordings of amateur radio transmissions, with funding from the Amateur Radio Digital Communications foundation.[141][142]

Live Music Archive

Main article: Live Music Archive

The Live Music Archive sub-collection includes more than 170,000 concert recordings from independent musicians, as well as more established artists and musical ensembles with permissive rules about recording their concerts, such as the Grateful Dead, and more recently, The Smashing Pumpkins. Also, Jordan Zevon has allowed the Internet Archive to host a definitive collection of his father Warren Zevon's concert recordings. The Zevon collection ranges from 1976 to 2001 and contains 126 concerts including 1,137 songs.[143]

The Great 78 Project

Main article: The Great 78 Project

The Great 78 Project aims to digitize 78 rpm singles and phonograph cylinders from the period between 1880 and 1960, donated by various collectors and institutions.[144] It has been developed in collaboration with the Archive of Contemporary Music and George Blood Audio, responsible for the audio digitization.[140] As of 2017, it had 200,000 recordings available online.[145] As of September 2025, it said it had digitized 400,000 recordings.[146]

Netlabels

Not to be confused with Netlabel.

The Archive has a collection of freely distributable music that is streamed and available for download via its Netlabels service. The music in this collection generally has Creative Commons-license catalogs of virtual record labels.[147][148]

Images

This collection contains more than 3.5 million items.[149] Cover Art Archive, Metropolitan Museum of Art – Gallery Images, NASA Images, Occupy Wall Street Flickr Archive, and USGS Maps are some sub-collections of Image collection.[citation needed]

Cover Art Archive

The Cover Art Archive is a joint project between the Internet Archive and MusicBrainz, whose goal is to make cover art images on the Internet. As of April 2021 , this collection contains more than 1,400,000 items.[150]

Metropolitan Museum of Art images

The images of this collection are from the Metropolitan Museum of Art. This collection contains more than 140,000 items.[151]

NASA Images

The NASA Images archive was created through a Space Act Agreement between the Internet Archive and NASA to bring public access to NASA's image, video, and audio collections in a single, searchable resource. The Internet Archive NASA Images team worked closely with all of the NASA centers to keep adding to the ever-growing collection.[152] The nasaimages.org site launched in July 2008 and had more than 100,000 items online at the end of its hosting in 2012.

Occupy Wall Street Flickr archive

This collection contains Creative Commons-licensed photographs from Flickr related to the Occupy Wall Street movement. This collection contains more than 15,000 items.[153]

USGS Maps

This collection contains more than 59,000 items from Libre Map Project.[154]

Video

Machinima Archive

One of the sub-collections of the Internet Archive's Video Archive is the Machinima Archive. This small section hosts many Machinima videos. Machinima is a digital artform in which computer games, game engines, or software engines are used in a sandbox-like mode to create motion pictures, recreate plays, or even publish presentations or keynotes. The archive collects a range of Machinima films from internet publishers such as Rooster Teeth and Machinima.com as well as independent producers. The sub-collection is a collaborative effort among the Internet Archive, the How They Got Game research project at Stanford University, the Academy of Machinima Arts and Sciences, and Machinima.com.[155]

Moving image collection

See also: Wikipedia list of films freely available on the Internet Archive

The Internet Archive holds a collection of approximately 3,863 feature films.[156] Additionally, the Internet Archive's Moving Image collection includes: newsreels, classic cartoons, pro- and anti-war propaganda, The Video Cellar Collection, Skip Elsheimer's "A.V. Geeks" collection, early television, and ephemeral material from Prelinger Archives, such as advertising, educational, and industrial films, as well as amateur and home movie collections.[157]

Subcategories of this collection include:

  • IA's FedFlix collection, Joint Venture NTIS-1832 between the National Technical Information Service and Public.Resource.Org that features "the best movies of the United States Government, from training films to history, from our national parks to the U.S. Fire Academy and the Postal Inspectors"[158]
  • IA's Independent News collection, which includes sub-collections such as the Internet Archive's World At War competition from 2001, in which contestants created short films demonstrating "why access to history matters".[159] Among their most-downloaded video files are eyewitness recordings of the devastating 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake.
  • IA's September 11 Television Archive, which contains archival footage from the world's major television networks of the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, as they unfolded on live television.[160]

Microfilm

This collection contains approximately 160,000 microfilmed items from a variety of libraries including the University of Chicago Libraries, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, University of Alberta, Allen County Public Library, and National Technical Information Service.[161][162]

TV News Search & Borrow

In September 2012, the Internet Archive launched the TV News Search & Borrow service for searching U.S. national news programs.[163] The service is built on closed captioning transcripts and allows users to search and stream 30-second video clips. Upon launch, the service contained "350,000 news programs collected over 3 years from national U.S. networks and stations in San Francisco and Washington D.C."[164] According to Kahle, the service was inspired by the Vanderbilt Television News Archive, a similar library of televised network news programs.[165] In contrast to Vanderbilt, which limits access to streaming video to individuals associated with subscribing colleges and universities, the TV News Search & Borrow allows open access to its streaming video clips. In 2013, the Archive received an additional donation of "approximately 40,000 well-organized tapes" from the estate of a Philadelphia woman, Marion Stokes. Stokes "had recorded more than 35 years of TV news in Philadelphia and Boston with her VHS and Betamax machines".[166]

Open Educational Resources

See also: Open educational resources

Open Educational Resources is a digital collection containing courses, video lectures, and supplemental materials from universities in the United States and China. The contributors of this collection are ArsDigita, Hewlett Foundation, MIT, Monterey Institute, and Naropa University.[167]

Miscellaneous collections

Brooklyn Museum collection contains approximately 3,000 items from Brooklyn Museum.[168] In December 2020, the film research library of Lillian Michelson was donated to the archive.[169]

Other services and endeavors

Physical media

Voicing a strong reaction to the idea of books simply being thrown away, and inspired by the Svalbard Global Seed Vault, Kahle now envisions collecting one copy of every book ever published. "We're not going to get there, but that's our goal", he said. Alongside the books, Kahle plans to store the Internet Archive's old servers, which were replaced in 2010.[170]

Vault

Vault is a digital repository and preservation service provided by Internet Archive to institutions that need to preserve digital collections. Data stored in Vault is kept in at least 2 different Internet Archive datacenters, with at least 2 copies in each of them. Access control, fire protection and monitoring systems are used to protect all content stored in Vault.[69]

Software

The Internet Archive has "the largest collection of historical software online in the world", spanning 50 years of computer history in terabytes of computer magazines and journals, books, shareware discs, FTP sites, video games, etc. The Internet Archive has created an archive of what it describes as "vintage software", as a way to preserve them.[171] The project advocated an exemption from the United States Digital Millennium Copyright Act to permit them to bypass copy protection, which the United States Copyright Office approved in 2003 for a period of three years.[172] The Archive does not offer the software for download, as the exemption is solely "for the purpose of preservation or archival reproduction of published digital works by a library or archive".[173] The Library of Congress renewed the exemption in 2006, and in 2009 indefinitely extended it pending further rulemakings.[174] The Library reiterated the exemption as a "Final Rule" with no expiration date in 2010.[175] In 2013, the Internet Archive began to provide select video games browser-playable via MESS, for instance the Atari 2600 game E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial.[176] Since December 23, 2014, the Internet Archive presents, via a browser-based DOSBox emulation, thousands of DOS/PC games[177][178][179][180] for "scholarship and research purposes only".[181][182][183] In November 2020, the Archive introduced a new emulator for Adobe Flash called Ruffle, and began archiving Flash animations and games ahead of the December 31, 2020, end-of-life for the Flash plugin across all computer systems.[184]

Table Top Scribe System

A combined hardware software system has been developed that performs a safe method of digitizing content.[185][186]

Credit Union

From 2012 to November 2015, the Internet Archive operated the Internet Archive Federal Credit Union, a federal credit union based in New Brunswick, New Jersey, with the goal of providing access to low- and middle-income people. Throughout its short existence, the IAFCU experienced significant conflicts with the National Credit Union Administration, which severely limited the IAFCU's loan portfolio and concerns over serving Bitcoin firms. At the time of its dissolution, it consisted of 395 members and was worth $2.5 million.[187][188]

Decentralization

Since 2019,[189] the Internet Archive organizes an event called Decentralized Web Camp (DWeb Camp). It is an annual camp that brings together a diverse global community of contributors in a natural setting. The camp aims to tackle real-world challenges facing the web and co-create decentralized technologies for a better internet. It aims to foster collaboration, learning, and fun while promoting principles of trust, human agency, mutual respect, and ecological awareness.[190]

Wayforward Machine

On September 30, 2021, as a part of its 25th anniversary celebration, Internet Archive launched the "Wayforward Machine", a satirical, fictional website covered with pop-ups asking for personal information. The site was intended to depict a fictional dystopian timeline of real-world events leading to such a future, such as the repeal of Section 230 of the United States Code in 2022 and the introduction of advertising implants in 2041.[191][192]

Ceramic archivists collection

The Great Room of the Internet Archive features a collection of more than 100 ceramic figures representing employees of the Internet Archive, with the 100th statue immortalizing Aaron Swartz. This collection, inspired by the statues of the Xian warriors in China, was commissioned by Brewster Kahle, sculpted by Nuala Creed, and as of 2014, is ongoing.[193]

Artists in residence

The Internet Archive visual arts residency,[194] organized by Amir Saber Esfahani, is designed to connect emerging and mid-career artists with the Archive's millions of collections and to show what is possible when open access to information intersects with the arts. During this one-year residency, selected artists develop a body of work that responds to and utilizes the Archive's collections in their own practice.[195]

See also: Wayback Machine § In legal evidence

Opposition to national security letters, bills and settlements

On May 8, 2008, it was revealed that the Internet Archive had successfully challenged an FBI national security letter asking for logs on an undisclosed user.[201][202]

On November 28, 2016, it was revealed that a second FBI national security letter asking for logs on another undisclosed user was successfully challenged.[203]

The Internet Archive blacked out its website for 12 hours on January 18, 2012, in protest of the Stop Online Piracy Act and the PROTECT IP Act bills, two pieces of legislation in the United States Congress that they argued would "negatively affect the ecosystem of web publishing that led to the emergence of the Internet Archive". This occurred in conjunction with the English Wikipedia blackout, as well as numerous other protests across the Internet.[204]

The Internet Archive is a member of the Open Book Alliance, which has been among the most outspoken critics of the Google Book Settlement. The Archive advocates an alternative digital library project.[205]

Hosting of disputed media

On October 9, 2016, the Internet Archive was temporarily blocked in Turkey after it was used (amongst other file hosting services) by hackers to host 17 GB of leaked government emails.[206][207]

Because the Internet Archive only lightly moderates uploads, it includes resources that may be valued by extremists and the site may be used by them to evade block listing. In February 2018, the Counter Extremism Project said that the Archive hosted terrorist videos, including the beheading of Alan Henning, and had declined to respond to requests about the videos.[208] In May 2018, a report published by the cyber-security firm Flashpoint stated that the Islamic State was using the Internet Archive to share its propaganda.[209] Chris Butler, from the Internet Archive, responded that they regularly spoke to the US and EU governments about sharing information on terrorism.[209] In April 2019, Europol, acting on a referral from French police, asked the Internet Archive to remove 550 sites of "terrorist propaganda".[210] The Archive rejected the request, saying that the reports were wrong about the content they pointed to, or were too broad for the organization to comply with.[210] On July 14, 2021, the Internet Archive held a joint "Referral Action Day" with Europol to target terrorist videos.[211]

A 2021 article said that jihadists regularly used the Internet Archive for "dead drops" of terrorist videos.[212] In January 2022, a former UCLA lecturer's 800-page manifesto, containing racist ideas and threats against UCLA staff, was uploaded to the Internet Archive.[213] The manifesto was removed by the Internet Archive after a week, amidst discussion about whether such documents should be preserved by archivists or not.[213] A 2022 paper by Gabriel Weimann found "an alarming volume of terrorist, extremist, and racist material on the Internet Archive".[214] A 2023 paper reported that Neo-Nazis collect links to online, publicly available resources to be shared with new recruits. As the Internet Archive hosts uploaded texts that are not allowed on other websites, Nazi and neo-Nazi books in the Archive (e.g., The Turner Diaries) frequently appear on these lists. These lists also feature older, public domain material created when white supremacist views were more mainstream.[215]

2020 National Emergency Library

In the midst of the COVID-19 pandemic which closed many schools, universities, and libraries, the Archive announced on March 24, 2020, that it was creating the National Emergency Library by removing the lending restrictions it had in place for 1.4 million digitized books in its Open Library but otherwise limiting users to the number of books they could check out and enforcing their return; normally, the site would only allow one digital lending for each physical copy of the book they had, by use of an encrypted file that would become unusable after the lending period was completed.[4] This Library would remain as such until at least June 30, 2020, or until the US national emergency was over, whichever came later.[216] At launch, the Internet Archive allowed authors and rightholders to submit opt-out requests for their works to be omitted from the National Emergency Library.[217][218][219]

The Internet Archive said the National Emergency Library addressed an "unprecedented global and immediate need for access to reading and research material" due to the closures of physical libraries worldwide.[220] They justified the move in a number of ways. Legally, they said they were promoting access to those inaccessible resources, which they claimed was an exercise in fair use principles. The Archive continued implementing their controlled digital lending policy that predated the National Emergency Library, meaning they still encrypted the lent copies and it was no easier for users to create new copies of the books than before. An ultimate determination of whether or not the National Emergency Library constituted fair use could only be made by a court. Morally, they also pointed out that the Internet Archive was a registered library like any other, that they either paid for the books themselves or received them as donations, and that lending through libraries predated copyright restrictions.[217][221]

The Archive had already been criticized by authors and publishers for its prior lending approach, and upon announcement of the National Emergency Library, authors, publishers, and groups representing both took further issue with The Archive and its Open Library project, equating the move to copyright infringement and digital piracy, and using the COVID-19 pandemic as a reason to push the boundaries of copyright.[219][222][223][224] After the works of some of these authors were ridiculed in responses, the Internet Archive's Jason Scott requested that supporters of the National Emergency Library not denigrate anyone's books: "I realize there's strong debate and disagreement here, but books are life-giving and life-changing and these writers made them."[225]

Access blocking in Indonesia

On 27 May 2025, the Ministry of Communication and Digital Affairs of Indonesia (abbreviated as Komdigi) blocked access to the Internet Archive in Indonesia.[226] Alexander Sabar, the Director General of the Supervision of Digital Space, stated that the reason was the presence of pornography and online gambling on the site. He denied a rumor that there was motive to rewrite or hide history. He also acknowledged the importance of the Internet Archive, and claimed that the blocking was temporary and would be rescinded if they removed the offending content, and that they only blocked it after the Internet Archive did not respond to their requests.[227][228] On May 30, 2025, Indonesia lifted the block on the Internet Archive after they removed the offending content.[229]

Access blocking in Iraq

In November 2024, the Internet Archive was blocked in Iraq. The Ministry of Communications of Iraq has not publicly addressed the restriction.[230]

In November 2005, free downloads of Grateful Dead concerts were removed from the site, following what seemed to be disagreements between some of the former band members. John Perry Barlow identified Bob Weir, Mickey Hart, and Bill Kreutzmann as the instigators of the change, according to an article in The New York Times.[231] Phil Lesh supported keeping the concerts free.[232] A November 30 forum post from Brewster Kahle summarized what appeared to be the compromise reached among the band members. Audience recordings could be downloaded or streamed, but soundboard recordings were to be available for streaming only. Concerts have since been re-added.[233]

In February 2016, Internet Archive users had begun archiving digital copies of Nintendo Power, Nintendo's official magazine for their games and products, which ran from 1988 to 2012. The first 140 issues had been collected, before Nintendo had the archive removed on August 8, 2016. In response to the take-down, Nintendo told gaming website Polygon, "[Nintendo] must protect our own characters, trademarks and other content. The unapproved use of Nintendo's intellectual property can weaken our ability to protect and preserve it, or to possibly use it for new projects".[234]

In August 2017, the Department of Telecommunications of the Government of India blocked the Internet Archive along with other file-sharing websites, in accordance with two court orders issued by the Madras High Court,[235] citing piracy concerns after copies of two Bollywood films were allegedly shared via the service.[236] The HTTP version of the Archive was blocked but it remained accessible using the HTTPS protocol.[235]

In 2023, the Internet Archive became a popular site for Indians to watch the first episode of India: The Modi Question,[237] a BBC documentary released on January 17 and banned in India by January 20.[238][239] The video was reported to have been removed by the Archive on January 23.[237] The Internet Archive then stated, on January 27, that they had removed the video in response to a BBC request under the Digital Millennium Copyright Act.[240]

By 2026, The New York Times and The Guardian are among the outlets concerned about scraping of the Internet Archive of their content as a way to get around the defenses against scraping from their own websites. Some news organizations are restricting the Internet Archive's crawlers.[241][242]

Book publishers' lawsuit

Main article: Hachette v. Internet Archive

The operation of the National Emergency Library was part of a lawsuit filed against the Internet Archive by four major book publishers—Hachette, HarperCollins, John Wiley & Sons, and Penguin Random House—in June 2020, challenging the copyright validity of the controlled digital lending program.[4][126][243] In response, the Internet Archive closed the National Emergency Library on June 16, 2020, rather than the planned June 30, 2020, due to the lawsuit.[244][245] The plaintiffs, supported by the Copyright Alliance,[246] claimed in their lawsuit that the Internet Archive's actions constituted a "willful mass copyright infringement".[247]

Judge Koeltl ruled on March 24, 2023, against Internet Archive in the case, saying the National Emergency Library concept was not fair use, so the Archive infringed copyrights by lending out the publisher's books without the waitlist restriction. An agreement was then reached for the Internet Archive to pay an undisclosed amount to the publishers.[248] The Internet Archive appealed the ruling.[249][250] On September 4, 2024, the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit upheld the district court's ruling, calling the Internet Archive's argument that they were shielded by fair use doctrine "unpersuasive".[251] Nevertheless, the ruling also benefited Internet Archive because the restrictions did not apply to out of print books; and for in-print books, it only applies if the book has an electronic version available for sale.[252] The archive could continue offering short passages of books, for example linking to a page number from a Wikipedia citation.[252] The ruling reduced the number of books available to researchers and Wikipedians.[11] Over 500,000 books were taken down as a result.[11]

Music publishers' lawsuit

Main article: Universal Music Group v. Internet Archive

In August 2023, the music industry corporations Universal Music Group (UMG), Sony Music and Concord sued the Internet Archive over its Great 78 Project, asserting the project was engaged in copyright infringement. The Great 78 Project stores digitized versions of pre-1972 songs and albums from 78 rpm phonograph records, for "the preservation, research and discovery of 78rpm records". The project had started in 2016, when pre-1972 recordings had not been protected by copyright; in 2018, the U.S. Congress passed the Music Modernization Act (MMA) which enabled legal remedies for unauthorized use of pre-1972 recordings until 2067, thus effectively covering them with copyright.[253]

UMG and Sony had been the two largest companies in this sector for more than a decade, with respective market shares of 31.8% and 22.1% in 2023.[254] Concord was a rapidly expanding music business closely partnered with UMG since its transformation into Concord Music Group in 2004[255] and backed since at least 2000 by J.P. Morgan.[256] It was the first music company to perform an asset-backed securitization, led by Apollo Global Management, in December 2022. Its assets consisted of over 1 million copyrights to music older than 18 months.[257][258] According to its CEO Bob Valentine, Concord derived about 85% of its revenue "from catalog, rather than newly developed, music". As Valentine stated in his first interview, "The phenomenon of artists' IP has never been more liquid; it is now a real and proven asset class. Investment bankers are focused on it, financiers are financing it, and then there's entities like us, that know how to buy rights, but also know how to manage them and have the relationships to do so."[255] The share of catalog music in total album equivalent consumption in the United States rose from 62.8% to 72.6% between 2019 and 2023.[259]

The publishers are seeking statutory damages for nearly 4,142 songs named in the suit, with a maximum possible fine of $621 million.[33] The Internet Archive has argued that the primitive sound quality of the original recordings falls within the doctrine of "fair use" to digitize for preservation, that the number of downloads is so small it has almost no impact on the publishers' revenue, and over 95% of the collection is not readily available anywhere else.[33] The plaintiffs said in response, "if ever there were a theory of fair use invented for litigation, this is it."[260] According to a legal source at Mayer Brown, the music publishers' case could be challenged as unconstitutional, since the granting of copyright to pre-1972 works in the MMA only benefitted record companies without having a systemic effect.[253]

Both parties submitted requests to drop the case on September 15, 2025, after reaching undisclosed settlement terms.[261] The case was officially dropped as requested in October 2025.[262]

See also

Similar projects

Other

Notes

  1. ^ Books imported from Google have a metadata tag of scanner:google for searching purposes. The archive provides a link to Google for PDF copies, but also maintains a local PDF copy, which is viewable under the "All Files: HTTPS" link. As all the other books in the collection, they also provide OCR text and images in open formats, particularly DjVu, which Google Books does not offer.

References

  1. ^ "Full text of "Full Filing" for fiscal year ending Dec. 2023". May 9, 2013. Archived December 31, 2024 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved June 13, 2025. – via ProPublica Nonprofit Explorer.
  2. ^ "Full text of "Full Filing" for fiscal year ending Dec. 2021". May 9, 2013. Archived April 15, 2025 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved June 13, 2025. – via ProPublica Nonprofit Explorer.
  3. ^ "archive.org WHOIS, DNS, & Domain Info – DomainTools". WHOIS. Archived November 5, 2018 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved March 13, 2016.
  4. ^ Streitfeld, David (August 13, 2023). "The Dream Was Universal Access to Knowledge. The Result Was a Fiasco.". The New York Times. Archived August 15, 2023 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved August 15, 2023. In the pandemic emergency, Brewster Kahle's Internet Archive freely lent out digital scans of its library. Publishers sued. Owning a book means something different now. ----The archive link provides access to full text of the article.
  5. ^ "About IA". Internet Archive. Archived July 12, 2023 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved February 4, 2024.
  6. ^ Zomorodi, Manoush (January 27, 2023). "How do you create an internet archive of all human knowledge?". TED Radio Hour. NPR. Retrieved January 19, 2026.
  7. ^ Gold, Hadas (2025-11-16). "Inside the old church where one trillion webpages are stored". CNN. Archived November 17, 2025 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 2025-12-01.
  8. ^ Grotke, A. (December 2011). "Web Archiving at the Library of Congress". Computers in Libraries. Vol. 31, no. 10. Information Today. pp. 15–19. Archived December 15, 2013 at the Wayback Machine.
  9. ^ Benton, Joshua (March 24, 2022). "After 25 years, Brewster Kahle and the Internet Archive are still working to democratize knowledge". NiemanLab. Archived March 24, 2022 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved March 19, 2026.
  10. ^ Finley, Klint. "The Internet Archive Is Making Wikipedia More Reliable". Wired. ISSN 1059-1028. Retrieved 2026-03-19.
  11. ^ Belanger, Ashley (2025-11-03). "Internet Archive's legal fights are over, but its founder mourns what was lost". Ars Technica. Retrieved 2026-03-19.
  12. ^ Consalvo, Mia & Ess, Charles (eds.) (2011). "Web Archiving – Between Past, Present, and Future". The Handbook of Internet Studies. 1st ed. Wiley. pp. 24–42. doi:10.1002/9781444314861. ISBN 978-1-4051-8588-2. Archived September 10, 2022 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved September 11, 2022.
  13. ^ "Brewster Kahle . In Scientific American". Internet Archive. November 4, 1997. Archived from the original on October 11, 1997. Retrieved April 1, 2016.
  14. ^ Pegorago, Rob (29 October 2021). "In case you missed it: The Internet Archive turns 25". USA Today. Retrieved 27 May 2026.
  15. ^ Pegoraro, Rob (November 2, 2021). "In case you missed it: The Internet Archive turns 25". USA TODAY. Retrieved 19 January 2026.
  16. ^ "Internet Archive history". zippia.com. Retrieved 27 May 2026.
  17. ^ "Internet Archive Europe - non-profit research library". Internet Archive Europe. Retrieved 20 April 2026.
  18. ^ McAllister, Neil (August 8, 2012). "Internet Archive serves up 1.4 million BitTorrent downloads". The Register. Retrieved 19 January 2026.
  19. ^ Kahle, Brewster (November 29, 2016). "Help Us Keep the Archive Free, Accessible, and Reader Private". Internet Archive. Archived May 21, 2017 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved December 2, 2016.
  20. ^ Johnson, Tim (December 1, 2016). "Donald Trump scares Internet Archive into moving to Canada". McClatchy DC. Archived December 2, 2016 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved December 2, 2016.
  21. ^ Rothschild, Mike (December 2, 2016). "The Internet Archive Is Moving to Canada to Protect Itself from Trump". Attn. Archived December 3, 2016 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved December 2, 2016.
  22. ^ Michalko, Jim (October 12, 2017). "Syncing Catalogs with thousands of Libraries in 120 Countries through OCLC". blog.archive.org. Internet Archive. Retrieved 2020-07-18.
  23. ^ Locker, Melissa (July 3, 2018). "The Internet Archive is helping these artists get inspired by digital history". Fast Company. Archived December 29, 2018 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved December 29, 2018.
  24. ^ "Jenny Odell – Neo-Surreal". The Photographers’ Gallery. May 30, 2018. Archived from the original on September 27, 2019. Retrieved September 27, 2019.
  25. ^ "How do I make a physical donation to the Internet Archive?". Internet Archive Help Center. Retrieved July 4, 2022. See also: "Tag Archives: donations". Internet Archive Blogs. Retrieved December 4, 2020.
  26. ^ "Boston Public Library transfers sound archives collection to Internet Archive for digitization, preservation, and public access". Boston Public Library. October 11, 2017. Archived January 23, 2021 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved December 4, 2020.
  27. ^ "Trent University donates 250,000 books to be digitized by Internet Archive as part of Bata Library transformation". Trent University. September 13, 2018. Archived November 30, 2020 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved December 4, 2020.
  28. ^ Seltzer, Rick (October 21, 2020). "A new home online for closed college libraries?". Inside Higher Ed. Archived December 4, 2020 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved December 4, 2020.
  29. ^ Matt Enis (May 2, 2019). "Internet Archive Expands Partnerships for Open Libraries Project". Archived May 3, 2019 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved May 3, 2019.
  30. ^ Wolfson, Stephen (October 2, 2024). "A look at the latest ruling against the Internet Archive". Penn Libraries. Retrieved 19 January 2026.
  31. ^ Brittain, Blake (August 12, 2023). "Music labels sue Internet Archive over digitized record collection". Bario, David & Craft, Diane (eds.). Washington: Reuters. Archived August 12, 2023 at the Wayback Machine.
  32. ^ Claburn, Thomas (August 14, 2023). "Internet Archive sued by record labels as battle with book publishers intensifies". The Register. Archived November 27, 2024 at the Wayback Machine.
  33. ^ Blistein, Jon (September 29, 2024). "Inside the $621 Million Legal Battle for the 'Soul of the Internet'". Rolling Stone. Archived September 29, 2024 at the Wayback Machine.
  34. ^ Belanger, Ashley (2025-09-15). "Internet Archive's big battle with music publishers ends in settlement". Ars Technica. Archived September 23, 2025 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 2025-09-24.
  35. ^ Porter, Jon (2 February 2024). "Google Search's cache links are officially being retired". The Verge. Archived March 25, 2025 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved March 25, 2025.
  36. ^ Freeland, Chris (September 11, 2024). "New Feature Alert: Access Archived Webpages Directly Through Google Search". The Internet Archive. Retrieved 2024-09-11.
  37. ^ Freeland, Chris (2025-07-24). "Internet Archive Designated as a Federal Depository Library | Internet Archive Blogs". Retrieved 2025-07-25.
  38. ^ Dent, Steve (July 25, 2025). "Internet Archive is now an official US government document library". Engadget. Archived July 25, 2025 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved July 25, 2025.
  39. ^ Bustillos, Maria (23 September 2025). "Freedom and Sharing at the Internet Archive Europe". Flaming Hydra. Archived September 26, 2025 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 8 October 2025.
  40. ^ Murch, Beatrice (2025-09-22). "Oudeschans, Old Ramparts and New Guardians: Reflections on the Internet Archive Europe Open House - Internet Archive Europe". Retrieved 2026-04-15.
  41. ^ "One Trillion Web Pages Archived: Internet Archive Celebrates a Civilization-Scale Milestone | Internet Archive Blogs". 2025-10-31. Retrieved 2026-04-11.
  42. ^ Irwin, Kate (2024-05-28). "Internet Archive Hit With DDoS Attacks". PCMag. Archived May 28, 2024 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 2024-05-29.
  43. ^ Baran, Guru (2024-05-28). "Internet Archive is Under DDoS Attack For Several Hours". Cyber Security News. Archived May 28, 2024 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 2024-05-29.
  44. ^ Moon, Mariella (2024-05-29). "The Internet Archive has been fending off DDoS attacks for days". Engadget. Archived October 10, 2024 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 2024-05-29.
  45. ^ Lyons, Jessica (May 29, 2024). "Multi-day DDoS storm batters Internet Archive". The Register. Archived June 1, 2024 at the Wayback Machine.
  46. ^ Davis, Wes (2024-10-10). "The Internet Archive is under attack, with a breach revealing info for 31 million accounts". The Verge. Archived October 10, 2024 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 2024-10-10.
  47. ^ "Six-day, 14.7 Million RPS Web DDoS Attack Campaign Attributed to SN_BLACKMETA", Radware, July 24, 2024, archived July 25, 2024 at the Wayback Machine
  48. ^ Stokel-Walker, Chris (September 16, 2024), "We're losing our digital history. Can the Internet Archive save it?", BBC, archived September 16, 2024 at the Wayback Machine
  49. ^ Abrams, Lawrence. "Internet Archive hacked, data breach impacts 31 million users". BleepingComputer. Archived October 10, 2024 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 2024-10-10.
  50. ^ Newman, Lily Hay & Knibbs, Kate. "Internet Archive Breach Exposes 31 Million Users". Wired. ISSN 1059-1028. Archived October 10, 2024 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 2024-10-11.
  51. ^ Kan, Michael (October 9, 2024). "Hacker Defaces Internet Archive, Steals Data on 31 Million Users". PCMag. Archived November 4, 2024 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 2024-10-10.
  52. ^ Poireault, Kevin (2024-10-10). "Internet Archive Breached, 31 Million Records Exposed". Infosecurity Magazine. Archived November 1, 2024 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 2024-10-10.
  53. ^ Roth, Emma (2024-10-11). "The Internet Archive is still down but will return in 'days, not weeks'". The Verge. Archived October 17, 2024 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 2024-10-12.
  54. ^ "After Breach, Internet Archive Expects to Return Within 'Days, Not Weeks'". PCMAG. October 11, 2024. Archived November 15, 2024 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 2024-10-12.
  55. ^ Bursztynsky, Jessica (2024-10-14). "The Internet Archive is back online after a cyberattack". Fast Company. Archived November 2, 2024 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 2024-10-14.
  56. ^ Kan, Michael (2024-10-10). "Internet Archive Remains Offline to Focus On Data Security After Breach". PCMag. Archived November 16, 2025 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 2024-10-11.
  57. ^ Abrams, Lawrence (2024-10-20). "Internet Archive breached again through stolen access tokens". Bleeping Computer. Archived October 22, 2024 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 20 October 2024.
  58. ^ Freeland, Chris (2024-10-21). "Internet Archive Services Update: 2024-10-21". blog.archive.org. Retrieved 2024-10-21.
  59. ^ Townsend, Chance (2024-10-22). "((Internet Archive and Wayback Machine are down again))". Mashable. Archived October 28, 2024 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 2024-10-22.
  60. ^ Hall, Matt L. (2024-10-22). "((Hackers Disable Internet Archive's Wayback Machine Once Again))". MUO. Archived November 4, 2024 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 2024-10-22.
  61. ^ Ancell, Niamh (25 October 2024). "Internet Archive is back online, but for how long?". cybernews
  62. ^ Roberts, Andrea; Suozzo, Ken; Schwencke, Mike; Tigas, Sisi; Wei, Alec; Glassford, Brandon (2013-05-09). "Internet Archive – Form Form 990 for period ending Dec 2019 – Nonprofit Explorer". ProPublica. Archived March 25, 2022 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 2022-11-08.
  63. ^ Jessen, Jenica (2019-12-19). "I'm Done Selling Sweaters. Instead I'm Selling a Vision I Believe In.". Internet Archive Blogs. Retrieved 2022-08-16.
  64. ^ Kahle, Brewster (2021-02-04). "Thank you Ubuntu and Linux Communities - Internet Archive Blogs". Internet Archive Blog. Retrieved 2024-10-31.
  65. ^ Whitney Kimball (November 4, 2019). "The Internet Archive Fights Wiki Citation Wars With Books". Gizmodo. Archived November 5, 2019 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved November 5, 2019.
  66. ^ "Donation to the new Library of Alexandria in Egypt". Internet Archive. April 20, 2002. Archived from the original on January 25, 2014.
  67. ^ "Bibliotheca Alexandrina". Internet Archive. Archived from the original on September 2, 2014.
  68. ^ "Brewster Kahle: Universal Access to All Knowledge". longnow.org – The Long Now. 45'47". Archived October 20, 2016 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved October 18, 2016.
  69. ^ "About Vault". Vault Support. 2025-05-28. Archived from the original on August 31, 2025. Retrieved 2025-06-30.
  70. ^ "Vault Data & Data Center Security & Procedures". Vault Support. 2025-05-28. Archived from the original on August 8, 2025. Retrieved 2025-06-30.
  71. ^ Gold, Hadas (2025-11-16). "Inside the old church where one trillion webpages are stored". CNN. Retrieved 2025-11-23.
  72. ^ "20,000 Hard Drives on a Mission". Internet Archive Blogs. 2016-10-25. Retrieved 2025-11-23.
  73. ^ "Filecoin Foundation Grants 50,000 FIL to the Internet Archive | Internet Archive Blogs". 2021-04-01. Retrieved 2025-01-14.
  74. ^ Joyce, Jamie (2023-10-20). "Celebrating 1 Petabyte on the Filecoin Network! | Internet Archive Blogs". Retrieved 2025-01-14.
  75. ^ "Members". Archived from the original on June 13, 2010. Retrieved April 24, 2011. International Internet Preservation Consortium. Netpreserve.org
  76. ^ "Internet Archive officially a library". Internet Archive. Archived February 4, 2010 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved May 2, 2007.
  77. ^ McCoy, Adrian (June 24, 2007). "The Internet gives birth to an 'official' online library". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Archived from the original on January 27, 2021. Retrieved 2021-01-05.
  78. ^ Green, Heather (February 28, 2002). "A Library as Big as the World". Business Week Online. Archived from the original on June 1, 2002.
  79. ^ "Internet Archive Frequently Asked Questions". Internet Archive. Archived October 21, 2009 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved April 13, 2013.
  80. ^ Williams, Wayne (14 October 2025). "30 years on, Internet Archive hits 1-trillion preserved pages". TechRadar. Retrieved 17 October 2025.
  81. ^ "Archive-It". Archive-It. Archived November 24, 2005 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved November 24, 2005.
  82. ^ Lepore, Jill (2015-01-19). "Can the Internet Be Archived?". The New Yorker. ISSN 0028-792X. Archived January 25, 2015 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 2026-04-02.
  83. ^ Truman, Gail (January 2016). Web Archiving Environmental Scan. Harvard Library Report. Archived March 17, 2016 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved March 17, 2016.
  84. ^ Bragg, Molly (July 28, 2014). "((What is the Difference between the General Archive (sometimes called the Wayback Machine) and Archive-It?))". Archive-It. Archived October 4, 2016 at the Wayback Machine. – via Jira.com.
  85. ^ "About Archive-It". Archive-It. Archived February 21, 2014 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved March 3, 2014.
  86. ^ Matsakis, Louise (January 31, 2018). "The Gawker Archives Aren't Going Anywhere". Wired. ISSN 1059-1028. Archived October 11, 2023 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 2026-04-27.
  87. ^ Beis, Christina; Harris, Kayla; Shreffler, Stephanie (2021-08-13). "The Internet Archive has been fighting for 25 years to keep what's on the web from disappearing – and you can help". The Conversation. Retrieved 2026-04-02.
  88. ^ Perry, Tekla S. (April 6, 2022). "((How the Wayback Machine Is Saving Digital Ukraine))". spectrum.ieee.org. Retrieved 2026-04-27.
  89. ^ Milligan, Ian (2022-11-22). "Elon Musk's buyout of Twitter has placed its user-generated archives in danger". The Conversation. Retrieved 2026-04-27.
  90. ^ Berlinski, Elise (2023-03-01). "Debate: The multiple paradoxes of Meta and Mark Zuckerberg". The Conversation. Retrieved 2026-04-27.
  91. ^ Venugopal, Sahana (2024-07-06). "What is the Internet Archive and why is it facing a backlash from book publishers? | Explained" (in en-IN). The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 2026-04-02.
  92. ^ "The Internet Archive Will Digitize & Preserve Millions of Academic Articles with Its New Database, 'Internet Archive Scholar'". Open Culture. September 22, 2020. Archived September 22, 2020 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 2020-09-23.
  93. ^ Bryan, Newbold (2021-03-09). "Search Scholarly Materials Preserved in the Internet Archive"
  94. ^ "Internet Archive Scholar [homepage]". Internet Archive. Retrieved 24 March 2022.
  95. ^ "The Internet Archive Will Digitize & Preserve Millions of Academic Articles with Its New Database, "Internet Archive Scholar"". Open Culture. September 22, 2020. Retrieved January 2, 2023.
  96. ^ "Search scholarly works preserved by the Internet Archive". Illinois State University. May 10, 2021. Retrieved January 2, 2023.
  97. ^ "Internet Archive Scholar, a New Search Index for Scholarly Works (Research & White Papers, Conference Proceedings, Pre-prints, Reports, etc.)". University of Wisconsin-Madison. March 10, 2021. Retrieved January 2, 2023.
  98. ^ Owens, Erin (2025-01-20). "Archiving the Scholarly Internet". Katina Magazine. doi:10.1146/katina-012025-1
  99. ^ Else, Holly (2021-10-26). "Giant, free index to world's research papers released online". Nature. doi:10.1038/d41586-021-02895-8. PMID 34703019. S2CID 240000069. Archived November 13, 2021 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved November 12, 2021.
  100. ^ ""The General Index": New tool allows you to search 107 million research papers for free". Big Think. November 5, 2021. Archived November 12, 2021 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 2021-11-12.
  101. ^ "How to upload files to create a new item page – Internet Archive Help Center". Retrieved 2024-10-22.
  102. ^ "Movies and Videos – Tips & Troubleshooting – Internet Archive Help Center". Retrieved 2024-10-22.
  103. ^ "Media Players – A Basic Guide – Internet Archive Help Center". Retrieved 2024-10-22.
  104. ^ "Archive.org page overview – Internet Archive Help Center". Retrieved 2024-10-22.
  105. ^ "Collections – A Basic Guide – Internet Archive Help Center". Retrieved 2024-10-22.
  106. ^ Kahle, Brewster (May 23, 2008). "Books Scanning to be Publicly Funded". Internet Archive Forums. Archived September 24, 2009 at the Wayback Machine.
  107. ^ "Bulk Access to OCR for 1 Million Books". Open Library Blog. November 24, 2008. Archived December 6, 2008 at the Wayback Machine.
  108. ^ Hoffelder, Nate (July 9, 2013). "Internet Archive Now Hosts 4.4 Million eBooks, Sees 15 Million eBooks Downloaded Each Month". The Digital Reader. Archived 2023-05-27 at the Wayback Machine.
  109. ^ "Book search winding down". MSDN Live Search Blog. May 23, 2008. Archived August 20, 2008 at the Wayback Machine.
  110. ^ "Google Books at Internet Archive". Internet Archive. Archived December 6, 2008 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved November 9, 2008.
  111. ^ "List of Google scans". Internet Archive. Archived January 26, 2014 at the Wayback Machine.
  112. ^ Brewster Kahle, "Aaron Swartz memorial at the Internet Archive Archived June 29, 2015 at the Wayback Machine", 2013-01-24, via The well-prepared mind Archived August 14, 2014 at the Wayback Machine, via S.I.Lex Archived August 8, 2014 at the Wayback Machine.
  113. ^ No Shelf Required. E-Books in Libraries. American Library Association. 2011. p. 8. ISBN 9780838910542.
  114. ^ "American Libraries". Internet Archive. Retrieved 27 October 2025.
  115. ^ "Canadian Libraries". Internet Archive. Retrieved 27 October 2025.
  116. ^ "eBooks and Texts". Internet Archive. Retrieved 27 October 2025.
  117. ^ "Internet Archive BookReader". archive.org. Archived June 21, 2019 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved June 21, 2019.
  118. ^ Kaplan, Jeff (December 10, 2010). "New BookReader!". blog.archive.org. Archived June 21, 2019 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved June 21, 2019.
  119. ^ Funnekotter, Bart (October 9, 2024), "Leidse proefschriften worden tóch niet vernietigd, 400.000 dissertaties gaan naar de VS" [Leiden dissertations not destroyed after all, 400,000 dissertations go to the US], NRC, archived November 11, 2024 at the Wayback Machine
  120. ^ "FAQ on Controlled Digital Lending (CDL)". National Writers Union. February 13, 2019. Archived March 30, 2020 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved February 15, 2019.
  121. ^ Gonsalves, Antone (December 20, 2006). "Internet Archive Claims Progress Against Google Library Initiative". InformationWeek. Archived October 14, 2007 at the Wayback Machine.
  122. ^ "The Open Library Makes Its Online Debut". The Wired Campus. Chronicle of Higher Education. July 19, 2007. Archived from the original on September 30, 2007.
  123. ^ "Search Inside". OpenLibrary.org. Archived October 20, 2013 at the Wayback Machine.
  124. ^ "In-Library eBook Lending Program Expands to 1,000 Libraries". Internet Archive Blogs. Internet Archive. June 25, 2011. Archived August 13, 2014 at the Wayback Machine.
  125. ^ Flood, Alison (22 Jan 2019). "Internet Archive's ebook loans face UK copyright challenge". The Guardian. Archived February 12, 2019 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved March 28, 2020.
  126. ^ Brandom, Russell (June 1, 2020). "Publishers sue Internet Archive over Open Library ebook lending". The Verge. Archived June 1, 2020 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved June 1, 2020.
  127. ^ For example, the Princeton Theological Seminary Library has described how it and other academic libraries are digitization partners with the Internet Archive: "Partnering with the Internet Archive". Princeton Theological Seminary Library. Archived November 30, 2020 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved December 4, 2020.
  128. ^ "Internet Archive Search: collection:(texts)". archive.org. Retrieved December 4, 2020.
  129. ^ "The MIT Press". archive.org. Retrieved 2020-06-27.
  130. ^ Hanamura, Wendy (May 30, 2017). "MIT Press Classics Available Soon at Archive.org". blog.archive.org. Retrieved 2020-06-27. For more than eighty years, MIT Press has been publishing acclaimed titles in science, technology, art and architecture. Now, thanks to a new partnership between the Internet Archive and MIT Press, readers will be able to borrow these classics online for the first time.
  131. ^ Green, Alex (December 1, 2019). "New Takes on Academic Publishing: Three university presses find new ways to keep up with a changing market". Publishers Weekly. Archived June 27, 2020 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 2020-06-27. Since she became director [of the MIT Press] in 2015, there's little that Brand hasn't reenvisioned at the press. In 2017, the press partnered with the Internet Archive to make its deep backlist available free at libraries, resurrecting books that had not seen the light of day in generations.
  132. ^ Freeland, Chris (May 21, 2018). "Internet Archive awarded grant from Arcadia Fund to digitize university press collections". blog.archive.org. Retrieved 2020-06-27. Internet Archive has received a $1 million dollar grant from Arcadia – a charitable fund of Lisbet Rausing and Peter Baldwin – to digitize titles from university press collections to make them available via controlled digital lending.
  133. ^ Albanese, Andrew (May 25, 2018). "Internet Archive Lands Grant to Digitize and Lend University Press Collections". Publishers Weekly. Archived June 27, 2020 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 2020-06-27.
  134. ^ For example: "hdl.loc.gov/loc.gdc/scd0001.00198115083". Archived from the original on July 4, 2021. Retrieved November 25, 2020.; "hdl.loc.gov/loc.gdc/scd0001.00060921933". Archived from the original on July 4, 2021. Retrieved November 25, 2020.; "hdl.loc.gov/loc.gdc/scd0001.00060927248". Archived from the original on July 4, 2021. Retrieved November 25, 2020.; "hdl.loc.gov/loc.gdc/scd0001.00001740908". Archived from the original on July 4, 2021. Retrieved November 25, 2020.; "hdl.loc.gov/loc.gdc/scd0001.00027740005". Archived from the original on July 4, 2021. Retrieved November 25, 2020..
  135. ^ * Hohman, J. Cheyenne & Mughal, Yasmeen (2017 [April 2011]). "External Web Sites – Finding E-books: A Guide – Library of Congress Bibliographies, Research Guides, and Finding Aids (Virtual Programs & Services)". Library of Congress. Archived November 25, 2020 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved November 25, 2020. The Internet Archive includes the full text of more than 2.5 million e-books, including e-books supplied by the Library of Congress. Books can be read online or downloaded and read in a variety of formats. E-books from the Internet Archive can also be found through Open Library, an Internet Archive initiative devoted to texts. * Hohman, J. Cheyenne & Mughal, Yasmeen (2017 [April 2011]). "Devices and Formats – Finding E-books: A Guide – Library of Congress Bibliographies, Research Guides, and Finding Aids (Virtual Programs & Services)". Library of Congress. Archived February 12, 2021 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved November 25, 2020. Library of Congress publications are available for free download to the Kindle from the Internet Archive. ... The iPad can be used as an e-reader via apps such as iBooks, which support both ePub (.epub) and PDF (.pdf) formats. Both formats are available from the Internet Archive.
  136. ^ "Children's Library: Free Texts : Download & Streaming". Internet Archive. Retrieved March 15, 2014.
  137. ^ "Children's/YA Literature - Education Resource Guide - LibGuides at Butler University". Butler University Libraries. Archived from the original on March 15, 2014. Retrieved March 15, 2014.
  138. ^ "6 Great Internet Archive Collections To Enjoy As The Digital Library Fight Continues". Paste Magazine. April 10, 2023. Retrieved 2026-04-17.
  139. ^ "Download & Streaming : Audio Archive". Internet Archive. Retrieved 2023-01-10.
  140. ^ Pritchard, Will (August 18, 2017). "How The Great 78 Project is saving half a million songs from obscurity". The Vinyl Factory. Archived November 7, 2017 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved November 2, 2017.
  141. ^ Holt, Kris (2022-10-05). "The Internet Archive is building a library of amateur radio broadcasts". Engadget. Archived October 9, 2022 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 2022-10-09.
  142. ^ "Amateur Radio Digital Communications Grants Continue". American Radio Relay League. 2022-01-27. Archived October 9, 2022 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 2022-10-09.
  143. ^ Tirpack, Alex (June 3, 2009). "Warren Zevon live shows hit the web, possible film in the works". Rolling Stone. Archived February 2, 2013 at the Wayback Machine.
  144. ^ Deahl, Dani (August 12, 2017). "Over 50,000 digitized pieces of vinyl can now be listened to on Internet Archive". The Verge. Archived July 12, 2021 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved November 2, 2017.
  145. ^ "Internet Archive Trying To Digitize Every Old 78 Record In Existence: SFist". SFist - San Francisco News, Restaurants, Events, & Sports. 2017-08-24. Archived April 13, 2026 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 2026-04-18.
  146. ^ Blistein, Jon (2025-09-15). "Internet Archive and Major Labels Settle $621 Million Copyright Lawsuit". Rolling Stone. Archived September 16, 2025 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 2026-04-17.
  147. ^ "Welcome to Netlabels". Internet Archive. Archived April 4, 2014 at the Wayback Machine.
  148. ^ Boswell, Wendy (October 21, 2006). "Download free music at the Internet Archive". Lifehacker. Archived May 5, 2012 at the Wayback Machine. The Internet Archive has a ginormous collection of free, downloadable music in their NetLabels category ...
  149. ^ "Image". Internet Archive. Retrieved October 12, 2020.
  150. ^ "Cover Art Archive: Free Image : Download & Streaming". Internet Archive. Retrieved December 4, 2014.
  151. ^ "Metropolitan Museum of Art – Gallery Images: Free Image : Download & Streaming". Internet Archive. Archived January 3, 2015 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved December 4, 2014.
  152. ^ "NASA Images" (archive). Internet Archive. Archived from the original on November 11, 2012. Retrieved April 13, 2013.
  153. ^ "Occupy Wall Street Flickr Archive: Free Image : Download & Streaming". Internet Archive. Archived January 3, 2015 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved December 4, 2014.
  154. ^ "USGS Maps: Free Image : Download & Streaming". Internet Archive. Archived January 3, 2015 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved December 4, 2014.
  155. ^ "Welcome to Machinima". Internet Archive. Archived March 23, 2013 at the Wayback Machine.
  156. ^ "Internet Archive Search: Collection: Feature Films". Internet Archive. Archived April 2, 2013 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved March 6, 2013.
  157. ^ "'Expertise is disappearing': How Canadian film archives are fighting to save nearly forgotten culture". The Globe and Mail. 2025-05-03. Retrieved 2026-04-17.
  158. ^ "FedFlix". Internet Archive. Retrieved November 23, 2025.
  159. ^ Jenemann, Laura. "Research Guides: Politics and Public Affairs on Film, Television, and Radio: Additional Resources". guides.loc.gov. Retrieved 2026-04-17.
  160. ^ "September 11th Television Archive". Internet Archive. Archived April 3, 2014 at the Wayback Machine.
  161. ^ "Internet Archive Search: collection:microfilm". Internet Archive. Archived March 31, 2016 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved March 20, 2014.
  162. ^ "Microfilm". Internet Archive. Archived March 20, 2014 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved March 20, 2014.
  163. ^ "TV NEWS : Search Captions. Borrow Broadcasts : TV Archive". Internet Archive. Archived April 20, 2013 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved April 13, 2013.
  164. ^ Fowler, Geoffrey A. & Hagey, Keach (September 18, 2012). "Let's Go to the Videotape: Nonprofit Offers News Clips". The Wall Street Journal Online. Archived April 24, 2013 at the Wayback Machine. (subscription required)
  165. ^ Kahle, Brewster (September 17, 2012). "Launch of TV News Search & Borrow with 350,000 Broadcasts". Internet Archive Blogs. Archived August 13, 2014 at the Wayback Machine.
  166. ^ Brownell, Brett & Benjy Hansen-Brandy (May 22, 2014). "((Meet the People Behind the Wayback Machine, One of Our Favorite Things About the Internet))". Mother Jones. Archived June 7, 2014 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved June 7, 2014.
  167. ^ "Download & Streaming : Open Educational Resources". Internet Archive. Archived July 2, 2014 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved June 17, 2014.
  168. ^ "Brooklyn Museum: Free Image : Download & Streaming". Internet Archive. Archived January 3, 2015 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved December 4, 2014.
  169. ^ "Column: Lillian Michelson and her one-of-a-kind film library get a digital Hollywood ending". Los Angeles Times. January 28, 2021. Archived February 8, 2021 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved February 7, 2021.
  170. ^ "Internet Archive founder turns to new information storage device – the book". The Guardian. August 1, 2011. Archived April 27, 2013 at the Wayback Machine. Brewster Kahle, the man behind a project to file every webpage, now wants to gather one copy of every published book
  171. ^ "The Internet Archive Classic Software Preservation Project". Internet Archive. Archived from the original on October 19, 2007. Retrieved October 21, 2007.
  172. ^ "Internet Archive Gets DMCA Exemption To Help Archive Vintage Software". Archived October 20, 2007 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved October 21, 2007.
  173. ^ Library of Congress Copyright Office (November 27, 2006). "Exemption to Prohibition on Circumvention of Copyright Protection Systems for Access Control Technologies". Federal Register. 71 (227): 68472–68480. Archived from the original on November 1, 2007. Retrieved October 21, 2007. Computer programs and video games distributed in formats that have become obsolete and that require the original media or hardware as a condition of access, when circumvention is accomplished for the purpose of preservation or archival reproduction of published digital works by a library or archive. A format shall be considered obsolete if the machine or system necessary to render perceptible a work stored in that format is no longer manufactured or is no longer reasonably available in the commercial marketplace.
  174. ^ Library of Congress Copyright Office (October 28, 2009). "Exemption to Prohibition on Circumvention of Copyright Protection Systems for Access Control Technologies". Federal Register. 27 (206): 55137–55139. Archived December 2, 2009 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved December 17, 2009.
  175. ^ Library of Congress Copyright Office (July 27, 2010). "Exemption to Prohibition on Circumvention of Copyright Protection Systems for Access Control Technologies". Federal Register. 75 (143): 43825–43839. Archived June 27, 2015 at the Wayback Machine.
  176. ^ Robertson, Adi (October 25, 2013). "The Internet Archive puts Atari games and obsolete software directly in your browser". The Verge. Archived October 27, 2013 at the Wayback Machine.
  177. ^ Ohlheiser, Abby (January 5, 2015). "You can now play nearly 2,400 MS-DOS video games in your browser". Washington Post. Archived January 7, 2015 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved January 8, 2015.
  178. ^ Scott, Jason (December 23, 2014). "Each New Boot a Miracle". Archived January 9, 2015 at the Wayback Machine.
  179. ^ "collection:softwarelibrary_msdos". Archived June 28, 2015 at the Wayback Machine.
  180. ^ Graft, Kris (March 5, 2015). "Saving video game history begins right now". Gamasutra. Archived from the original on March 7, 2015. Retrieved March 5, 2015.
  181. ^ "Internet Archive's Terms of Use, Privacy Policy, and Copyright Policy". December 31, 2014. Archived January 3, 2015 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved January 8, 2015. Access to the Archive's Collections is provided at no cost to you and is granted for scholarship and research purposes only.
  182. ^ Lu, Kathy (January 12, 2015). "Time suck alert: 'Pac-Man' among thousands of MS-DOS games available for free". The Kansas City Star. Archived December 20, 2016 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved December 7, 2016.
  183. ^ O'Neil, Lauren (January 7, 2015). "90's kids rejoice as Internet Archive releases 2,300 MS-DOS games for free – Your Community". CBCNEWS. Archived October 17, 2016 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved December 7, 2016.
  184. ^ Campbell, Ian Carlos (November 19, 2020). "The Internet Archive is now preserving Flash games and animations". The Verge. Archived November 20, 2020 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved November 19, 2020.
  185. ^ "Table Top Scribe System". Internet Archive. Archived October 10, 2018 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved October 23, 2018.
  186. ^ Stutz, Michael (March 28, 2007). "Linux to help the Library of Congress save American history". Linux.com. The Linux foundation. Archived October 23, 2017 at the Wayback Machine.
  187. ^ Strozniak, Peter (December 18, 2015). "Death of a Credit Union: Internet Archive FCU Voluntarily Liquidates". Credit Union Times. Archived October 6, 2019 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved October 6, 2019.
  188. ^ "Difficult Times at our Credit Union". Internet Archive Blogs. November 24, 2015. Archived June 16, 2019 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved October 6, 2019.
  189. ^ "Coming this Summer: The First DWeb Camp | Internet Archive Blogs". 2019-03-24. Retrieved 2023-07-04.
  190. ^ "DWeb Camp 2023". dwebcamp.org. Archived July 3, 2023 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 2023-07-04.
  191. ^ Holt, Kris (7 October 2021). "The Internet Archive's 'Wayforward Machine' paints a grim future for the web". Engadget. Archived October 7, 2021 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 7 October 2021.
  192. ^ "Imagine the future of the Internet". Internet Archive. Archived from the original on November 17, 2021. Retrieved 7 October 2021.
  193. ^ Levy, Karyne (April 29, 2014). "These Are The Ceramic Action Figures For The Heroes Of The Internet". Business Insider. Insider Inc.. Archived July 4, 2021 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved July 12, 2019.
  194. ^ Desmarais, By Charles (August 11, 2017). "Internet Archive is a treasure trove of material for artists". San Francisco Chronicle. Archived August 1, 2019 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved August 1, 2019.
  195. ^ Amir Saber Esfahani (June 22, 2019). "The Internet Archive's 2019 Artists in Residency Exhibition". Internet Archive Blogs. Archived June 24, 2019 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved March 4, 2023.
  196. ^ "New Installation from Swilk, Artist in Residence, Opens November 9 | Internet Archive Blogs". 2024-11-06. Retrieved 2025-04-14.
  197. ^ Esfahani, Amir Saber (2022-02-01). "Artist in Residence Casey Gray Exhibits New Work at Hashimoto Contemporary | Internet Archive Blogs". Retrieved 2025-04-14.
  198. ^ "The Internet Archive's 2019 Artist In Residence Exhibition". Artsy. Archived March 5, 2023 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved March 4, 2023.
  199. ^ Amir Saber Esfahani (June 19, 2018). "The Internet Archive's 2018 Artis in Residency Exhibition". Internet Archives Blogs. Archived June 26, 2018 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved March 4, 2023.
  200. ^ "The Internet Archive's 2017 Artist in residence Exhibition". Minnesota Street Project. 2017. Archived July 26, 2017 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved March 5, 2023.
  201. ^ Broache, Anne (May 7, 2008). "FBI rescinds secret order for Internet Archive records". CNet. Archived May 15, 2008 at the Wayback Machine.
  202. ^ Nakashima, Ellen (May 8, 2008). "FBI Backs Off From Secret Order for Data After Lawsuit". The Washington Post. Archived September 6, 2008 at the Wayback Machine.
  203. ^ Crocker, Andrew (December 1, 2016). "Internet Archive Received National Security Letter with FBI Misinformation about Challenging Gag Order". Electronic Frontier Foundation. Archived December 13, 2016 at the Wayback Machine.
  204. ^ Kahle, Brewster (January 17, 2012). "12 Hours Dark: Internet Archive vs. Censorship". Internet Archive Blogs. Archived August 13, 2014 at the Wayback Machine.
  205. ^ "Open Content Alliance". opencontentalliance.org. Archived from the original on April 10, 2013. Retrieved April 13, 2013.
  206. ^ "Turkey restores access to Google Drive after blocking cloud storage services". Turkey Blocks. October 10, 2016. Archived September 24, 2017 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved October 10, 2016.
  207. ^ "Turkey Country Report | Freedom on the Net 2017". freedomhouse.org. November 14, 2017. Archived December 27, 2018 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved December 26, 2018.
  208. ^ Fisher-Birch, Joanna (14 February 2018). "The Dark Side of the Internet Archive". Counter Extremism Project. Archived February 25, 2024 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 25 February 2024.
  209. ^ Kelion, Leo (15 May 2018). "IS propaganda 'hidden on Internet Archive'". BBC News. Archived February 6, 2022 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 6 February 2022.
  210. ^ "Internet Archive denies hosting 'terrorist' content". BBC News. 12 April 2019. Archived February 6, 2022 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 6 February 2022.
  211. ^ "Jihadist content targeted on Internet Archive platform". Europol. Archived September 21, 2023 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 18 September 2023.
  212. ^ Weimann, Gabriel & Vellante, Asia (August 2021). "The Dead Drops of Online Terrorism: How Jihadists Use Anonymous Online Platforms". Perspectives on Terrorism. 15 (4): 39–53. JSTOR 27044234. Archived October 23, 2023 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 18 September 2023.
  213. ^ Woodcock, Claire (14 February 2022). "Archivists Are Putting Terrorist Manifestos Online. Should They Stay There?". Vice. Archived March 2, 2022 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 2 March 2022.
  214. ^ Weimann, Gabriel (2022). "Open Archive of Hate: Terrorism and Violent Extremism on Internet Archive". Proceedings of the 28th International RAIS Conference on Social Sciences and Humanities. Scientia Moralitas Research Institute. pp. 10–24. Archived October 23, 2023 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved October 8, 2023.
  215. ^ Boucher, Geoff & Young, Helen (2023). "Digital books and the far right". Continuum. 37 (1): 140–152. doi:10.1080/10304312.2023.2191905. S2CID 257783779
  216. ^ Lee, Timothy B. (2020-03-28). "Internet Archive offers 1.4 million copyrighted books for free online". Ars Technica. Archived March 28, 2020 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 2020-04-10.
  217. ^ Freeland, Chris (2020-03-30). "Internet Archive responds: Why we released the National Emergency Library". Internet Archive Blogs. Retrieved 2020-05-26.
  218. ^ Cohen, Noam (April 20, 2020). "The National Emergency Library and Its Discontents". Wired. Archived April 20, 2020 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved April 20, 2020.
  219. ^ Flood, Alison (2020-03-30). "Internet Archive accused of using Covid-19 as 'an excuse for piracy'". The Guardian. Archived March 31, 2020 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 2020-05-26.
  220. ^ Freeland, Chris (2020-03-24). "Announcing a National Emergency Library to Provide Digitized Books to Students and the Public". Internet Archive Blogs. Retrieved 2020-05-26.
  221. ^ Hurst-Wahl, Jill (2020-04-20). "Digitization 101: The National Emergency Library". Digitization 101. Archived May 31, 2020 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 2020-05-26.
  222. ^ Hampton, Rachelle (April 2020). "The Internet Archive Started an "Emergency" Online Library. Authors Are Furious.". Slate. Archived April 3, 2020 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 30 July 2021.
  223. ^ Dwyer, Colin (March 30, 2020). "Authors, Publishers Condemn The 'National Emergency Library' As 'Piracy'". NPR. Archived March 30, 2020 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved March 30, 2020.
  224. ^ Grady, Constance (April 2, 2020). "Why authors are so angry about the Internet Archive's Emergency Library". Vox. Archived April 4, 2020 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved April 2, 2020.
  225. ^ "Internet Archive Controversy". Lotus. 2 May 2020. Archived May 26, 2020 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 25 May 2020.
  226. ^ "Today, on 26th May 2025, #Indonesia started blocking access to @internetarchive.". No. 1927152357206372376. Retrieved 2025-05-26.
  227. ^ Shabrina, Dinda (2025-05-28). "Pemerintah Bilang Tak Ada Motif Sejarah di Balik Pemblokiran Situs Archive.org" [Government Says No History Motive Behind The Blocking of Archive.org Site] (in Indonesian). Tempo. Archived May 30, 2025 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 2025-05-30.
  228. ^ Ramadan, Muhamad. "Gudang Arsip Dunia Kena Blokir! Internet Archive Dibungkam Komdigi: Konten Judi Online & Porno Jadi Biang Keladi!" [The World's Archive Warehouse Has Been Blocked! Internet Archive Silenced By Komdigi: Online Gambling & Porno Content Becomes A Troublemaker!] (in id-ID). SINDOnews Tekno. Archived May 30, 2025 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 2025-05-30.
  229. ^ Fauziyah, Najla Nur (2025-05-30). "Indonesia Lifts Block on Archive.org Following Compliance on 'Harmful Content' Removal". Tempo. Retrieved 2025-12-10.
  230. ^ "Iraq blocks 4chan in latest internet crackdown". www.intellinews.com. 2024-11-29. Retrieved 2026-02-02.
  231. ^ Leeds, Jeff & Mayshark, Jesse Fox (December 1, 2005). "Wrath of Deadheads stalls a Web crackdown". The New York Times. Archived May 8, 2015 at the Wayback Machine.
  232. ^ Lesh, Phil (November 30, 2005). "An Announcement from Phil Lesh" (blog). Hotline. PhilLesh.net. Archived July 15, 2007 at the Wayback Machine. It was brought to my attention that all of the Grateful Dead shows were taken down from Archive.org right before Thanksgiving. I was not part of this decision making process and was not notified that the shows were to be pulled. I do feel that the music is the Grateful Dead's legacy and I hope that one way or another all of it is available for those who want it.
  233. ^ Kahle, Brewster & Vernon, Matt (December 1, 2005). "Good News and an Apology: GD on the Internet Archive". Live Music Archive Forum. Internet Archive. Archived August 6, 2014 at the Wayback Machine. Authors and date indicate the first posting in the forum thread.
  234. ^ Frank, Allegra (August 8, 2016). "Nintendo takes down Nintendo Power collection from Internet Archive after noticing it". Polygon. Archived August 11, 2016 at the Wayback Machine.
  235. ^ "((Indian ISP Ban on Wayback Machine Lifted? Confirmation Awaited))". Guiding Tech. 9 August 2017. Archived from the original on April 12, 2020. Retrieved 12 April 2020.
  236. ^ Kelion, Leo (August 9, 2017). "Bollywood blocks the Internet Archive". BBC. Archived August 6, 2018 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved January 1, 2018.
  237. ^ Deep, Aroon (23 January 2023). "Internet Archive takes down upload of BBC's Modi documentary". The Hindu. Archived January 29, 2023 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 29 January 2023.
  238. ^ "Why India has banned this documentary about its Prime Minister Narendra Modi". SBS World News. January 27, 2023. Archived November 26, 2024 at the Wayback Machine.
  239. ^ Pandey, Devesh K. (January 21, 2023). "I&B Ministry blocks BBC documentary critical of PM Modi; Opposition slams 'censorship'". The Hindu. Archived January 22, 2023 at the Wayback Machine.
  240. ^ Butler, Chris (January 27, 2023). "BBC Modi Documentary Removal". Internet Archive. Archived November 9, 2024 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved January 29, 2023.
  241. ^ Deck, Andrew & Tameez, Hanaa' (January 28, 2026). "News publishers limit Internet Archive access due to AI scraping concerns". Nieman Lab. Archived February 15, 2026 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 2026-02-17.
  242. ^ Neilson, Tai (2026-02-05). "News sites are locking out the Internet Archive to stop AI crawling. Is the 'open web' closing?". The Conversation. Retrieved 2026-02-17.
  243. ^ DiFeliciantonio, Chase (6 September 2021). "He founded the Internet Archive with a utopian vision. That hasn't changed, but the internet has". San Francisco Chronicle. Archived November 15, 2021 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 15 November 2021.
  244. ^ Lee, Timothy (June 11, 2020). "Internet Archive ends "emergency library" early to appease publishers". Ars Technica. Archived June 14, 2020 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved June 14, 2020.
  245. ^ Dwyer, Colin (3 June 2020). "Publishers Sue Internet Archive For 'Mass Copyright Infringement'". NPR. Archived October 30, 2020 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 16 October 2020.
  246. ^ "Copyright Alliance Statement on Book Publishers' Infringement Suit Against Internet Archive". Copyright Alliance. June 2020. Archived January 22, 2021 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 17 January 2021.
  247. ^ Harris, Elizabeth (11 June 2020). "Internet Archive Will End Its Program for Free E-Books". NY Times. Archived June 15, 2020 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 15 June 2020.
  248. ^ Maruccia, Alfonso (14 August 2023). "The Internet Archive reaches an agreement with publishers in digital book-lending case". Tech Spot. Archived October 23, 2023 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved October 8, 2023.
  249. ^ Hollister, Sean (2023-03-25). "The Internet Archive has lost its first fight to scan and lend e-books like a library". The Verge. Archived March 25, 2023 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 2023-03-25.
  250. ^ Hernandez, Joe (26 March 2023). "A judge sided with publishers in a lawsuit over the Internet Archive's online library". NPR. Archived March 27, 2023 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 27 March 2023.
  251. ^ Knibbs, Kate (September 4, 2024). "The Internet Archive Loses Its Appeal of a Major Copyright Case". WIRED. Archived September 18, 2024 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved September 4, 2024.
  252. ^ Freeland, Chris (August 17, 2023). "What the Hachette v. Internet Archive Decision Means for Our Library". Internet Archive. Retrieved 2025-12-15.
  253. ^ "Internet Archive could face major hurdles in latest case". Managing Intellectual Property. August 17, 2023.
  254. ^ "Digital and physical revenue market share of the largest record companies worldwide from 2012 to 2023", Statista, May 29, 2024, archived December 4, 2024 at the Wayback Machine
  255. ^ Valentine, Bob (July 27, 2023). "Concord has $550m in fresh funding, a recent expansion in Australasia and now a new CEO. What's its next move?". Music Business Worldwide. Archived October 9, 2024 at the Wayback Machine.
  256. ^ "Concord Raises $600M for Continued Expansion, Assigned B1/B+ Corporate Ratings". Business Wire. August 18, 2020. Archived November 19, 2024 at the Wayback Machine.
  257. ^ Stassen, Murray (December 8, 2022). "Concord prices $1.8bn bond offering backed by over 1m music copyrights". Music Business Worldwide. Archived January 3, 2023 at the Wayback Machine.
  258. ^ Arroyo, Carmen & Williams, Charles E. (November 29, 2022). "Apollo to Lead Bond Sale Tied to Phil Collins, R.E.M. Royalties". Bloomberg News. Archived February 1, 2026 at the Wayback Machine.
  259. ^ Richter, Felix (February 23, 2024), "New Music Plays Second Fiddle to Catalog Titles", Statista, archived December 3, 2024 at the Wayback Machine
  260. ^ Cooke, Chris (23 February 2024). "Internet Archive's crackle based 'fair use' defence in copyright case is perverted, say labels". Complete Music Update. Archived March 26, 2024 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 15 April 2024.
  261. ^ Blistein, Jon (September 15, 2025). "Internet Archive and Major Labels Settle $621 Million Copyright Lawsuit". rollingstone.com. Rolling Stone. Archived September 16, 2025 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 17 September 2025.
  262. ^ "www.courtlistener.com/docket/68101636/184/umg-recordings-inc-v-internet-archive/". 2025-10-16. Archived 2025-11-24 at the Wayback Machine.

Further reading

For help citing the Wayback Machine (an Internet Archive service) on this version of Wikipedia, see Help:Using the Wayback Machine.