| Altname | Wharton Range |
|---|---|
| Region | Wharton Range, Central Province, Papua New Guinea |
| Familycolor | Papuan |
| Fam 1 | Binanderean–Goilalan[1] |
The Goilalan or Wharton Range languages are a language family spoken around the Wharton Range in the "Bird's Tail" of New Guinea. They were classified as a branch of the Trans–New Guinea languages by Stephen Wurm (1975), but only tentatively retained there in the classification of Malcolm Ross (2005) and removed entirely by Timothy Usher (2020).[2]
Languages
The languages are,[2]
The languages are clearly related, especially northern Biagai, Kunimaipa, and Weri, which might be considered divergent dialects.[citation needed]
Pronouns
Pronouns are:
Tauade also has the possessive pronouns ne-ve, ni-e.
Vocabulary comparison
The following basic vocabulary words are from SIL field notes (1973, 1975, 1980), as cited in the Trans-New Guinea database.[3]
The words cited constitute translation equivalents, whether they are cognate (e.g. ʒuvalo, kupal'iai for “two”) or not (e.g. gadolo, kepapaí for “ear”). Notice the very low number of cognate pairs.
- {| class="wikitable sortable"
! gloss !! Fuyug !! Tauade |- ! head | hul ha; ondobe || kɔrɔtɔ |- ! hair | are; hul haluma || awutu |- ! ear | gadolo || kepapaí |- ! eye | hul li; im || tavai |- ! nose | hul hunga; unge || kiːtʰ |- ! tooth | hul usi || nɔtɔvai |- ! tongue | hul asese || aivi |- ! leg | soga || lɔ'vai |- ! louse | hi || dautʰ |- ! dog | ho; oi || kɔveřa |- ! pig | ovo || pɔřu |- ! bird | nemba; nembe || kide |- ! egg | hulombo || mutuwu |- ! blood | tana || il'iví |- ! bone | hude || keniví |- ! skin | hul hoda; ode || kɔtipai |- ! breast | hul duda || data |- ! tree | i'i || eata |- ! man | a'a; an || baře |- ! woman | amu; amuri || iva |- ! sun | evuli || vatava |- ! moon | hama || ɔne |- ! water | ʒu || ipi |- ! fire | oki || e'na·m |- ! stone | zo || evi'ti |- ! road, path | enamba; inambe || bɔřiƀařa |- ! name | ifa || ape'te |- ! eat | huni nene || ɔmei nai |- ! one | fida || kɔne |- ! two | ʒuvalo || kupal'iai |}
Evolution
Fuyuge reflexes of purported proto-Trans-New Guinea (pTNG) etyma are:[4]
- baba ‘father’ < *mbapa
- sabe ‘saliva’ < *si(mb,p)at
- magata ‘mouth, jaw’ < *maŋgat[a]
- mele-pila ‘tongue’ < *mele-mbilaŋ
- imu ‘eye’ < *(ŋg,k)amu
- ije ‘tree’ < *inda
References
- ^ "New Guinea World, Oro – Wharton Range". Retrieved 2018-01-04.
- ^ NewGuineaWorld - Wharton Range
- ^ Greenhill, Simon (2016). "TransNewGuinea.org - database of the languages of New Guinea". Retrieved 2020-11-05.
- ^ Pawley, Andrew & Hammarström, Harald (2018). "The Trans New Guinea family". The Languages and Linguistics of the New Guinea Area: A Comprehensive Guide. Vol. 4. The World of Linguistics. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 21–196. ISBN 978-3-11-028642-7.