Demographics of Turkey
PlaceTurkey
Size of population86,092,168 (31 December 2025)[1]
Density112 /km2 (290 /sq mi) (2025)[1]
Growth0.50% (2025)[1]
Birth10.4 births/1,000 population (2025)
Death5.7 deaths/1,000 population (2024)[2]
Life78.1 years (2024)[3]
Life male75.5 years
Life female80.7 years
Fertility1.42 children born/woman (2025)[4]
Infant mortality9.0 deaths/1,000 live births (2024)
Net migration−3.9 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2023)
Age 0–14 years20.4% (male 8,992,538/female 8,538,185)
Age 15–64 years68.5% (male 29,781,806/female 29,196,580)
Age 65 years11.1% (male 4,285,090/female 5,297,969) (2025)[1]
Total mf ratio1.01 male(s)/female (2025 est.)[5]
Sr at birth1.05 male(s)/female
Sr under 151.05 male(s)/female
Sr 15–64 years1.03 male(s)/female
Sr 65 years over0.83 male(s)/female
NationTurkish citizen
Major ethnicTurkish (70–75%)[5]
Minor ethnic
OfficialTurkish (87.6%)[6]
Spoken

Demographic features of the population of Turkey include population density, ethnicity, education level, health of the populace, economic status, religious affiliations and other aspects of the population. Its estimated population was 86,092,168, of which 1,519,515 were foreign residents as of 31 December 2025, according to the Turkish Statistical Institute.[1] This official population number excludes the registered Syrian refugees under temporary protection status which have a population of about 2.28 million as of 30 April 2026.[7]

Turks are the largest ethnic group, comprising 70–75% of the population while Kurds are the second largest with 19%. The others, including Armenians, Arabs, Assyrians, Albanians, Bulgarians, Bosniaks, Circassians, Chechens, Georgians, Greeks, Hemshins, Pomaks, Rum, Russians, Romani, Jews, Laz people and others make 6–11% of the population according to a 2016 estimate by the CIA.[8]

The population has been aging in recent years, with just 20.4% falling in the 0–14 age bracket (down from 26.4% in 2007). The population over the age of 65 is 11.1% (up from 7.1% in 2007). As of 2025 , the median age of the Turkish population is 34.9 years (up from 28.3 in 2007).[1] According to OECD/World Bank population statistics, from 1990 to 2008 the population growth in Turkey was 16 million or 29%.[9]

Population

Historical population

Historical population[10] [11]
YearPop.±%
18908,274,971—
191012,329,210+49.0%
192713,648,270+10.7%
193516,158,018+18.4%
194017,820,950+10.3%
194518,790,174+5.4%
195020,947,188+11.5%
195524,064,763+14.9%
196027,754,820+15.3%
196531,391,421+13.1%
197035,605,176+13.4%
197540,347,719+13.3%
198044,736,957+10.9%
198550,664,458+13.2%
199056,473,035+11.5%
200067,803,927+20.1%
201073,722,988+8.7%
201578,741,053+6.8%
202083,614,362+6.2%
202184,680,273+1.3%
202285,279,553+0.7%
202385,372,377+0.1%
202485,664,944+0.3%
202586,092,168+0.5%

Urbanization

According to the CIA World Factbook

  • Urban population: 77.5% of total population (2023)
  • Rate of urbanization: 1.11% annual rate of change (2020–25 est.)[5]

According to TURKSTAT

  • Population of densely populated urban areas: 67.5%
  • Population of intermediate density urban areas: 15.8%
  • Population of rural areas: 16.8% (2025)[1]

Age structure

Overview of the changing age distribution 1935–2024[12]
YearTotal population
(census;
thousands)		Population by age (%)
0–1415–6465+
193516,158
194017,821
194518,790
195020,947
195524,065
196027,755
196531,391
197035,605
197540,348
198044,737
198550,664
199056,473
200067,804
201073,723
201578,741
202083,614
202586,092

Structure of the population

Structure of the population (20.10.1935):

Age groupMaleFemaleTotalPercent
Total7,936,5128,220,93816,157,450100
0–41,431,4411,297,4722,728,91316.89
5–91,211,0311,127,7592,338,79014.47
10–14848,909745,9811,594,8909.87
15–19558,702485,8651,044,5676.47
20–24749,196640,1531,389,3498.60
25–29621,971721,2861,343,2578.31
30–34584,496642,0511,226,5477.59
35–39486,505509,582996,0876.16
40–44323,676473,948797,6244.94
45–49242,922314,860557,7823.45
50–54225,781384,373610,1543.78
55–59162,193195,231357,4242.21
60–64175,346297,375472,7212.93
65–69100,249104,966205,2151.27
70–7490,665125,877216,5421.34
75–7936,28937,97074,2590.46
80–8431,26749,17680,4430.50
85+20,37631,20651,5820.32
Unknown35,49735,80771,3040.44
Age groupMaleFemaleTotalPercent
0–143,491,3813,171,2126,662,59341.23
15–644,130,7884,664,7248,795,51254.44
65+278,846349,195628,0413.89

Structure of the population (20.10.1940):

Age groupMaleFemaleTotalPercent
Total8,898,9128,922,03817,820,950100
0–41,386,1641,255,8412,642,00514.83
5–91,417,5651,264,5992,682,16415.05
10–141,189,450989,7072,179,15712.22
15–19828,348698,2681,526,6168.57
20–24524,398517,9001,042,2985.85
25–29684,425704,8881,389,3137.80
30–34617,605715,6031,333,2087.48
35–39589,660567,9851,157,6456.50
40–44465,754530,330996,0845.59
45–49303,224347,903651,1273.65
50–54247,689416,071663,7603.72
55–59175,162216,450391,6122.20
60–64189,814327,319517,1332.90
65–69100,133113,816213,9491.20
70–7483,102131,130214,2321.20
75–7935,80036,81072,6100.41
80–8432,53048,63481,1640.45
85+19,85628,04847,9040.27
Unknown8,23310,73618,9690.11
Age groupMaleFemaleTotalPercent
0–143,993,1793,510,1477,503,32642.10
15–644,626,0795,042,7179,668,79654.26
65+271,421358,438629,8593.53

Structure of the population (22.10.1945):

Age groupMaleFemaleTotalPercent
Total9,446,5809,343,59418,790,174100
0–41,286,7051,184,7992,471,50413.15
5–91,348,4461,242,2812,590,72713.79
10–141,284,9521,074,0802,359,03212.56
15–191,048,701931,4611,980,16210.54
20–24789,205691,6801,480,8857.88
25–29484,328619,0691,103,3975.87
30–34731,283699,6571,430,9407.61
35–39607,377578,3901,185,7676.31
40–44542,301558,0001,100,3015.86
45–49401,379378,499779,8784.15
50–54282,856434,107716,9633.82
55–59171,162219,398390,5602.08
60–64199,908349,207549,1152.92
65–6998,664124,606223,2701.19
70–7480,007132,964212,9711.13
75–7930,42238,85269,2740.37
80–8428,83846,22075,0580.40
85+18,75227,21845,9700.24
Unknown11,29413,10624,4000.13
Age groupMaleFemaleTotalPercent
0–143,920,1033,501,1607,421,26339.50
15–645,258,5005,459,46810,717,96857.04
65+256,683369,860626,5433.33

Structure of the population (22.10.1950):

Age groupMaleFemaleTotalPercent
Total10,527,08510,420,10320,947,188100
0–41,583,0131,507,3103,090,32314.75
5–91,336,7581,236,7432,573,50112.29
10–141,273,8811,080,7742,354,65511.24
15–191,269,6761,118,2752,387,95111.40
20–24989,606972,9421,962,5489.37
25–29726,276751,6241,477,9007.06
30–34523,466590,5631,114,0295.32
35–39687,486599,7781,287,2646.15
40–44551,330595,4261,146,7565.47
45–49499,143445,245944,3884.51
50–54389,143471,481860,6244.11
55–59214,041260,147474,1882.26
60–64196,827358,825555,6522.65
65–69110,177152,604262,7811.25
70–7483,100138,710221,8101.06
75–7933,98949,32983,3180.40
80–8426,25646,41672,6720.35
85+19,23830,84350,0810.24
Unknown13,67913,06826,7470.12
Age groupMaleFemaleTotalPercent
0–144,193,6523,824,8278,018,47938.28
15–646,046,9946,164,30612,211,30058.30
65+272,760417,902690,6623.30

Structure of the population (23.10.1955):

Age groupMaleFemaleTotalPercent
Total12,233,42111,831,34224,064,763100
0–41,982,3281,876,3853,858,71316.03
5–91,674,3611,559,5213,233,88213.44
10–141,293,7491,088,8762,382,6259.90
15–191,246,2881,086,4012,332,6899.69
20–241,208,3121,109,3522,317,6649.63
25–29957,9941,020,0471,978,0418.22
30–34747,870730,1281,477,9986.14
35–39518,633525,0151,043,6484.34
40–44665,731620,5611,286,2925.34
45–49524,193472,397996,5904.14
50–54504,577527,3701,031,9474.29
55–59326,719308,300635,0192.64
60–64242,673386,672629,3452.62
65–69126,235172,553298,7881.24
70–7498,303170,945269,2481.12
75–7942,53961,169103,7080.43
80–8431,40858,66390,0710.38
85+22,21938,37460,5930.25
Unknown19,28918,61337,9020.16
Age groupMaleFemaleTotalPercent
0–144,950,4384,524,7829,475,22039.37
15–646,942,9906,786,24313,729,23357.05
65+320,704501,704822,4083.42

Structure of the population (23.10.1960):

Age groupMaleFemaleTotalPercent
Total14,163,88813,590,93227,754,820100
0–42,180,1552,075,7064,255,86115.33
5–92,072,5381,924,7003,997,23814.40
10–141,687,6781,486,2293,173,90711.44
15–191,247,3971,057,6232,305,0208.30
20–241,175,9121,126,1102,302,0228.29
25–291,155,1971,175,4372,330,6348.41
30–341,026,237984,2572,010,4947.24
35–39748,216692,6971,440,9135.19
40–44504,947547,5761,052,5233.79
45–49609,233499,2221,108,4553.99
50–54547,373580,2911,127,6644.06
55–59423,895368,834792,7292.86
60–64368,205460,652828,8572.99
65–69166,113213,476379,5891.37
70–74113,713195,360309,0731.11
75–7951,28078,196129,4760.47
80–8433,91863,47997,3970.35
85+23,06340,13463,1970.23
Unknown28,81820,95349,7710.18
Age groupMaleFemaleTotalPercent
0–145,940,3715,486,63511,427,00641.17
15–647,806,6127,492,69915,299,31155.12
65+388,087590,645978,7323.53

Structure of the population (24.10.1965):

Age groupMaleFemaleTotalPercent
Total15,996,96415,394,45731,391,421100
0–42,355,0402,262,0304,617,07014.71
5–92,414,4822,249,5204,664,00214.86
10–142,057,4271,810,1253,867,55212.32
15–191,545,9111,364,1442,910,0559.27
20–241,210,9801,133,1562,344,1367.47
25–291,054,9091,161,1562,216,0657.06
30–341,138,4501,134,5712,273,0217.24
35–39997,446934,7131,932,1596.15
40–44704,595676,8641,381,4594.40
45–49445,457429,623875,0802.79
50–54612,093590,9471,203,0403.83
55–59449,480415,150864,6302.75
60–64452,705501,500954,2053.04
65–69257,812271,173528,9851.69
70–74145,636220,745366,3811.17
75–7960,95094,624155,5740.49
80–8441,18778,089119,2760.38
85+24,41947,89072,3090.23
Unknown27,98518,43746,4220.15
Age groupMaleFemaleTotalPercent
0–146,826,9496,321,67513,148,62441.89
15–648,612,0268,341,82416,953,85054.00
65+530,004712,5211,242,5253.96

Structure of the population (25.10.1970):

Age groupMaleFemaleTotalPercent
Total18,006,98617,598,19035,605,176100
0–42,661,1002,594,0365,255,13614.76
5–92,610,2782,483,1745,093,45214.31
10–142,362,9282,166,6714,529,59912.72
15–191,924,2591,770,2413,694,50010.38
20–241,496,3141,355,1572,851,4718.01
25–291,107,9681,153,6442,261,6126.35
30–341,018,9641,165,3952,184,3596.14
35–391,117,1521,096,9742,214,1266.22
40–44921,299899,7191,821,0185.11
45–49644,629564,0051,208,6343.39
50–54457,007516,198973,2052.73
55–59496,977440,483937,4602.63
60–64476,373529,8061,006,1792.83
65–69321,562319,282640,8441.80
70–74220,832265,442486,2741.37
75–7982,070109,591191,6610.54
80–8448.15290.847138.9990.39
85+35,19172,727107,9180.30
Unknown3,9314,7988,7290.02
Age groupMaleFemaleTotalPercent
0–147,634,3067,243,88114,878,18741.79
15–649,660,9429,491,62219,152,56453.79
65+707,807857,8891,565,6964.40

Structure of the population (26.10.1975):

Age groupMaleFemaleTotalPercent
Total20,744,73019,602,98940,347,719100
0–42,917,4512,783,7985,701,24914.13
5–92,759,8202,620,2955,380,11513.34
10–142,800,0022,448,8375,248,83913.00
15–192,232,5612,031,9384,264,49910.57
20–241,857,6341,674,5103,532,1448.75
25–291,486,6521,346,0302,832,6827.02
30–341,178,6691,116,1022,294,7715.69
35–391,040,8291,098,7302,139,5595.30
40–441,091,9151,054,2842,146,1995.32
45–49881,215802,4701,683,6854.17
50–54676,681664,9961,341,6773.33
55–59382,853384,295767,1481.90
60–64535,532548,3411,083,8732.69
65–69322,443356,949679,3921.68
70–74275,674320,062595,7361.48
75–79119,728138,791258,5190.64
80–8479,297110,363189,6600.47
85+53,51076,434129,9440.32
Unknown52,26425,76478,0280.20
Age groupMaleFemaleTotalPercent
0–148,477,2737,852,93016,330,20340.47
15–6411,364,54110,721,69622,086,23754.74
65+850,6521,002,5991,853,2514.59

Structure of the population (12.10.1980):

Age groupMaleFemaleTotalPercent
Total22,695,36222,041,59544,736,957100
0–43,050,7692,909,8545,960,62313.32
5–93,062,6682,907,8085,970,47613.35
10–142,869,8792,632,9345,502,81312.30
15–192,562,8652,404,4424,967,30711.10
20–242,073,8441,975,8354,049,6799.05
25–291,719,1611,656,1653,375,3267.54
30–341,373,5411,321,1742,694,7156.02
35–391,078,7981,119,2832,198,0814.91
40–44988,8181,068,1282,056,9464.60
45–491,043,459964,2962,007,7554.49
50–54862,109867,1511,729,2603.87
55–59592,130558,4981,150,6282.58
60–64375,309417,352792,6611.77
65–69413,324450,580863,9041.93
70–74264,433328,480592,9131.33
75–79161,282187,299348,5810.78
80–8481,037119,321200,3580.45
85+35,28472,207107,4910.24
Unknown86,65280,788167,4400.37
Age groupMaleFemaleTotalPercent
0–148,983,3168,450,59617,433,91238.97
15–6412,670,03412,352,32425,022,35855.93
65+955,3601,157,8872,113,2474.73

Structure of the population (20.10.1985):

Age groupMaleFemaleTotalPercent
Total25,671,97524,992,48350,664,458100
0–43,112,5242,964,6776,077,20112.00
5–93,457,2233,282,2386,739,46113.30
10–143,210,6972,982,7796,193,47612.22
15–192,744,5812,662,8835,407,46410.67
20–242,434,0522,350,4284,784,4809.44
25–292,056,1871,984,5754,040,7627.98
30–341,723,9041,650,5023,374,4066.66
35–391,413,5961,372,9752,786,5715.50
40–441,098,2171,109,9392,208,1564.36
45–49991,4421,017,1672,008,6093.96
50–541,039,1581,003,4342,042,5924.03
55–59824,436824,6331,649,0693.26
60–64555,813574,3731,130,1862.23
65–69309,858367,530677,3881.34
70–74314,528352,481667,0091.32
75–79175,769218,753394,5220.78
80–8499,310138,700238,0100.47
85+55,57793,402148,9790.29
Unknown55,10341,01496,1170.19
Age groupMaleFemaleTotalPercent
0–149,780,4449,229,69419,010,13837.52
15–6414,881,38614,550,90929,432,29558.09
65+955,0421,170,8662,125,9084.20

Structure of the population (21.10.1990):

Age groupMaleFemaleTotalPercent
Total28,607,04727,865,98856,473,035100
0–43,052,2552,902,4895,954,74410.54
5–93,541,4093,357,8006,899,20912.22
10–143,560,9003,330,4996,891,39912.20
15–193,165,0613,051,4086,216,46911.00
20–242,581,1532,514,3515,095,5049.02
25–292,435,7652,377,3624,813,1278.52
30–342,096,8991,989,4104,086,3097.24
35–391,784,1211,705,9433,490,0646.18
40–441,418,7841,369,6402,788,4244.94
45–491,111,1131,090,0462,201,1593.90
50–54980,1151,038,8532,018,9683.58
55–59993,402947,1191,940,5213.44
60–64768,547846,7461,615,2932.86
65–69471,479521,608993,0871.76
70–74242,572303,519546,0910.97
75–79204,665236,259440,9240.78
80–84105,386156,938262,3240.46
85+67,040107,897174,9370.31
Unknown26,38118,10144,4820.08
Age groupMaleFemaleTotalPercent
0–1410,154,5649,590,78819,745,35234.96
15–6417,334,96016,930,87834,265,83860.68
65+1,091,1421,326,2212,417,3634.28

Structure of the population (22.10.2000):

Age groupMaleFemaleTotalPercent
Total34,346,73533,457,19267,803,927100
0–43,396,6903,188,1326,584,8229.71
5–93,485,7463,270,8716,756,6179.97
10–143,570,6573,307,9996,878,65610.15
15–193,691,2183,518,2577,209,47510.63
20–243,426,7143,263,4326,690,1469.87
25–292,976,4302,918,8255,895,2558.70
30–342,552,3702,457,2855,009,6557.39
35–392,453,5792,400,8084,854,3877.16
40–442,083,5311,985,2254,068,7566.00
45–491,710,7571,658,0123,368,7694.97
50–541,356,3911,360,9582,717,3494.00
55–591,016,2541,042,1682,058,4223.04
60–64864,299964,9891,829,2882.70
65–69794,881850,6361,645,5172.43
70–74517,870654,7731,172,6431.73
75–79254,443323,154577,5970.85
80–8498,797147,895246,6920.36
85+83,572132,928216,5000.32
Unknown12,53610,84523,3810.03
Age groupMaleFemaleTotalPercent
0–1410,453,0939,767,00220,220,09529.83
15–6422,131,54321,569,95943,701,50264.45
65+1,749,5632,109,3863,858,9495.69

Structure of the population (31.12.2007):

Age groupMaleFemaleTotalPercent
Total35,376,53335,209,72370,586,256100
0–42,978,9722,814,9345,793,9068.21
5–93,303,3293,133,4986,436,8279.12
10–143,288,4723,123,1866,411,6589.08
15–193,159,7232,997,3106,157,0338.72
20–243,181,8043,058,7696,240,5738.84
25–293,295,1023,217,7366,512,8389.23
30–342,885,1512,842,5485,727,6998.11
35–392,565,1122,507,3295,072,4417.19
40–442,379,3142,346,4864,725,8006.69
45–492,057,6262,027,4394,085,0655.79
50–541,781,0291,784,6403,565,6695.06
55–591,369,6181,419,2402,788,8583.95
60–64981,1781,086,5362,067,7142.93
65–69781,165917,4181,698,5832.41
70–74629,241743,8361,373,0771.94
75–79441,289628,6721,069,9611.51
80–84212,383366,496578,8790.82
85–8958,552123,636182,1880.26
90+27,47370,01497,4870.14
Age groupMaleFemaleTotalPercent
0–149,570,7739,071,61818,642,39126.41
15–6423,655,65723,288,03346,943,69066,51
65+2,150,1032,850,0725,000,1757.08

Structure of the population (31.12.2008):

Age groupMaleFemaleTotalPercent
Total35,901,15435,615,94671,517,100100
0–43,082,3382,915,9205,998,2588.39
5–93,242,5813,075,5516,318,1328.83
10–143,322,0413,150,1566,472,1979.05
15–193,171,9173,013,1876,185,1048.65
20–243,187,6253,068,9336,256,5588.75
25–293,300,2913,218,5466,518,8379.12
30–342,939,5182,870,5895,810,1078.12
35–392,680,9412,649,5435,330,4847.45
40–442,397,7062,342,5444,740,2506.63
45–492,153,4272,130,7484,284,1755.99
50–541,824,5821,818,5913,643,1735.09
55–591,423,4451,454,6592,878,1044.03
60–641,035,2611,153,0372,188,2983.06
65–69783,680917,7041,701,3842.38
70–74575,433699,2481,274,6811.78
75–79492,226618,5561,110,7821.55
80–84213,336357,843571,1790.80
85–8959,076116,145175,2210.25
90+15,73044,44660,1760.08
Age groupMaleFemaleTotalPercent
0–149,646,9609,141,62718,788,58726.27
15–6424,114,71323,720,37747,835,09066.89
65+2,139,4812,753,9424,893,4236.84

Structure of the population (31.12.2009):

Age groupMaleFemaleTotalPercent
Total36,462,47036,098,84272,561,312100
0–43,161,1532,994,1686,155,3218.48
5–93,183,7843,017,8636,201,6478.55
10–143,336,9753,165,3916,502,3668.96
15–193,197,2933,037,3276,234,6208.59
20–243,204,7483,075,3696,280,1178.65
25–293,306,7673,202,0936,508,8608.97
30–342,998,4642,912,5685,911,0328.15
35–392,764,8562,740,4575,505,3137.59
40–442,379,2302,296,9154,676,1456.44
45–492,241,5422,228,4114,469,9536.16
50–541,878,3741,847,3693,725,7435.14
55–591,461,9361,483,6672,945,6034.06
60–641,124,5841,236,5942,361,1783.25
65–69803,062920,6521,723,7142.38
70–74586,824736,8441,323,6681.83
75–79516,617629,3151,145,9321.58
80–84228,954382,749611,7030.84
85–8970,842140,725211,5670.29
90+16,46550,36566,8300.09
Age groupMaleFemaleTotalPercent
0–149,681,9129,177,42218,859,33425.99
15–6424,557,79424,060,77048,618,56467.00
65+2,222,7642,860,6505,083,4147.01

Structure of the population (31.12.2010):

Age groupMaleFemaleTotalPercent
Total37,043,18236,679,80673,722,988100
0–43,173,0923,005,6316,178,7238.38
5–93,148,2102,982,9086,131,1188.32
10–143,369,9953,198,7466,568,7418.91
15–193,219,2213,058,0866,277,3078.51
20–243,200,9593,066,8286,267,7878.50
25–293,275,1533,162,7696,437,9228.73
30–343,146,2143,063,7536,209,9678.42
35–392,798,8702,767,2475,566,1177.55
40–442,344,7472,249,9764,594,7236.23
45–492,358,9132,341,3784,700,2916.38
50–541,871,2311,835,0583,706,2895.03
55–591,614,9711,649,3423,264,3134.43
60–641,190,5771,301,3772,491,9543.38
65–69848,726958,5661,807,2922.45
70–74633,016787,7681,420,7841.93
75–79502,175615,8721,118,0471.52
80–84245,975418,326664,3010.90
85–8983,179161,183244,3620.33
90+17,95854,99272,9500.10
Age groupMaleFemaleTotalPercent
0–149,691,2979,187,28518,878,58225.61
15–6425,020,85624,495,81449,516,67067.16
65+2,331,0292,996,7075,327,7367.23

Structure of the population (31.12.2011):

Age groupMaleFemaleTotalPercent
Total37,532,95437,191,31574,724,269100
0–43,184,1603,015,6646,199,8248.30
5–93,123,6972,960,4496,084,1468.14
10–143,386,8823,215,7236,602,6058.84
15–193,240,1963,077,3876,317,5838.45
20–243,173,6183,050,9736,224,5918.33
25–293,210,3433,095,8906,306,2338.44
30–343,285,3873,210,2476,495,6348.69
35–392,837,1822,795,5605,632,7427.54
40–442,430,8412,339,9334,770,7746.38
45–492,405,4352,380,6494,786,0846.41
50–541,909,9121,882,5243,792,4365.08
55–591,716,1021,738,3133,454,4154.62
60–641,231,2741,335,2132,566,4873.43
65–69876,489991,6861,868,1752.50
70–74649,739801,6291,451,3681.94
75–79497,023621,2871,118,3101.50
80–84260,355428,485688,8400.92
85–8994,160190,434284,5940.38
90+20,15959,26979,4280.11
Age groupMaleFemaleTotalPercent
0–149,694,7399,191,83618,886,57525.28
15–6425,440,29024,906,68950,346,97967.37
65+2,397,9253,092,7905,490,7157.35

Structure of the population (31.12.2012):

Age groupMaleFemaleTotalPercent
Total37,956,16837,671,21675,627,384100
0–43,182,6503,016,3076,198,9578.20
5–93,161,2232,997,7416,158,9648.14
10–143,334,5093,164,7496,499,2588.59
15–193,286,8643,118,6886,405,5528.47
20–243,151,2533,034,8366,186,0898.18
25–293,185,4233,085,2556,270,6788.29
30–343,307,3333,237,5946,544,9278.65
35–392,890,1702,841,0075,731,1777.58
40–442,565,4992,498,5615,064,0606.70
45–492,368,3402,331,0814,699,4216.21
50–542,029,2182,009,9804,039,1985.34
55–591,727,0041,751,5783,478,5824.60
60–641,292,7691,375,7492,668,5183.53
65–69899,8311,028,5551,928,3862.55
70–74671,942828,1841,500,1261.98
75–79484,634617,4921,102,1261.45
80–84289,054456,612745,6660.99
85–89105,608210,382315.9900.42
90+22,84466,86589.7090.12
Age groupMaleFemaleTotalPercent
0–149,678,3829,178,79718,857,17924.93
15–6425,803,87325,284,32951,088,20267.56
65+2,473,9133,208,0905,682,0037.51

Structure of the population (31.12.2013):

Age groupMaleFemaleTotalPercent
Total38,473,36038,194,50476,667,864100
0–43,187,2593,019,1566,206,4158.10
5–93,218,4113,052,8236,271,2348.18
10–143,269,5783,102,5876,372,1658.31
15–193,327,2383,150,4846,477,7228.45
20–243,166,1043,047,9206,214,0248.10
25–293,189,1673,097,1656,286,3328.20
30–343,305,7343,237,9356,543,6698.54
35–392,946,2892,879,8605,826,1497.60
40–442,673,8002,634,4605,308,2606.92
45–492,389,8522,331,9114,721,7636.16
50–542,123,0292,109,7634,232,7925.52
55–591,769,3991,785,7863,555,1854.64
60–641,346,4261,414,0342,760,4603.60
65–69950,3371,095,0612,045,3982.67
70–74674,943832,7851,507,7281.97
75–79461,225616,0701,077,2951.41
80–84335,943484,663820,6061.07
85–89112,700228,962341,6620.45
90+25,92673,07999,0050.13
Age groupMaleFemaleTotalPercent
0–149,675,2489,174,56618,849,81424.59
15–6426,237,03825,689,31851,926,35667.73
65+2,561,0743,330,6205,891,6947.68

Structure of the population (31.12.2014):

Age groupMaleFemaleTotalPercent
Total38,984,30238,711,60277,695,904100
0–43,231,9033,062,6306,294,5338.10
5–93,241,3553,074,2736,315,6288.13
10–143,209,8973,042,3726,252,2698.05
15–193,349,0813,169,8406,518,9218.39
20–243,191,6413,071,8196,263,4608.06
25–293,179,4123,093,7906,273,2028.07
30–343,294,3893,221,9056,516,2948.39
35–392,996,0012,922,3355,918,3367.61
40–442,766,3052,744,0325,510,3377.09
45–492,375,4942,298,7684,674,2626.02
50–542,218,3112,220,1114,438,4225.71
55–591,828,4861,828,0773,656,5634.70
60–641,402,6041,468,1112,870,7153.69
65–691,030,7161,184,9882,215,7042.85
70–74699,604857,6311,557,2352.00
75–79465,081639,0971,104,1781.42
80–84353,906486,504840,4101.08
85–89119,892240,266360,1580.46
90+30,22485,053106,5850.11
Age groupMaleFemaleTotalPercent
0–149,683,1559,179,27518,862,43024.28
15–6426,601,72426,038,78852,640,51267.75
65+2,699,4233,493,5396,192,9627.97

Structure of the population (31.12.2015) (Data based on Address Based Population Registration System.):[13][14][15]

Age groupMaleFemaleTotalPercent
Total39,511,19139,229,86278,741,053100
0–43,275,5203,105,9966,381,5168.10
5–93,252,8113,084,9086,337,7198.05
10–143,166,8603,000,1256,166,9857.83
15–193,382,3633,203,1376,585,5008.36
20–243,224,1683,089,9996,314,1678.02
25–293,178,3503,084,8996,263,2497.95
30–343,252,1713,175,8796,428,1508.16
35–393,134,0413,069,2826,203,3237.88
40–442,788,4252,764,1555,552,5807.05
45–492,337,0872,252,9924,590,0795.83
50–542,317,5342,315,3754,632,9095.88
55–591,843,3541,837,8163,681,1704.68
60–641,515,0651,593,4023,108,4673.95
65–691,100,7341,255,6512,356,3852.99
70–74737,892888,2921,626,1842.07
75–79501,411682,3351,183,7461.50
80–84339,904470,584810,4881.03
85–89128,879261,571390,4500.50
90+34,62293,364127,9860.16
Age groupMaleFemaleTotalPercent
0–149,695,1919,191,02918,886,22023.99
15–6426,972,55826,387,03653,359,59467.77
65+2,843,4423,651,7976,495,2398.25

Structure of the population (31.12.2016):

Age groupMaleFemaleTotalPercent
Total40,043,65039,771,22179,814,871100
0–43,314,5423,144,7536,459,2958.09
5–93,253,3453,084,0996,337,4447.94
10–143,147,1332,981,9106,129,0437.68
15–193,400,4433,222,8766,623,3198.30
20–243,247,7643,117,9596,365,7237.98
25–293,169,3603,076,6816,246,0417.83
30–343,196,6453,113,7666,310,4117.91
35–393,275,1753,219,1586,494,3338.14
40–442,833,6552,800,6625,634,3177.06
45–492,412,8752,335,6394,748,5145.95
50–542,381,6402,374,6044,756,2445.96
55–591,855,1711,860,5653,715,7364.66
60–641,636,5101,706,4383,342,9484.19
65–691,132,4641,280,0732,412,5373.02
70–74763,121917,3711,680,4922.11
75–79512,607689,4431,202,0501.51
80–84336,206473,119809,3251.01
85–89136,238265,520401,7580.50
90+38,756106,585145,3410.18
Age groupMaleFemaleTotalPercent
0–149,715,0209,210,76218,925,78223.71
15–6427,409,23826,828,34854,237,58667.95
65+2,919,3923,732,1116,651,5038.33

Structure of the population (31.12.2017):

Age groupMaleFemaleTotalPercent
Total40,535,13540,275,39080,810,525100
0–43,326,5913,155,2586,481,8498.02
5–93,254,1773,086,5926,340,7697.85
10–143,188,3333,022,5376,210,8707.69
15–193,351,0433,175,5446,526,5878.08
20–243,294,3363,162,1746,456,5107.99
25–293,163,8893,067,6536,231,5427.71
30–343,189,0753,107,8496,296,9247.79
35–393,308,4133,252,2836,560,6968.12
40–442,891,7992,849,0205,740,8197.10
45–492,556,3642,498,7905,055,1546.26
50–542,349,1392,326,3164,675,4555.79
55–591,977,3281,989,3993,966,7274.91
60–641,651,2151,720,0233,371,2384.17
65–691,188,9861,322,9182,511,9043.11
70–74784,614952,6531,737,2672.15
75–79533,757715,4281,249,1851.55
80–84330,240471,436801,6760.99
85–89152,317282,516434,8330.54
90+43,519117,001160,5200.20
Age groupMaleFemaleTotalPercent
0–149,769,1019,264,38719,033,48823.55
15–6427,732,60127,149,05154,881,65267.91
65+3,033,4333,861,9526,895,3858.53

Structure of the population (31.12.2018):

Age groupMaleFemaleTotalPercent
Total41,139,98040,863,90282,003,882100
0–43,327,7803,157,2066,484,9867.91
5–93,264,6083,094,4126,358,9207.75
10–143,254,2773,086,1466,340,4237.73
15–193,299,4493,124,8186,424,2677.83
20–243,347,2973,199,8326,547,1297.98
25–293,190,0233,086,4466,276,4697.65
30–343,205,2053,127,9486,333,1537.72
35–393,316,6033,259,4696,576,0728.02
40–442,953,3292,892,6975,846,0267.13
45–492,670,1832,640,5245,310,7076.48
50–542,372,1822,329,1424,701,3245.73
55–592,076,8822,095,4594,172,3415.09
60–641,692,1301,753,7313,445,8614.20
65–691,245,9791,366,2282,612,2073.19
70–74835,3531,021,5691,856,9222.26
75–79539,825722,7251,262,5501.54
80–84318,882474,854793,7360.97
85–89182,957302,957485,9140.59
90+47,136127,739174,8750.21
Age groupMaleFemaleTotalPercent
0–149,846,5659,337,76419,184,32923.39
15–6428,123,28327,510,06655,633,34967.84
65+3,170,1324,016,0727,186,2048.76

Structure of the population (31.12.2019):

Age groupMaleFemaleTotalPercent
Total41,721,13641,433,86183,154,997100
0–43,254,7193,090,4176,345,1367.63
5–93,316,6213,144,4186,461,0397.77
10–143,288,2073,117,9636,406,1707.70
15–193,254,8913,076,7036,331,5947.61
20–243,392,3743,231,7046,624,0787.97
25–293,240,6573,126,6546,367,3117.66
30–343,221,3813,141,6366,363,0177.65
35–393,324,7593,260,0846,584,8437.92
40–443,016,8982,950,4865,967,3847.18
45–492,772,8382,760,7215,533,5596.65
50–542,367,5772,307,7964,675,3735.62
55–592,178,4542,211,5434,389,9975.28
60–641,754,5001,800,2693,554,7694.27
65–691,301,3711,421,3012,722,6723.27
70–74907,8501,109,0632,016,9132.43
75–79560,695747,6041,308,2991.57
80–84323,732493,998817,7300.98
85–89192,938304,472497,4100.60
90+50,674137,029187,7030.23
Age groupMaleFemaleTotalPercent
0–149,859,5479,352,79819,212,34523.10
15–6428,524,32927,867,59656,391,92567.82
65+3,337,2604,213,4677,550,7279.08

Population Estimates by Sex and Age Group (31.12.2020):[16]

Age groupMaleFemaleTotalPercent
Total41,915,98541,698,37783,614,362100
0–43,140,1722,981,5356,121,7077.32
5–93,349,2533,177,3406,526,5937.81
10–143,294,9853,124,9526,419,9377.68
15–193,201,5883,028,5266,230,1147.45
20–243,408,4343,255,2026,663,6367.97
25–293,240,5433,130,4116,370,9547.62
30–343,199,7103,119,1846,318,8947.56
35–393,270,5123,203,0716,473,5837.74
40–443,145,6453,089,4656,235,1107.46
45–492,788,0352,775,6315,563,6666.65
50–542,325,1902,259,4424,584,6325.48
55–592,273,0882,304,4994,577,5875.47
60–641,764,9381,809,4563,574,3944.27
65–691,399,0521,539,6632,938,7153.51
70–74960,7421,170,9632,131,7052.55
75–79583,671771,6751,355,3461.62
80–84339,767521,432861,1991.03
85–89177,532289,216466,7480.56
90+53,128146,714199,8420.24
Age groupMaleFemaleTotalPercent
0–149,784,4109,283,82719,068,23722.80
15–6428,617,68327,974,88756,592,57067.68
65+3,513,8924,439,6637,953,5559.51

Population Estimates by Sex and Age Group (31.12.2021):[16]

Age groupMaleFemaleTotalPercent
Total42,428,10142,252,17284,680,273100
0–43,033,0292,880,5805,913,6096.98
5–93,398,8123,225,3906,624,2027.82
10–143,304,8513,133,3016,438,1527.60
15–193,203,5193,026,1906,229,7097.36
20–243,445,4103,296,1706,741,5807.96
25–293,296,9193,179,9806,476,8997.65
30–343,212,6683,129,1196,341,7877.49
35–393,228,0633,158,1456,386,2087.54
40–443,294,0713,253,0916,547,1627.73
45–492,838,7662,823,4955,662,2616.69
50–542,403,7262,350,7584,754,4845.61
55–592,337,3042,369,8764,707,1805.56
60–641,776,2541,835,6623,611 9164.27
65–691,508,9901,647,4583,156,4483.73
70–74982,5731,192,4512,175,0242.57
75–79598,307794,4111,392,7181.64
80–84340,568520,841861,4091.02
85–89169,807286,741456,5480.54
90+54,464148,513202,9770.24
Age groupMaleFemaleTotalPercent
0–149,736,6929,239,27118,975,96322.41
15–6429,036,70028,422,48657,459,18667.85
65+3,654,7094,590,4158,245,1249.74

Population Estimates by Sex and Age Group (31.12.2022):[16]

Age groupMaleFemaleTotalPercent
Total42,704,11242,575,44185,279,553100
0–42,904,3792,759,2415,663,6206.64
5–93,404,9723,230,1056,635,0777.78
10–143,303,3713,133,0436,436,4147.55
15–193,244,5003,070,6096,315,1097.41
20–243,388,7243,245,9846,634,7087.78
25–293,334,4393,218,7306,553,1697.68
30–343,199,0283,116,0196,315,0477.41
35–393,215,4513,151,2906,366,7417.47
40–443,321,8733,284,1566,606,0297.75
45–492,893,8312,869,7035,763,5346.76
50–542,543,5882,511,0365,054,6245.93
55–592,305,8462,321,2954,627,1415.53
60–641,893,8621,962,8093,856,6714.52
65–691,523,4121,661,8773,185,2893.74
70–741,031,8971,232,2222,264,1192.65
75–79617,021827,7771,444,7981.69
80–84353,290540,167893,4571.05
85–89165,676284,407450,0830.53
90+58,952154,971213,9230.25
Age groupMaleFemaleTotalPercent
0–149,612,7229,122,38918,735,11121.97
15–6429,341,14228,751,63158,092,77368.12
65+3,750,2484,701,4218,451,6699.91

Population Estimates by Sex and Age Group (31.12.2023):[16]

Age groupMaleFemaleTotalPercent
Total42,734,07142,638,30685,372,377100
0–42,741,8732,606,1815,348,0546.26
5–93,368,8253,197,6616,566,4867.69
10–143,283,7643,113,3296,397,0937.49
15–193,283,5113,113,0086,396,5197.49
20–243,317,0073,158,5136,475,5207.59
25–293,330,8513,212,2106,543,0617.66
30–343,172,4823,094,6836,267,1657.34
35–393,190,7623,138,4846,329,2467.41
40–443,298,6823,265,9566,564,6387.69
45–492,932,7672,894,0245,826,7916.83
50–542,637,6802,634,9865,272,6666.18
55–592,315,3132,311,2094,626,5225.42
60–641,980,1982,055,6124,035,8104.73
65–691,554,0591,686,3543,240,4133.80
70–741,077,7881,267,5532,345,3412.75
75–79656,329886,5991,542,9281.81
80–84357,820546,603904,4231.06
85–89163,397288,413451,8100.53
90+70,963166,928237,8910.28
Age groupMaleFemaleTotalPercent
0–149,394,4628,917,17118,311,63321.45
15–6429,459,25328,878,68558,337,93868.33
65+3,880,3564,842,4508,722,80610.22

Population Estimates by Sex and Age Group (31.12.2024):[16]

Age groupMaleFemaleTotalPercent
Total42,853,11042,811,83485,664,944100
0–42,606,7632,475,6235,082,3865.93
5–93,274,3603,110,7256,385,0857.45
10–143,314,9793,144,1156,459,0947.54
15–193,298,6543,129,8766,428,5307.50
20–243,235,1303,099,4996,334,6297.39
25–293,336,5483,218,0696,554,6177.65
30–343,182,6203,105,9806,288,6007.34
35–393,174,5703,125,9986,300,5687.35
40–443,282,5363,245,6566,528,1927.62
45–492,979,0152,933,9005,912,9156.90
50–542,726,3682,739,0145,465,3826.38
55–592,301,6842,277,8804,579,5645.35
60–642,072,5122,160,5724,223,0844.93
65–691,608,4161,725,5473,333,9633.89
70–741,124,7991,316,6702,441,4692.85
75–79716,554964,0631,680,6171.96
80–84374,066568,407942,4731.10
85–89167,988300,951468,9390.55
90+75,548169,289244,8370.29
Age groupMaleFemaleTotalPercent
0–149,196,1028,730,46317,926,56520.92
15–6429,589,63729,036,44458,626,08168.44
65+4,067,3715,044,9279,112,29810.64

Population Estimates by Sex and Age Group (31.12.2025):[16]

Age groupMaleFemaleTotalPercent
Total43,059,43443,032,73486,092,168100
0–42,491,4292,365,1314,856,5605.64
5–93,156,8062,999,1066,155,9127.15
10–143,344,3033,173,9486,518,2517.57
15–193,303,8293,135,8246,439,6537.48
20–243,206,1233,062,5726,268,6957.28
25–293,372,7273,247,6626,620,3897.69
30–343,197,9193,116,9306,314,8497.33
35–393,163,8803,111,3206,275,2007.29
40–443,235,5353,196,6496,432,1847.47
45–493,116,5693,077,5646,194,1337.20
50–542,747,7152,758,4335,506,1486.40
55–592,265,9622,234,2784,500,2405.23
60–642,171,5472,255,3484,426,8955.14
65–691,629,7181,741,0513,370,7693.92
70–741,224,2551,435,0202,659,2753.09
75–79772,7631,028,7651,801,5282.09
80–84402,550599,3481,001,8981.16
85–89182,013323,863505,8760.59
90+73,791169,922243,7130.28
Age groupMaleFemaleTotalPercent
0–148,992,5388,538,18517,530,72320.36
15–6429,781,80629,196,58058,978,38668.51
65+4,285,0905,297,9699,583,05911.13

Vital statistics

Turkey demographic table

Sources:[1]

PopulationLive birthsDeathsNatural changeCrude birth rate (per 1000)Crude death rate (per 1000)Natural change rate (per 1000)Crude migration rate (per 1000)Total fertility rate (TFR)
198044,736,9571,106,652130,062976,59024.73.41
198550,664,458985,917141,324844,59319.52.59
199056,473,0351,179,795150,2921,029,50320.92.65
200067,803,9271,434,297174,3151,259,98221.67.314.32.53
20011,323,341175,1371,148,20420.36.913.42.38
20021,229,555175,4341,054,12118.66.612.02.17
20031,198,927184,3301,014,59717.96.311.62.09
20041,222,484187,0861,035,39818.16.112.02.11
20051,244,041197,5201,046,52118.25.912.32.12
20061,255,432210,1461,045,28618.15.712.42.12
200770,586,2561,289,992212,7311,077,26118.45.612.82.16
200871,517,1001,295,511215,5621,079,94918.25.512.72.15
200972,561,3121,266,751369,703897,04817.65.112.52.02.10
201073,722,9881,261,169366,471894,69817.25.012.23.62.08
201174,724,2691,252,812376,162876,65016.95.111.81.72.05
201275,627,3841,294,605376,520918,08517.25.012.2−0.22.11
201376,667,8641,297,505373,041924,46417.04.912.11.52.11
201477,695,9041,351,088391,091959,99717.55.112.40.92.19
201578,741,0531,336,908405,528931,38017.15.211.91.52.16
201679,814,8711,316,204422,964893,24016.65.311.32.32.11
201780,810,5251,300,258426,857873,40116.25.310.91.52.08
201882,003,8821,257,071426,785830,28615.45.210.24.42.00
201983,154,9971,191,709436,624755,08514.45.39.14.81.89
202083,614,3621,120,430509,147611,28313.46.17.3−1.81.77
202184,680,2731,086,136566,745519,39112.96.76.16.51.71
202285,279,5531,041,846505,465536,38112.35.96.40.71.63
202385,372,377963,075526,416436,65911.36.25.1-4.01.52
202485,664,944940,273489,361450,91211.05.75.3-1.81.49
202586,092,168895,374507,118 (e)388,256 (e)10.45.84.60.51.42

Current vital statistics

PeriodLive birthsDeathsNatural increase
January—November 2024865,563448,685+416,878
January—November 2025814,573450,052+364,521
Difference–50,990 (-5.89%)+1,367 (+0.30%)–52,357
Source:[17]

Birth statistics of Turkey from 2001 onward are from the Central Population Administrative System (MERNIS) database which is available online.[18] Birth statistics are updated continually because MERNIS has dynamic structure.[19]

In 2023 Turkey had a crude birth rate of 11.3 per 1000, in 2024 11.0, down from 20.3 in 2001. The total fertility rate (TFR) in 2023 was 1.51 children per woman, in 2024 1.48 The crude birth rate in 2023 ranged from 8.7 per 1,000 in West Marmara (TFR 1.31) (8.3;1.72 in 2024), similar to neighbouring Bulgaria, to 19.1 per 1,000 in Southeast Anatolia (TFR 2.44) (21.7;2.69 in 2024), similar to neighbouring Syria. Similarly, in 2024, the TFR ranged from 1.12 in Bartın, to 3.28 in Şanlıurfa.[20] Death statistics from MERNIS are available as of 2009. Mortality data prior to 2009 are incomplete.

Demographic and health surveys

Fertility Rate (TFR) (Wanted Fertility Rate) and CBR (Crude Birth Rate):[21]

YearCBR (Total)TFR (Total)CBR (Urban)TFR (Urban)CBR (Rural)TFR (Rural)
199322.92.7 (1.8)21.72.4 (1.7)24.03.1 (2.0)
199823.42.61 (1.9)22.82.39 (1.9)24.73.08 (2.1)

Total fertility rate by region in Turkey by Turkish General Census (GNS) and Turkish population and health research (TNSA).[22]

South-EastEastMediterraneanBlack SeaCentralAegeanMarmaraTurkey
TNSA 1978 -6.313.774.994.26-2.894.33
GNS 1980 4.614.643.503.653.762.812.733.41
TNSA 1993 -4.402.373.152.44-2.032.65
TNSA 1998 -4.192.552.682.56-2.032.61
GNS 2000 4.313.722.432.282.291.961.882.53
TNSA 2003 -3.652.301.941.86-1.882.23

Fertility rate in Turkey as per GNS (2000) for Rural, Urban and Metropolitan areas.

South-EastEastMediterraneanBlack SeaCentralAegeanMarmaraTurkey
GNS rural 20004.804.522.522.562.912.232.032.87
GNS urban 20004.053.082.382.012.051.801.852.20
GNS metropolitan 20003.812.342.411.871.891.601.832.03

UN estimates

The 2018 figures from the UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs:[23]

PeriodLive births per yearDeaths per yearNatural change per yearCBR[a]CDR[a]NC[a]TFR[a]IMR[a]
1950–19551,127,000551,000677,00048.418.829.66.69167.4
1955–19601,216,000564,000752,00046.918.428.56.5163.9
1960–19651,277,000547,000799,00044.317.626.76.2160.5
1965–19701,343,000527,000792,00040.316.723.65.80156.9
1970–19751,451,000523,000887,00038.715.023.75.39141.3
1975–19801,497,000505,000977,00036.413.023.44.69119.4
1980–19851,527,000481,0001,074,00033.810.823.04.1196.7
1985–19901,431,000454,000976,00027.78.818.93.3978.0
1990–19951,375,000438,000987,00025.17.717.43.1163.0
1995–20001,389,000418,000983,00022.86.915.92.7645.5
2000–20051,345,000404,000923,00020.56.214.32.5031.4
2005–20101,309,000415,000932,00018.75.912.82.2724.0
2010–20151,302,000439,000914,00017.35.811.52.1513.0
2015–20201,281,000473,000808,00015.85.810.02.10
2020–20251,242,000509,000733,00014.66.08.62.04
2025–20301,191,000543,000648,00013.66.27.42.01

Life expectancy

Main article: List of Turkish provinces by life expectancy
Life expectancy in Turkey according to the UN[24]
PeriodLife expectancy in
Years		PeriodLife expectancy in
Years
1950–195541.011985–199063.04
1955–196043.691990–199565.49
1960–196547.221995–200068.49
1965–197050.782000–200571.37
1970–197553.752005–201073.37
1975–198057.052010–201574.83
1980–198560.222015–202077.31

by regions

Main articles: List of Asian regions by life expectancy and List of European regions by life expectancy#Estimate of the Global Data Lab (2019—2021)
region20192019
→2021		20212021
→2022		20222019
→2022
overallmalefemaleF Δ MoveralloverallmalefemaleF Δ M
Turkey on average77.8374.6880.956.27−1.8076.032.4578.4875.3881.506.120.65
East Black Sea Region79.3375.6282.907.28−1.8477.492.4979.9876.3383.457.120.65
West Anatolia Region78.3375.1581.406.25−1.8176.522.4678.9875.8581.956.100.65
Istanbul Region78.2575.0481.326.28−1.8176.442.4578.8975.7481.866.120.64
Central East Anatolia Region77.8874.9380.835.90−1.8076.082.4478.5275.6381.375.740.64
Mediterranean Region77.7774.8880.695.81−1.8075.972.4478.4175.5881.235.650.64
West Black Sea Region77.7774.6081.066.46−1.8075.972.4478.4175.3081.606.300.64
Central Anatolia Region77.6074.6180.575.96−1.8075.802.4478.2475.3181.115.800.64
Aegean Region77.5674.3580.836.48−1.7975.772.4378.2075.0481.376.330.64
Northeast Anatolia Region77.5074.5480.636.09−1.7975.712.4378.1475.2481.175.930.64
East Marmara Region77.4674.4580.476.02−1.7975.672.4378.1075.1581.015.860.64
Southeast Anatolia Region77.4474.1080.646.54−1.7975.652.4378.0874.7981.186.390.64
West Marmara Region77.1173.7780.576.80−1.7875.332.4277.7574.4681.116.650.64

Data source: Global Data Lab[25]

Regional data

Birth and death rates

Birth Rate by Region and Year[b]
RegionPopulation (2025)Birth Rate (TFR)/2025Birth Rate (TFR)/2024Birth Rate (TFR)/2023Birth Rate (TFR)/2022Birth Rate (TFR)/2021Birth Rate (TFR)/2020Birth Rate (TFR)/2019Birth Rate (TFR)/2018Birth Rate (TFR)/2017Birth Rate (TFR)/2016Birth Rate (TFR)/2015Birth Rate (TFR)/2014Birth Rate (TFR)/2013Birth Rate (TFR)/2012Birth Rate (TFR)/2011Birth Rate (TFR)/2010Birth Rate (TFR)/2009
Turkey'10.4 (1.42)11.0 (1.49)11.3 (1.52)12.3 (1.63)12.9 (1.71)13.4 (1.77)14.4 (1.89)15.4 (2.00)16.2 (2.08)16.6 (2.11)17.1 (2.16)17.5 (2.19)17.0 (2.11)17.2 (2.11)16.9 (2.05)17.2 (2.08)17.6 (2.10)
İstanbul9.3 (1.14)9.9 (1.20)10.0 (1.21)10.8 (1.30)11.6 (1.39)12.5 (1.49)13.6 (1.61)14.8 (1.73)15.6 (1.80)16.3 (1.86)16.7 (1.88)17.0 (1.89)16.4 (1.81)16.5 (1.80)15.9 (1.72)16.3 (1.77)16.4 (1.77)
West Marmara8.2 (1.25)8.7 (1.32)9.0 (1.36)9.4 (1.41)9.6 (1.43)10.1 (1.50)10.7 (1.57)11.5 (1.67)11.8 (1.70)11.9 (1.69)12.0 (1.69)12.1 (1.69)11.9 (1.64)11.9 (1.63)11.6 (1.57)11.5 (1.54)11.7 (1.54)
Aegean8.2 (1.22)8.7 (1.29)9.2 (1.34)9.9 (1.41)10.2 (1.45)10.7 (1.50)11.4 (1.58)12.2 (1.68)12.9 (1.75)13.2 (1.76)13.6 (1.80)13.8 (1.80)13.4 (1.73)13.7 (1.74)13.2 (1.66)13.3 (1.66)13.7 (1.69)
East Marmara9.7 (1.32)10.0 (1.36)10.5 (1.41)11.1 (1.48)11.8 (1.56)12.2 (1.61)13.2 (1.72)14.2 (1.84)14.6 (1.87)15.0 (1.89)15.2 (1.90)15.3 (1.88)14.8 (1.80)15.0 (1.80)14.5 (1.71)14.8 (1.74)15.2 (1.77)
West Anatolia9.3 (1.23)9.8 (1.28)10.2 (1.34)11.0 (1.43)11.4 (1.48)12.1 (1.55)13.0 (1.66)14.1 (1.78)14.7 (1.84)15.1 (1.87)15.5 (1.90)15.8 (1.91)15.4 (1.85)15.4 (1.83)15.2 (1.79)15.4 (1.80)15.8 (1.83)
Mediterranean10.3 (1.48)10.9 (1.56)11.1 (1.58)12.3 (1.72)12.8 (1.77)13.4 (1.84)14.3 (1.96)15.4 (2.08)16.3 (2.18)17.0 (2.24)17.5 (2.29)18.0 (2.32)17.6 (2.24)17.8 (2.23)17.3 (2.14)17.8 (2.18)18.3 (2.20)
Central Anatolia9.4 (1.34)10.2 (1.43)10.5 (1.46)11.4 (1.57)11.8 (1.62)12.4 (1.69)13.2 (1.80)14.1 (1.89)14.9 (1.99)15.4 (2.05)15.8 (2.09)16.4 (2.14)16.0 (2.06)16.3 (2.07)16.4 (2.06)16.7 (2.08)17.6 (2.16)
West Black Sea7.7 (1.21)8.2 (1.27)8.4 (1.28)9.0 (1.36)9.5 (1.42)9.9 (1.47)10.6 (1.57)11.2 (1.63)11.6 (1.67)11.9 (1.69)12.2 (1.73)12.7 (1.77)12.8 (1.76)13.0 (1.77)13.0 (1.74)13.6 (1.79)14.2 (1.84)
East Black Sea8.0 (1.23)8.4 (1.30)8.9 (1.35)9.4 (1.40)9.8 (1.46)10.3 (1.53)11.0 (1.61)11.6 (1.69)12.0 (1.73)12.3 (1.77)12.5 (1.78)12.8 (1.81)12.8 (1.77)13.0 (1.78)13.1 (1.77)13.6 (1.81)14.1 (1.86)
Northeast Anatolia12.5 (1.61)13.1 (1.68)13.7 (1.75)15.1 (1.93)16.5 (2.11)17.1 (2.19)18.4 (2.36)19.1 (2.45)20.6 (2.64)21.2 (2.72)21.7 (2.79)22.7 (2.90)22.4 (2.85)22.8 (2.90)22.9 (2.90)23.4 (2.97)23.1 (2.91)
Central East Anatolia13.3 (1.69)14.1 (1.79)14.3 (1.82)16.1 (2.02)16.9 (2.12)17.8 (2.23)19.3 (2.43)20.0 (2.52)21.1 (2.65)21.2 (2.67)21.9 (2.75)23.0 (2.87)22.6 (2.82)22.5 (2.82)22.9 (2.85)23.6 (2.95)23.9 (3.00)
Southeast Anatolia18.4 (2.34)19.2 (2.44)19.4 (2.46)21.5 (2.72)22.7 (2.87)22.6 (2.85)23.9 (3.03)25.5 (3.23)26.6 (3.36)26.7 (3.38)27.8 (3.52)28.7 (3.63)27.6 (3.48)28.0 (3.53)27.7 (3.48)28.2 (3.57)28.3 (3.59)
Death Rate by Region and Year[b]
RegionPopulation (2025)Death Rate (2024)Death Rate (2023)Death Rate (2022)Death Rate (2021)Death Rate (2020)Death Rate (2019)Death Rate (2018)Death Rate (2017)Death Rate (2016)Death Rate (2015)Death Rate (2014)Death Rate (2013)Death Rate (2012)Death Rate (2011)Death Rate (2010)Death Rate (2009)
Turkey'5.76.25.96.76.15.35.25.35.35.25.14.95.05.15.05.1
İstanbul4.54.44.75.44.94.24.24.24.24.14.13.94.04.04.04.2
West Marmara8.48.39.09.88.17.77.87.87.77.87.57.17.37.37.37.3
Aegean7.37.17.78.27.56.76.66.66.66.46.15.96.26.25.96.0
East Marmara6.15.96.47.36.35.65.75.75.75.75.55.45.55.55.55.6
West Anatolia5.35.45.56.26.15.05.05.04.94.74.74.54.64.74.64.8
Mediterranean5.68.55.76.55.85.04.94.95.04.84.64.54.54.54.54.5
Central Anatolia6.56.36.77.87.15.95.96.16.15.95.85.55.55.75.55.7
West Black Sea8.18.18.89.98.57.67.67.67.67.47.36.97.07.06.87.0
East Black Sea7.87.68.79.68.07.27.07.37.06.96.86.36.56.56.26.4
Northeast Anatolia5.14.95.26.15.74.95.05.05.05.04.94.85.05.45.05.1
Central East Anatolia4.24.54.35.25.14.14.04.24.24.14.14.14.14.54.44.5
Southeast Anatolia3.54.93.54.34.23.53.33.43.73.43.53.43.53.63.73.8

Regional births and deaths

Absolute Births by Region and Year[b]
RegionPopulation (2025)style="width:72pt;|Births (2025)Births (2024)Births (2023)Births (2022)Births (2021)Births (2020)Births (2019)Births (2018)Births (2017)Births (2016)Births (2015)Births (2014)Births (2013)Births (2012)Births (2011)Births (2010)Births (2009)Births (2008)Births (2007)Births (2006)Births (2005)Births (2004)Births (2003)Births (2002)Births (2001)Births (2000)Births (1990)Births (1985)Births (1980)
Turkey''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
İstanbul
West Marmara
Aegean
East Marmara
West Anatolia
Mediterranean
Central Anatolia
West Black Sea
East Black Sea
Northeast Anatolia
Central East Anatolia
Southeast Anatolia
Absolute Deaths by Region and Year[b]
RegionPopulation (2025)Deaths (2024)Deaths (2023)Deaths (2022)Deaths (2021)Deaths (2020)Deaths (2019)Deaths (2018)Deaths (2017)Deaths (2016)Deaths (2015)Deaths (2014)Deaths (2013)Deaths (2012)Deaths (2011)Deaths (2010)Deaths (2009)Deaths (2008)Deaths (2007)Deaths (2006)Deaths (2005)Deaths (2004)Deaths (2003)Deaths (2002)Deaths (2001)Deaths (2000)Deaths (1990)Deaths (1985)Deaths (1980)
Turkey'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
İstanbul
West Marmara
Aegean
East Marmara
West Anatolia
Mediterranean
Central Anatolia
West Black Sea
East Black Sea
Northeast Anatolia
Central East Anatolia
Southeast Anatolia

Regional natural increase

Natural Increase by Region and Year[b]
RegionPopulation (2025)Natural Increase (2024)Natural Increase (2023)Natural Increase (2022)Natural Increase (2021)Natural Increase (2020)Natural Increase (2019)Natural Increase (2018)Natural Increase (2017)Natural Increase (2016)Natural Increase (2015)Natural Increase (2014)Natural Increase (2013)Natural Increase (2012)Natural Increase (2011)Natural Increase (2010)Natural Increase (2009)
Turkey'448 198/5.3435 150/5.1535 395/6.3518 705/6.2610 608/7.3755 085/9.1830 286/10.2873 401/10.9893 240/11.3931 380/11.9959 997/12.4924 464/12.1918 085/12.2876 650/11.8894 698/12.2897 048/12.5
İstanbul83 302/5.487 358/5.697 299/6.196 909/6.2116 436/7.5145 119/9.4160 629/10.6169 831/11.4177 455/12.0182 795/12.6184 388/12.9174 620/12.5171 898/12.5160 276/11.9161 009/12.3156 680/12.2
West Marmara876/0.32 678/0.71 574/0.4−653/−0.27 165/2.010 602/3.013 151/3.713 711/4.014 079/4.214 246/4.215 274/4.615 577/4.815 021/4.613 891/4.313 277/4.213 713/4.4
Aegean15 216/1.422 576/2.123 499/2.121 836/2.033 874/3.249 151/4.759 008/5.664 388/6.366 477/6.672 343/7.276 312/7.774 648/7.573 185/7.568 210/7.071 454/7.472 859/7.7
East Marmara34 087/3.938 885/4.539 950/4.737 440/4.548 529/5.960 909/7.667 339/8.569 208/8.969 957/9.370 644/9.571 108/9.867 470/9.466 983/9.561 610/9.062 860/9.363 549/9.6
West Anatolia37 634/4.540 820/4.845 282/5.542 679/5.248 263/6.064 909/8.072 052/9.176 162/9.778 691/10.281 880/10.882 816/11.179 374/10.977 910/10.874 929/10.574 651/10.874 758/11.0
Mediterranean57 037/5.328 869/2.672 075/6.668 531/6.381 156/7.598 364/9.3109 005/10.5116 267/11.4121 332/12.0127 463/12.7131 833/13.4126 737/13.1126 581/13.3120 917/12.8124 289/13.3126 242/13.8
Central Anatolia15 443/3.716 991/4.119 465/4.716 546/4.021 653/5.329 731/7.332 679/8.234 924/8.836 467/9.338 483/9.941 067/10.640 431/10.541 585/10.841 116/10.742 917/11.245 592/11.9
West Black Sea197/0.11 109/0.31 001/0.2−2 152/−0.56 213/1.314 263/3.016 735/3.618 023/4.019 363/4.321 640/4.824 327/5.426 358/5.926 901/6.026 860/6.030 852/6.832 693/7.2
East Black Sea1 680/0.63 260/1.21 806/0.7347/0.26 373/2.310 313/3.812 418/4.612 370/4.713 753/5.314 472/5.615 525/6.016 562/6.516 270/6.516 570/6.618 698/7.419 407/7.7
Northeast Anatolia17 020/7.918 824/8.821 397/9.922 666/10.425 033/11.429 872/13.531 032/14.134 332/15.635 589/16.236 707/16.739 209/17.838 938/17.639 729/17.838 909/17.540 623/18.439 624/18.0
Central East Anatolia38 218/9.838 441/9.846 120/11.746 031/11.750 119/12.759 848/15.262 374/16.065 001/16.965 166/17.067 997/17.871 586/18.969 533/18.568 599/18.467 793/18.469 941/19.270 321/19.4
Southeast Anatolia147 488/15.6135 339/14.4165 927/18.0168 525/18.4165 794/18.3181 924/20.4193 864/22.2199 184/23.2194 911/23.0202 710/24.4206 552/25.2194 216/24.2193 423/24.5185 569/24.1184 127/24.5181 610/24.5

Regional median age value

ProvincePopulation (2025)Median Age (1935)Median Age (1940)Median Age (1945)Median Age (1950)Median Age (1955)Median Age (1960)Median Age (1965)Median Age (1970)Median Age (1975)Median Age (1980)Median Age (1985)Median Age (1990)Median Age (2000)Median Age (2007)Median Age (2008)Median Age (2009)Median Age (2010)Median Age (2011)Median Age (2012)Median Age (2013)Median Age (2014)Median Age (2015)Median Age (2016)Median Age (2017)Median Age (2018)Median Age (2019)Median Age (2020)Median Age (2021)Median Age (2022)Median Age (2023)Median Age (2024)Median Age (2025)
Turkey86 092 16821.219.620.020.120.420.319.319.019.519.920.922.224.828.328.528.829.229.730.130.430.731.031.431.732.032.432.733.133.534.034.434.9
İstanbul15 754 05327.326.826.226.025.626.024.923.522.923.323.924.626.329.229.229.530.030.430.730.931.231.531.932.332.532.833.233.433.734.034.535.0
West Marmara3 868 96733.834.134.534.935.235.535.936.436.737.037.237.537.938.438.639.039.339.840.2
Tekirdağ1 208 44121.520.920.220.922.021.821.621.822.623.624.526.228.630.730.731.231.831.832.232.532.733.033.333.533.834.134.334.634.935.235.636.0
Edirne422 43821.522.220.021.021.321.220.921.222.323.524.727.130.935.035.536.037.036.837.137.638.038.238.838.939.239.440.440.540.841.141.441.8
Kırklareli379 59522.622.420.621.121.721.721.621.722.523.624.726.830.734.434.635.536.236.036.537.137.437.736.038.338.639.139.840.140.640.841.141.6
Balıkesir1 284 51722.121.721.421.922.423.223.123.223.824.826.428.031.734.935.435.836.236.837.237.738.638.839.139.439.940.240.641.041.541.842.342.7
Çanakkale573 97622.622.622.622.522.923.223.423.224.425.527.029.032.335.435.936.236.037.037.237.337.838.138.538.538.939.540.340.240.741.041.742.0
Aegean11 011 26131.832.232.532.833.533.934.334.735.135.635.936.336.637.037.437.838.338.839.3
İzmir4 504 18524.123.823.323.323.623.823.423.224.124.125.026.128.832.132.432.833.133.734.134.434.935.335.736.136.436.837.237.638.038.439.039.5
Aydın1 172 10723.022.321.121.522.122.521.820.622.723.825.026.228.932.833.133.433.934.434.835.336.036.236.536.837.337.638.138.538.939.439.940.4
Denizli1 060 97521.921.019.620.020.521.020.219.720.221.323.024.528.031.031.431.832.432.833.233.533.934.334.835.135.636.036.436.837.237.738.238.8
Muğla1 099 54722.621.720.320.621.121.621.020.521.923.225.026.830.032.733.133.534.134.535.135.636.336.637.037.437.938.338.739.239.439.940.240.6
Manisa1 477 75622.822.421.822.222.322.121.621.422.122.923.825.128.231.332.032.131.733.233.633.934.234.635.035.335.535.936.236.636.937.337.838.3
Afyonkarahisar751 80821.220.219.119.819.520.019.018.719.119.920.922.325.129.029.529.730.530.931.231.531.932.332.633.033.533.734.134.434.935.536.036.4
Kütahya570 47822.221.721.021.022.322.822.521.622.822.823.925.327.631.632.933.032.434.234.134.635.135.536.036.536.837.137.537.838.139.139.840.3
Uşak374 405----20.020.119.719.520.721.923.325.528.431.932.332.733.233.834.134.334.735.135.435.535.936.236.937.337.738.238.939.6
East Marmara8 759 25630.330.530.931.331.732.132.432.733.033.333.633.834.234.534.835.135.535.936.4
Bursa3 263 01123.122.722.322.823.023.523.423.123.724.024.925.928.030.630.731.131.531.932.332.632.933.233.634.034.234.634.835.135.435.936.336.8
Eskişehir927 95621.721.220.621.021.421.721.320.822.323.124.426.329.432.832.933.233.733.934.334.634.935.335.535.836.036.436.937.237.437.838.238.6
Bilecik228 99523.122.321.222.422.924.024.124.124.825.125.826.828.930.432.631.728.932.533.033.033.433.833.934.234.535.636.135.135.836.737.137.6
Kocaeli2 161 17121.320.920.620.821.922.121.721.821.921.722.323.325.728.628.829.229.730.130.430.730.931.231.431.732.032.332.633.033.233.634.034.4
Sakarya1 123 693----20.120.119.219.019.520.922.123.626.729.730.030.430.931.331.631.932.232.532.833.233.533.734.134.434.735.135.536.0
Düzce415 622------------27.130.130.430.731.331.732.032.332.733.133.233.433.633.934.434.735.235.836.336.8
Bolu327 17321.420.820.020.820.921.520.620.821.622.023.325.229.832.533.133.434.034.034.334.835.235.435.435.736.036.337.037.137.537.938.438.8
Yalova311 635------------28.732.732.733.133.734.234.434.635.135.335.535.735.735.936.336.436.736.937.237.5
West Anatolia8 516 08429.429.630.030.530.831.131.531.732.032.432.732.933.333.734.034.434.835.335.7
Ankara5 910 32021.621.521.521.621.521.420.320.320.821.122.223.926.830.230.430.831.231.531.832.232.332.733.133.433.533.934.434.735.035.435.936.4
Konya2 343 40920.619.719.019.219.118.918.117.618.719.119.921.523.727.427.728.128.629.029.329.529.930.230.530.831.231.531.832.132.432.933.433.8
Karaman262 355-----------21.925.128.628.929.129.830.330.631.031.431.732.032.532.733.033.333.634.034.535.135.6
Mediterranean11 028 17527.928.228.528.929.529.930.330.631.031.331.732.032.432.733.233.634.234.635.0
Antalya2 777 67721.019.618.419.018.918.918.618.619.820.222.124.528.130.230.530.831.331.732.132.432.733.033.433.934.334.635.035.435.636.136.436.8
Isparta445 30321.820.819.720.321.021.621.020.521.522.223.224.626.330.031.831.530.133.533.634.034.534.835.135.035.235.536.336.637.137.538.238.9
Burdur277 22622.421.119.420.220.321.120.420.421.222.624.327.030.833.935.235.134.736.336.336.537.037.237.437.437.437.738.638.338.739.239.739.7
Adana2 283 60919.718.818.318.717.717.116.717.018.018.018.919.923.527.427.527.828.328.829.329.630.030.330.731.131.531.932.132.633.033.534.034.5
Mersin1 956 42820.819.618.819.419.018.918.318.219.119.320.521.924.628.529.029.229.930.430.831.231.632.032.332.733.133.533.734.234.535.035.435.9
Hatay1 577 531-18.317.718.719.118.016.616.016.717.117.819.122.625.926.226.426.427.227.527.728.028.428.829.129.329.729.830.330.631.431.832.2
Kahramanmaraş1 146 27817.617.417.317.117.215.715.315.415.716.316.918.121.324.925.025.425.826.226.426.727.027.427.728.028.528.929.129.630.131.031.431.9
Osmaniye564 123------------22.626.226.426.727.227.628.028.328.729.229.530.030.430.830.931.431.832.532.933.3
Central Anatolia4 164 98527.828.228.529.029.730.130.531.131.431.732.032.532.833.333.734.234.935.435.9
Kırıkkale282 830-----------21.424.629.930.530.931.732.132.733.333.634.234.134.434.935.436.136.637.137.638.038.4
Aksaray441 136-----------18.222.326.626.727.127.728.028.328.729.229.629.730.030.430.731.131.431.832.533.133.6
Niğde374 49219.418.818.318.617.817.717.116.416.417.117.919.923.226.627.027.328.028.428.929.229.830.030.330.631.231.532.132.532.933.534.134.5
Nevşehir320 150----18.218.917.717.318.119.120.222.426.029.530.030.431.131.631.932.333.033.333.533.834.234.334.735.035.435.936.236.6
Kırşehir242 77718.718.418.218.917.916.615.515.016.517.618.821.025.630.431.131.532.132.733.033.333.934.134.434.534.734.935.436.036.337.237.938.6
Kayseri1 458 99120.119.318.718.818.818.217.617.117.518.619.521.024.427.627.728.128.529.029.329.730.030.330.731.131.532.032.332.733.233.834.434.9
Sivas631 40119.018.418.118.418.218.217.117.017.217.818.920.724.127.628.328.628.729.930.431.031.932.032.332.533.333.534.134.535.136.036.436.9
Yozgat413 20819.018.818.619.018.417.716.915.616.717.618.419.422.527.427.828.429.129.830.531.232.132.833.233.634.234.635.035.636.437.237.838.4
West Black Sea4 716 18731.131.832.232.733.534.034.535.135.636.036.336.837.337.838.338.939.640.240.6
Zonguldak585 20321.821.420.920.921.120.719.419.219.319.620.822.627.531.632.132.533.033.834.435.135.736.436.937.437.738.439.339.840.440.941.742.3
Karabük249 614------------29.433.434.434.533.735.335.134.935.335.235.135.435.936.337.437.037.237.938.939.5
Bartın206 663------------29.033.433.934.134.835.535.836.336.937.337.638.138.439.039.639.940.240.741.441.9
Kastamonu379 93423.122.521.521.722.722.622.022.823.223.724.927.232.334.635.335.736.136.737.237.638.038.338.238.939.539.940.641.241.642.442.943.3
Çankırı200 54920.420.119.819.419.920.018.918.419.820.121.724.127.632.633.634.334.935.235.336.037.037.137.137.037.538.138.538.238.739.840.140.3
Sinop225 84820.519.919.319.719.919.919.219.119.319.921.123.429.934.435.035.636.236.837.538.239.139.339.639.740.340.841.441.842.442.843.444.0
Samsun1 392 40320.219.118.418.518.818.517.817.718.218.719.721.425.429.630.230.631.232.032.532.933.434.034.534.935.235.636.136.637.237.838.338.8
Tokat614 14119.718.918.518.618.919.218.518.118.618.719.420.723.929.229.930.230.831.932.533.133.734.234.635.135.636.136.637.137.838.739.439.9
Çorum519 59020.319.518.919.419.719.818.918.718.619.219.921.626.230.731.432.032.833.434.134.635.335.936.336.737.137.738.138.939.640.340.941.3
Amasya342 24221.320.519.720.120.121.320.319.719.820.521.823.526.931.532.533.032.534.234.935.335.936.336.636.736.937.338.138.739.039.840.040.5
East Black Sea2 699 76930.931.531.932.733.333.834.435.035.535.836.237.037.337.938.439.039.840.340.8
Trabzon823 32317.217.717.818.818.917.616.216.617.618.620.022.125.730.130.631.031.732.232.633.233.834.234.534.935.535.936.336.837.438.138.739.2
Ordu768 08717.517.217.117.918.117.516.416.416.618.018.720.925.030.531.231.832.633.434.034.735.435.936.436.937.638.238.539.339.840.641.141.6
Giresun455 07418.517.617.318.319.218.316.617.018.218.820.123.327.432.433.233.734.735.235.936.837.737.938.138.639.639.940.441.041.642.442.943.5
Rize346 947-18.618.218.819.518.917.517.417.919.221.023.127.631.031.632.032.733.233.534.235.035.535.836.137.037.137.537.938.539.439.840.1
Artvin167 531-19.318.919.619.919.418.618.819.420.622.424.829.433.434.134.835.435.636.236.637.437.838.238.539.339.540.140.640.941.441.942.5
Gümüşhane138 80714.916.116.717.918.117.116.016.316.817.618.820.824.228.529.229.530.330.430.530.630.630.630.631.032.532.534.533.934.936.136.737.3
Northeast Anatolia2 115 28123.323.423.523.824.024.224.524.925.125.425.626.326.727.227.628.328.829.430.1
Erzurum736 87718.018.318.519.020.219.318.518.217.717.618.019.021.424.224.424.525.125.225.526.026.626.626.927.127.728.028.629.029.630.230.831.5
Erzincan239 62517.518.018.318.618.618.617.718.018.419.420.722.224.628.229.329.428.830.730.731.031.731.832.131.632.833.233.733.734.435.135.636.1
Bayburt82 836-----------20.323.126.426.726.927.527.227.728.429.629.729.328.830.329.530.830.030.931.932.833.4
Ağrı491 48916.116.617.017.017.115.315.014.614.914.614.414.616.618.818.818.919.019.519.519.720.020.320.520.921.421.822.322.823.324.024.525.1
Kars268 99117.618.018.417.518.016.415.814.816.016.517.318.521.523.923.924.024.524.424.624.925.325.425.826.126.527.127.828.028.729.029.730.4
Iğdır205 071------------19.822.322.522.522.823.023.323.623.824.124.424.725.125.725.926.627.027.628.028.7
Ardahan90 392------------23.426.826.927.628.428.228.830.030.730.931.432.032.633.133.634.235.135.435.936.5
Central East Anatolia3 870 15822.222.422.522.823.223.423.824.124.424.825.325.826.326.727.227.828.429.029.6
Malatya755 85420.019.118.418.918.918.017.216.917.217.819.020.423.427.627.728.228.829.029.530.030.531.031.431.832.332.833.133.634.235.235.636.0
Elazığ605 67819.819.319.019.019.118.317.616.818.017.818.820.123.427.527.728.028.729.229.530.030.430.631.031.532.032.533.033.534.234.735.235.7
Bingöl282 299-18.016.918.717.315.414.814.514.714.614.816.119.823.023.223.524.024.124.524.925.425.726.226.527.127.628.128.529.230.030.631.1
Tunceli85 083-18.017.618.318.115.714.714.415.816.517.820.124.328.228.529.732.430.130.031.932.232.433.934.135.136.537.538.238.639.239.940.7
Van1 112 01316.117.418.117.016.715.215.015.114.614.414.114.516.118.418.718.818.919.519.820.020.520.921.221.622.122.623.023.624.224.925.526.1
Muş389 127-17.016.617.416.514.814.313.513.713.914.014.416.818.418.718.818.919.419.619.920.320.620.921.321.722.222.623.123.624.224.825.3
Bitlis360 423-17.217.417.016.414.514.114.514.414.114.314.817.519.319.419.619.720.320.620.921.321.722.022.523.123.423.824.324.925.325.926.4
Hakkâri282 299-17.717.617.717.115.814.914.814.614.814.815.017.319.019.819.719.420.821.221.421.722.122.322.823.423.824.224.625.125.926.326.8
Southeast Anatolia9 587 99220.120.320.320.420.921.121.421.621.922.122.422.823.223.423.824.224.725.125.6
Gaziantep2 222 41519.919.318.818.918.918.817.916.617.217.017.318.320.322.922.923.023.323.623.823.924.124.324.524.725.025.325.525.926.226.627.027.5
Adıyaman617 821----18.217.716.514.715.314.815.416.419.222.923.223.423.924.324.725.125.525.826.226.627.027.427.728.228.729.429.930.4
Kilis157 363------------22.024.524.624.624.925.025.525.325.525.425.826.226.326.627.027.127.327.728.128.4
Şanlıurfa2 265 80020.319.218.618.618.117.616.615.915.715.115.515.917.318.418.518.418.518.718.919.019.219.319.519.619.820.120.420.620.821.221.421.8
Diyarbakır1.852 35620.519.418.518.518.218.217.015.515.415.015.215.917.820.420.620.720.921.421.721.922.222.522.823.223.524.024.324.825.225.826.326.7
Mardin903 57617.817.216.817.817.716.816.315.215.014.414.615.017.319.519.919.719.820.420.721.021.321.621.922.222.723.223.523.924.424.925.425.9
Batman662 626-----------14.716.318.318.618.718.919.419.820.120.520.921.321.822.322.823.223.724.324.825.425.9
Şırnak573 666-----------15.016.417.417.817.517.218.318.518.719.119.519.520.120.720.921.221.622.222.723.023.3
Siirt332 36918.218.118.018.017.816.215.614.014.414.314.114.816.618.418.718.818.619.319.519.820.120.520.821.221.722.022.422.723.324.224.525.0

Regional total fertility rate (TFR)

Figures from Turkish Statistical Institute (TurkStat):[26]

ProvincePopulation (2025)[27]TFR (1980)[28]TFR (1985)TFR (1990)[29]TFR (2000)[30]TFR (2009)TFR (2010)TFR (2011)TFR (2012)TFR (2013)TFR (2014)TFR (2015)TFR (2016)TFR (2017)TFR (2018)TFR (2019)TFR (2020)TFR (2021)TFR (2022)TFR (2023)TFR (2024)TFR (2025)
Turkey86 092 1683.412.592.652.532.102.082.052.112.112.192.162.112.082.001.891.771.711.631.521.491.42
İstanbul15 754 0532.691.962.081.971.771.771.721.801.811.891.881.861.801.731.611.491.391.301.211.201.14
West Marmara3 868 9671.541.541.571.631.641.691.691.691.701.671.571.501.431.411.361.321.25
Tekirdağ1 208 4412.641.762.091.831.691.671.721.791.821.881.941.931.941.931.781.651.591.541.461.421.37
Edirne422 4382.411.801.821.661.431.391.451.511.491.461.541.491.471.441.341.351.321.321.231.231.12
Kırklareli379 5952.751.841.941.701.381.391.351.451.451.561.561.491.541.491.441.401.301.311.251.211.15
Balıkesir1 284 5172.421.872.091.951.531.561.581.621.661.721.661.671.671.631.541.491.421.421.361.331.25
Çanakkale573 9762.531.641.911.681.501.441.531.581.521.571.551.561.581.571.471.401.321.281.301.221.17
Aegean11 011 2612.811.961.691.661.661.741.731.801.801.761.751.681.581.501.451.411.341.291.22
İzmir4 504 1852.521.852.001.751.571.541.561.661.641.721.731.691.671.601.491.401.361.321.231.171.10
Aydın1 172 1072.622.002.132.121.741.711.691.821.791.841.861.831.881.791.681.581.551.491.421.371.31
Denizli1 060 9752.952.232.322.191.731.661.701.741.761.871.861.811.801.721.621.561.501.481.421.351.25
Muğla1 099 5472.651.962.041.941.711.701.671.761.731.761.771.741.711.661.551.501.441.361.291.241.21
Manisa1 477 7562.822.022.242.141.781.771.791.861.891.941.931.911.871.841.751.691.641.621.571.481.41
Afyonkarahisar751 8083.742.212.512.822.062.012.012.031.982.092.082.011.971.891.841.751.681.631.541.471.43
Kütahya570 4783.102.172.292.191.551.601.531.551.521.581.591.521.511.431.341.321.211.181.161.241.13
Uşak374 4053.182.202.232.181.641.671.641.741.761.801.751.691.701.601.511.451.381.391.331.251.17
East Marmara8 759 2561.771.741.711.801.801.881.901.891.871.841.721.611.561.481.411.361.32
Bursa3 263 0112.862.052.031.981.781.771.731.851.851.901.921.911.891.871.751.661.571.481.411.371.32
Eskişehir927 9562.742.031.961.741.401.381.381.461.481.571.561.541.551.501.411.351.351.301.201.121.11
Bilecik228 9952.872.132.051.981.711.671.631.751.771.781.721.741.701.691.621.501.451.401.391.371.27
Kocaeli2 161 1713.232.162.312.131.901.871.821.911.912.042.072.052.021.971.861.701.661.581.491.421.39
Sakarya1 123 6933.292.022.352.231.871.821.781.851.831.911.941.951.951.951.811.691.681.561.531.441.41
Düzce415 622---2.181.871.831.821.811.871.901.861.901.841.781.721.601.501.491.431.431.36
Bolu327 1733.342.282.401.931.601.571.641.591.641.661.601.621.571.521.471.361.371.321.241.271.22
Yalova311 635---1.931.781.641.621.721.691.811.791.891.831.761.661.501.491.401.321.371.36
West Anatolia8 516 0841.831.801.791.831.851.911.901.871.841.781.661.551.481.431.341.281.23
Ankara5 910 3202.832.042.071.901.681.661.651.681.711.771.771.741.721.651.541.431.341.291.211.161.11
Konya2 343 4093.572.702.643.002.142.122.132.182.182.262.212.192.132.081.951.851.811.761.651.601.53
Karaman262 355--2.862.772.151.951.982.022.092.052.132.102.071.951.851.781.671.611.521.421.33
Mediterranean11 028 1753.502.372.432.202.182.142.232.242.322.292.242.182.081.961.841.771.721.581.561.48
Antalya2 777 6772.982.062.191.931.911.871.841.931.911.961.991.941.841.761.641.551.491.381.321.251.20
Isparta445 3032.772.112.022.041.761.661.661.721.711.761.731.721.781.641.561.461.431.401.341.281.22
Burdur277 2263.031.882.102.121.741.731.681.661.681.791.791.741.671.581.501.421.371.371.381.351.31
Adana2 283 6093.323.033.002.682.182.142.122.212.252.342.332.262.232.132.021.881.831.831.691.651.55
Mersin1 956 4283.542.552.602.382.032.042.002.122.122.212.172.152.092.031.871.781.721.691.561.521.42
Hatay1 577 5314.463.363.162.972.572.542.512.632.632.822.752.702.612.512.392.212.152.061.801.861.81
Kahramanmaraş1 146 2783.963.593.193.542.702.682.662.682.742.742.642.612.552.402.242.122.001.951.731.781.70
Osmaniye564 123---2.952.552.572.402.512.512.592.502.432.402.272.222.041.931.991.821.841.73
Central Anatolia4 164 9852.162.082.062.072.062.142.092.051.991.891.801.691.621.571.461.431.34
Kırıkkale282 830--2.302.391.771.701.601.591.651.691.721.701.691.601.541.431.391.331.241.241.14
Aksaray441 136--2.992.852.422.352.342.302.302.362.312.242.202.142.011.941.881.861.721.661.49
Niğde374 4924.503.223.212.982.402.282.232.322.252.332.192.202.082.001.931.771.731.691.591.541.47
Nevşehir320 1503.552.622.342.552.101.981.971.981.952.101.981.941.881.791.681.631.581.521.411.391.32
Kırşehir242 7773.652.672.282.401.721.691.691.751.781.861.821.791.771.731.661.491.401.381.301.241.22
Kayseri1 458 9913.732.972.612.622.212.142.162.182.172.252.202.142.041.971.861.721.661.611.471.461.38
Sivas631 4013.623.292.822.762.072.021.991.991.941.991.981.961.941.781.731.641.561.461.391.351.24
Yozgat413 2083.662.962.992.842.252.072.042.031.982.082.092.011.991.841.731.651.551.511.401.381.23
West Black Sea4 716 1871.841.791.741.771.761.771.731.691.671.631.571.471.421.361.281.271.21
Zonguldak585 2034.022.592.311.931.711.651.581.621.591.601.561.501.491.431.391.311.271.191.141.151.11
Karabük249 614---1.991.671.601.621.541.591.561.571.461.511.491.421.291.331.221.141.201.14
Bartın206 663--2.312.111.681.671.611.501.571.691.591.551.451.481.431.381.251.261.141.121.09
Kastamonu379 9343.442.472.652.181.701.691.641.691.681.591.631.591.511.541.481.411.391.401.281.321.28
Çankırı200 5494.072.812.612.271.971.931.911.841.781.871.791.841.761.691.691.671.691.511.431.371.28
Sinop225 8484.353.393.382.481.911.811.771.841.751.791.731.711.711.621.621.571.471.421.311.301.25
Samsun1 392 4033.732.712.732.551.871.811.771.831.831.851.821.801.781.751.651.511.431.381.331.341.24
Tokat614 1413.713.152.933.061.951.921.831.791.821.831.741.701.671.641.611.471.431.401.351.291.22
Çorum519 5904.052.923.062.661.931.901.861.961.891.971.851.871.801.741.691.581.521.451.331.301.22
Amasya342 2423.912.382.552.341.801.751.711.751.781.751.801.701.721.661.601.481.461.391.311.221.26
East Black Sea2 699 7691.861.811.771.781.771.811.781.771.731.691.611.531.461.401.351.301.23
Trabzon823 3233.252.412.232.101.871.821.781.801.791.841.861.851.821.801.681.561.531.431.391.331.28
Ordu768 0873.362.562.602.811.941.891.841.861.851.891.831.841.811.731.671.561.441.441.351.331.25
Giresun455 0744.032.782.582.311.741.741.651.661.641.651.641.571.561.551.491.411.341.321.281.241.14
Rize346 9473.482.322.332.011.801.761.751.731.801.791.791.801.761.771.661.571.531.411.401.321.28
Artvin167 5313.362.802.592.241.731.721.671.781.731.781.741.771.731.651.601.581.401.401.291.261.23
Gümüşhane138 8073.633.482.982.922.091.881.891.841.841.841.731.621.381.341.361.401.381.331.251.331.14
Northeast Anatolia2 115 2812.912.972.902.902.852.902.792.722.642.452.362.192.111.931.751.681.61
Erzurum736 8774.423.903.593.512.512.492.502.502.492.602.522.452.412.242.162.021.951.801.681.561.49
Erzincan239 6253.922.652.122.541.821.821.911.881.901.821.821.891.731.641.651.531.581.391.341.351.30
Bayburt82 836--2.973.292.382.312.162.302.132.182.091.961.831.841.711.611.601.421.351.301.19
Ağrı491 4894.974.425.315.494.224.384.134.114.014.043.843.733.633.293.192.892.742.532.212.172.05
Kars268 9914.913.843.643.762.903.052.882.922.742.752.642.592.542.352.252.111.981.871.681.611.59
Iğdır205 071--3.644.173.063.163.123.103.213.193.052.982.822.702.572.282.222.011.791.691.61
Ardahan90 392--3.642.952.352.252.252.212.112.242.172.012.051.911.881.751.821.641.461.451.39
Central East Anatolia3 870 1583.002.952.852.822.822.872.752.672.652.522.432.232.122.021.821.791.69
Malatya755 8543.663.122.592.562.082.061.991.991.962.052.011.991.991.901.811.661.641.591.381.451.40
Elazığ605 6783.922.562.612.522.021.981.981.971.932.041.991.961.961.861.791.721.601.521.431.421.35
Bingöl282 2995.574.494.573.562.562.552.522.492.492.632.422.442.392.372.272.122.001.821.671.621.52
Tunceli85 0834.873.912.911.901.561.471.501.531.551.621.691.581.561.641.691.581.501.411.311.271.23
Van1 112 0135.174.915.536.003.933.843.663.583.643.543.373.203.152.962.852.562.352.292.031.981.87
Muş389 1275.524.185.364.183.933.943.663.653.593.713.493.373.423.253.172.862.782.552.252.242.01
Bitlis360 4236.014.955.925.033.803.713.523.493.443.473.403.303.233.072.902.712.652.492.222.152.05
Hakkâri282 2994.915.697.416.693.353.183.142.993.013.032.762.602.582.432.382.202.082.021.911.751.71
Southeast Anatolia9 587 9924.614.374.313.593.573.483.533.483.633.523.383.363.233.032.852.872.722.462.442.34
Gaziantep2 222 4154.433.833.633.833.153.073.043.153.173.283.193.062.942.862.632.482.492.412.122.132.00
Adıyaman617 8215.553.804.723.662.762.792.772.792.752.902.872.782.792.692.562.372.372.251.941.981.91
Kilis157 363---3.542.933.012.832.992.963.133.032.872.842.762.572.502.482.362.082.051.84
Şanlıurfa2 265 8004.163.624.364.834.574.584.464.474.414.574.424.354.334.163.913.733.833.613.293.293.15
Diyarbakır1.852 3564.424.124.744.513.233.243.193.233.163.303.223.133.132.972.792.552.542.432.232.212.14
Mardin903 5765.154.295.594.983.463.533.353.463.333.553.463.263.293.163.012.782.802.642.412.332.23
Batman662 626--5.795.273.703.643.433.423.343.413.253.113.082.912.722.562.572.402.182.122.00
Şırnak573 666--5.837.064.694.514.264.214.194.274.093.513.763.633.403.253.202.962.742.632.53
Siirt332 3694.674.766.336.054.234.123.963.853.703.893.563.473.333.182.932.892.712.482.232.152.11

Ethnicity

See also: Minorities in Turkey

Modern Turkey was founded by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk as secular (Laiklik, Turkish adaptation of French Laïcité), i.e. without a state religion, or separate ethnic divisions/ identities. The concept of "minorities" has only been accepted by the Republic of Turkey as defined by the Treaty of Lausanne (1923) and thence strictly limited to Greeks, Jews and Armenians, only based on religious affiliation, excluding from the scope of the concept the ethnic identities of these minorities as of others such as the Kurds who make up 15% of the country; others include Assyrians of various Christian denominations, Alevis and all the others.[31][32][33][34] Provisions of the Lausanne Treaty were extended to Bulgarians in Turkey by the Turkey-Bulgaria Friendship Treaty (Türkiye ve Bulgaristan Arasındaki Dostluk Antlaşması) of 18 October 1925.[33][35][36][37] According to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Turkey), as of 2008, there were 89,000 Turkish citizens belonging to one of the three recognized minorities, two thirds of Armenian descent.[38] On 18 June 2013, the Ankara 13th Circuit Administrative Court unanimously ruled that the Assyrians were included as beneficiaries of the Lausanne Treaty,[39] so that Assyrians were allowed to open the first school teaching in their mother tongue.[40][41]

The word Turk or Turkish also has a wider meaning in a historical context because, at times, especially in the past, it has been used to refer to all Muslim inhabitants of the Ottoman Empire irrespective of their ethnicity.[42]

According to the 2016 edition of the CIA World Factbook, 70–75% of Turkey's population consists of Turkish people, with Kurds accounting for 19% and other minorities between 6 and 11%.[5] According to Milliyet, a 2008 report prepared for the National Security Council of Turkey by academics of three Turkish universities in eastern Anatolia suggested that there are approximately 55 million ethnic Turks, 9.6 million Kurds, 3 million Zazas, 2.5 million Circassians, 2 million Bosniaks, 500,000–1.3 million Albanians, 1,000,000 Georgians, 870,000 Arabs, 600,000 Pomaks, 80,000 Laz, 60,000 Armenians, 30,000 British, 25,000 Assyrians, 20,000 Jews, 15,000 Greeks, and 500 Yazidis living in Turkey.[43]

According to a survey published in 2022 by Konda Research, Turks make up 77% of the population, while 19% self-identify as Kurd. Arabs (Syrian refugees excluded) make up 2%, and other ethnic groups are 2% of the population.[44]

Since the immigration to the big cities in the west of Turkey, interethnic marriage has become more common. A recent study estimates that there are 2,708,000 marriages between Turks and Kurds.[45]

According to a survey done in March 2020 by Area Araştırma, 20.4% of the total population of Turkey claim to be Kurdish (either Kurmanji speaking or Zazaki speaking).

Ethnolinguistic estimates in 2014 by Ethnologue and Jacques Leclerc:[46][47][48]

PeoplePopulationPercentageLanguageStatus
Anatolian Turks53,402,00070.6%Turkish1 (National)
Kurmanji Kurds8,127,00010.7%Kurmanji3 (Wider communication)
Turcophones, Kurds5,881,0007.7%Turkish1 (National)
Zaza1,155,0001.5%Zaza5 (Developing)
Arabs1,133,0001.4%Levantine Arabic
Kabardians, Circassians1,062,0001.4 %Kabardian5 (Developing)
Iraqi Arabs722,0000.9%Mesopotamian Arabic6a (Vigorous)
Azerbaijani540,0000.7%Azerbaijani5 (Developing)
Romani500,000 (1985)0.7%Romani, Domari
Gagauzes418,0000.5%Balkan Gagauz Turkish7 (Shifting)
Pomaks351,0000.4%Bulgarian5 (Dispersed)
Pontic Greeks321,0000.4%Pontic Greek6a (Vigorous)
Adyghe, Circassians316,0000.4%Adyghe5 (Developing)
Alevi Kurds184,0000.2%Zazaki
Georgians151,0000,1 %Georgian6b (Threatened)
Bosniaks101,0000.1%Bosnian
Chechens101,0000.1%Chechen
Crimean Tatars100,0000.1%Crimean Tatar5 (Developing)
Lazi93,0000.1%Laz language6b (Threatened)
Karakalpaks74,000Karakalpak
Albanians66,000Tosk Albanian6b (Threatened)
Armenians61,000Armenian6b (Threatened)
Abkhazians44,000Abkhazian6b (Threatened)
Han Chinese38,000Chinese
Ossetians37,000Ossetian
British35,000English
Bulgarians32,000Bulgarian
Jews30,000Turkish, Ladino7 (Shifting)
Tatars26,000Tatar
Assyrians25,000Neo-Aramaic
Pakistanis22,000Urdu
Assyrians15,000Turoyo6b (Threatened)
Turks other (Hemshin, Meskhetian Turks, Gajal)57,000Turkish
Kurds other (Herki and Shikaki)62,000Kurdish
Other180,000
Total75,566,800

Languages

Main article: Languages of Turkey
See also: Turkic peoples, Iranic peoples and Minorities in Turkey

No exact data are available concerning the different ethnic groups in Turkey. The last census data according to language date from 1965 and major changes may have occurred since then. However, it is clear that the Turkish are in the majority, while the largest minority groups are Kurds and Arabs. Smaller minorities are the Armenians, Greeks and others.

LanguageCensus 1927Census 1935Census 1945Census 1950Census 1955Census 1960Census 1965
Number%Number%Number%Number%Number%Number%Number%
Turkish11,778,81086.4213,899,07386.0216,598,03788.3418,254,85187.1521,622,29289.8525,172,53590.7028,175,57989.76
Kurdish1,184,4468.691,480,2469.161,476,5627.91,680,0438.021,679,2656.981,847,6746.662,219,5997.07
Zazaki174,5260.70150,6440.48
Arabic134,2730.98153,6870.95247,2941.3269,0381.28300,5831.25347,6901.25365,3401.16
Circassian95,9010.7091,9720.5766,6910.475,8370.3677,6110.3263,1370.2358,3390.19
Greek119,8220.88108,7250.6788,6800.4789,4720.4379,6910.3365,1390.2348,0960.15
Armenian64,7450.4857,5990.3647,7280.352,7760.2556,2350.2352,7560.1933,0940.11
Georgian––57,3250.3540,0760.2172,6040.3551,9830.2232,9440.1234,3300.11
Laz––63,2530.3939,3230.2170,4230.3430,5660.1321,7030.0826,0070.08
other251,4911.85227,5441.41185,7830.99207,6180.99166,5370.69151,2420.54280,4030.89
Total13,629.48810016,157,45010018,790,17410020,947,18810024,064,76310027,754,82010031,391,421100
Sources:[49][50][51][52][53][54][55]

A possible list of ethnic groups living in Turkey could be as follows:[56]

  1. Turkic-speaking peoples: Turks, Azerbaijanis, Tatars, Karachays, Uzbeks, Crimean Tatars, Kyrgyzs and Uyghurs
  2. Indo-European-speaking peoples: Kurds, Zazas,[57] Bosniaks, Albanians, Pomaks, Ossetians, Armenians, Megleno-Romanians,[48] Hamshenis, Goranis and Greeks
  3. Semitic-speaking peoples: Arabs, Jews and Assyrians
  4. Caucasian-speaking peoples: Circassians, Georgians, Lazs and Chechens

Religion

Further information: Religion in Turkey
See also: Freedom of religion in Turkey and Secularism in Turkey

Turkey has officially been a secular country since its 1924 constitution was amended in 1928. This was later strengthened and entrenched with the wider appliance of laicism by founder Atatürk during the mid-1930s, as part of the Republican reforms.

There are no official statistics of people's religious beliefs nor is it asked in the census. According to the United States Department of State's International Religious Freedom Report 2008, the Turkish government considers 99 percent of the population is Muslim, the majority of which is Hanafi Sunni.[58] A similar figure can be found in the current US Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) the World Factbook (99.8%).[5] The remaining 0.2% is other - mostly Christians and Jews.[5] However, these are based on the existing religion information written on every citizen's national id card, that is automatically passed on from the parents to every newborn, and do not necessarily represent individual choice. Religious records can be changed or even blanked on the request of citizen, by filing an e-government application since May 2020, using a valid electronic signature to sign the electronic application. Any change in religion records additionally results in a new ID card being issued. Any change in religion record also leaves a permanent trail in the census record, however, record of change of religion is not accessible except for the citizen in question, next-of-kins of the citizen in question, the citizenship administration and courts.[59]

In 2023, according to Ipsos, 83% are Muslim, 12% have no religion, 2% prefer not to say, 2% are Christian and 2% are other religions.[60] In a similar survey in 2016, Islam comprised 82% of the total population, followed by 7% no religion, 6% Spiritual but not religious, 2% Christian, 1% Buddhist and 1% other.[61]

In 2018, a poll conducted by Eurobarometer and KONDA Research and Consultancy and some other research institutes showed that 3% of those interviewed had no religion.[62][63] In 2013, the same institutions showed that around 0.5% of the population had no religion.

Between 8 million[64] and 20 million Turks are Alevis.[58]

In 2006, in a poll conducted by Sabancı University, 98.3% of Turks revealed they were Muslim.[65] In 2005, a Eurobarometer poll on Europeans views on ethics in science and technology reported 95% of Turkish citizens answered that "they believe there is a God", while about 2% responded "I believe there is some sort of spirit or life force", about 1% that "they do not believe there is any sort of spirit, God, or life force" and about 1% "DK" (that they don't know).[66] Similar figures were found in some other European countries.[66]

There is concern over the future of the Greek Orthodox Patriarchate, which suffers from a lack of trained clergy due to the closure of the Halki seminary. The state does not recognise the Ecumenical status of the Patriarch of Constantinople.[67]

Muslim and non-Muslim population in Turkey, 1914–2005 (in thousands)[68]
Year191419271945196519902005
Muslims12,94113,29018,51131,13956,86071,997
Greeks1,5491101047683
Armenians1,2047760646750
Jews1288277382927
Others1767138745045
Total15,99713,63018,79031,39157,00572,120
Percentage non-Muslim19.12.51.50.80.30.2

The percentage of non-Muslims in Turkey fell from 19.1% in 1914 to 2.5% percent in 1927.[68] The drop was the result of the late Ottoman genocides, the population exchange between Greece and Turkey[69] and the emigration of Christians.[70] The 1942 Wealth Tax on non-Muslims, the emigration of many of Turkish Jews to Israel after 1948, and the 1955 Istanbul pogrom further contributed to the decline of Turkey's non-Muslim population.

Religiosity

In 2018, according to a KONDA survey, the religiosity was the following:[71][72]

  • 51% defined themselves as "a religious person who strives to fulfill religious obligations" (Religious)
  • 34% defined themselves as "a believer who does not fulfill religious obligations" (Not religious).
  • 10% defined themselves as "a fully devout person fulfilling all religious obligations" (Fully devout).
  • 2% defined themselves as "someone who does not believe in religious obligations" (Non-believer).
  • 3% defined themselves as "someone with no religious conviction" (Atheist).

Among those aged between 15 and 29 years old:[73]

  • 43% defined themselves as "a religious person who strives to fulfill religious obligations" (Religious)
  • 45% defined themselves as "a believer who does not fulfill religious obligations" (Not religious).
  • 5% defined themselves as "a fully devout person fulfilling all religious obligations" (Fully devout).
  • 4% defined themselves as "someone who does not believe in religious obligations" (Non-believer).
  • 4% defined themselves as "someone with no religious conviction" (Atheist).

According to the 2007 KONDA survey:[74]

  • 52.8% defined themselves as "a religious person who strives to fulfill religious obligations" (Religious)
  • 34.3 % defined themselves as "a believer who does not fulfill religious obligations" (Not religious).
  • 9.7% defined themselves as "a fully devout person fulfilling all religious obligations" (Fully devout).
  • 2.3% defined themselves as "someone who does not believe in religious obligations" (Non-believer).
  • 0.9% defined themselves as "someone with no religious conviction" (Atheist).

In a 2006 Pew Research Center survey, 69% of Turkey's Muslims said that "religion is very important in their lives".[75] Based on the Gallup Poll 2006–08, Turkey was defined as More religious, in which over 63 percent of people believe religion is important.[76][77]

Around 2007, according to the Turkish Economic and Social Studies Foundation, 62% of women wore the headscarf or hijab in Turkey.[78][79][80]

Headscarf

The survey reported that 44.5% of women who lived in metropolitan areas wore the headscarf, increasing to 62.8% in towns and 74.1% in the countryside. There was also an increase in the percentage of women wearing headscarves going from west to east across the country.[81]

Headscarf Usage by Age Group in Turkey (KONDA, 2013)
Age GroupPercentage Wearing Headscarf (%)
18–2743.8%
28–4365.4%
44+76.1%
Headscarf Usage by Education Level in Turkey (KONDA, 2013)
Education LevelPercentage Wearing Headscarf (%)
University graduate11.3%
High school24.5%
Middle school56.1%
Elementary school79.7%
Not completed elementary school90.8%
Headscarf Usage by Region in Turkey (KONDA, 2013)
RegionPercentage Wearing Headscarf (%)
Aegean50.3%
Marmara (includes Istanbul)51.2%
Mediterranean Coast54.8%
Central Anatolia67.4%
Eastern Anatolia70.3%
Eastern Black Sea Coast74.5%
South East (mainly Kurdish areas)84.6%

Migration

Immigration

Main article: Immigration to Turkey

Immigration to Turkey is the process by which people migrate to Turkey to reside in the country. After the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire following Turkish War of Independence, and The 1923 Population exchange between Greece and Turkey, exodus by the large portion of Turkish (Turkic) and Muslim peoples from the Balkans (Balkan Turks, Albanians, Bosniaks, Pomaks), Caucasus (Abkhazians, Ajarians, Circassians, Chechens, Lezgins), Crimea (Crimean Tatar diaspora), and Crete (Cretan Turks) took refuge in present-day Turkey and moulded the country's fundamental features. Trends of immigration towards Turkey continue to this day, although the motives are more varied and are usually in line with the patterns of global immigration movements — Turkey, for example, receives many economic migrants from nearby countries such as Armenia, Moldova, Georgia, Iran, and Azerbaijan, but also from Central Asia, Ukraine and Russia. Turkey's migrant crisis during the 2010s saw high numbers of people arriving in Turkey, particularly those fleeing the Syrian civil war.

In 2022, nearly 100,000 Russian citizens migrated to Turkey, becoming the first in the list of foreigners who moved to Turkey, meaning an increase of more than 218% from 2021.[82]

In order to obtain Turkish citizenship there is a range of legal grounds, which can include: reunification with their family, marriage to a Turkish citizen, for the purchase of real estate worth $400,000 from a Turkish citizen or company.[83] The minimum investment amount was increased in May 2022, previously it was enough to invest $250,000. Also the basis is to work in Turkey, training, business, medical treatment, refugee status. More than 240,000 Syrian citizens acquired Turkish citizenship since 2011.[84]

Population in Turkey by country of citizenship at the end of each years:[16]

Country of Citizenship202520242023202220212020
Total people living in Turkey186 092 168 (100%)85 664 944 (100%)85 372 377 (100%)85 279 553 (100%)84 680 273 (100%)83 614 362 (100%)
Turkey84 572 653 (98.24%)84 184 397 (98.27%)83 801 834 (98.16%)83 455 717 (97.86%)82 888 237 (97.88%)82 280 952 (98.41%)
Total foreign population11 519 515 (1.76%)1 480 547 (1.73%)1 570 543 (1.84%)1 823 836 (2.14%)1 792 036 (2.12%)1 333 410 (1.59%)
Turkmenistan170 411 (0.20%)113 762 (0.13%)110 349 (0.13%)116 447 (0.14%)123 965 (0.15%)91 218 (0.11%)
Iraq147 469 (0.17%)177 988 (0.21%)217 476 (0.25%)275 305 (0.32%)322 015 (0.38%)281 074 (0.34%)
Afghanistan132 707 (0.15%)139 251 (0.16%)164 131 (0.19%)186 160 (0.22%)183 567 (0.22%)158 252 (0.19%)
Germany111 218 (0.13%)115 958 (0.14%)114 293 (0.13%)110 453 (0.13%)102 592 (0.12%)92 284 (0.11%)
Azerbaijan92 830 (0.11%)80 133 (0.09%)70 971 (0.08%)68 884 (0.08%)68 562(0.08%)48 495 (0.06%)
Iran91 672 (0.11%)95 924 (0.11%)101 164 (0.12%)117 026 (0.14%)128 883 (0.15%)68 561 (0.08%)
Russian Federation75 914 (0.09%)85 752 (0.10%)102 585 (0.12%)151 049 (0.18%)66 786 (0.08%)43 679 (0.05%)
Syria75 202 (0.09%)72 367 (0.08%)79 952 (0.09%)99 360 (0.12%)104 554 (0.12%)88 907 (0.11%)
Uzbekistan64 298 (0.07%)59 132 (0.07%)54 594 (0.06%)61 754 (0.07%)71 145 (0.08%)36 510 (0.04%)
Egypt43 271 (0.05%)28 304 (0.03%)28 451 (0.03%)33 040 (0.04%)34 162 (0.04%)25 475 (0.03%)
Kazakhstan42 592 (0.05%)44 445 (0.05%)44 133 (0.05%)45 530 (0.05%)39 454 (0.05%)23 645 (0.03%)
Ukraine35 744 (0.04%)35 446 (0.04%)40 483 (0.05%)50 357 (0.06%)23 377 (0.03%)17 505 (0.02%)
Kyrgyzstan24 815 (0.03%)23 802 (0.03%)22 477 (0.03%)24 485 (0.03%)26 541 (0.03%)18 019 (0.02%)
State of Palestine24 478 (0.03%)23 569 (0.03%)21 612 (0.03%)26 278 (0.03%)28 027 (0.03%)17 915 (0.02%)
Austria22 374 (0.03%)22 231 (0.03%)22 102 (0.03%)21 311 (0.02%)19 900 (0.02%)18 047 (0.02%)
Indonesia21 488 (0.02%)16 089 (0.02%)12 301 (0.01%)11 280 (0.01%)10 219 (0.01%)5 226 (0.01%)
Pakistan18 660 (0.02%)14 384 (0.02%)13 903 (0.02%)16 505 (0.02%)17 290 (0.02%)7 248 (0.01%)
Bulgaria17 468 (0.02%)17 315 (0.02%)16 899 (0.02%)16 612 (0.02%)15 426 (0.02%)14 195 (0.02%)
Morocco17 268 (0.02%)16 914 (0.02%)16 699 (0.02%)18 482 (0.02%)20 520 (0.02%)12 122 (0.01%)
China15 047 (0.02%)15 107 (0.02%)14 030 (0.02%)16 880 (0.02%)20 486 (0.02%)18 740 (0.02%)
Greece14 560 (0.02%)14 496 (0.02%)14 164 (0.02%)13 583 (0.02%)12 569 (0.01%)12 137 (0.01%)
Yemen14 068 (0.02%)14 748 (0.02%)16 386 (0.02%)19 099 (0.02%)18 094 (0.02%)14 927 (0.02%)
United Kingdom13 386 (0.02%)14 386 (0.02%)15 734 (0.02%)17 193 (0.02%)16 440 (0.02%)13 985 (0.02%)
Jordan11 431 (0.01%)14 343 (0.02%)17 098 (0.02%)22 733 (0.03%)23 656 (0.03%)14 260 (0.02%)
Libya11 527 (0.01%)11 644 (0.01%)15 621 (0.02%)21 677 (0.03%)24 188 (0.03%)18 607 (0.02%)
Somalia7 916 (<0.01%)10 815 (0.01%)14 011 (0.02%)20 906 (0.02%)28 081 (0.03%)17 245 (0.02%)
Georgia (country)9 910 (0.01%)10 725 (0.01%)11 851 (0.01%)14 680 (0.02%)19 276 (0.02%)15 661 (0.02%)
Algeria9 328 (0.01%)9 815 (0.01%)10 145 (0.01%)12 248 (0.01%)10 698 (0.01%)5 914 (0.01%)
Sudan9 574 (0.01%)9 632 (0.01%)10 371 (0.01%)11 613 (0.01%)9 538 (0.01%)3 193 (<0.01%)
India9 271 (0.01%)7 639 (0.01%)6 699 (0.01%)4 669 (0.01%)3 092 (<0.01%)
United States8 840 (0.01%)9 621 (0.01%)10 655 (0.01%)12 793 (0.02%)12 773 (0.02%)9 032 (0.01%)
Netherlands7 573 (<0.01%)7 587 (0.01%)7 786 (0.01%)8 104 (0.01%)7 686 (0.01%)6 550 (0.01%)
Tajikistan5 824 (<0.01%)6 486 (0.01%)6 251 (0.01%)7 153 (0.01%)7 965 (0.01%)3 626 (<0.01%)
Kuwait5 723 (<0.01%)5 912 (0.01%)5 699 (0.01%)6 190 (0.01%)5 498 (0.01%)3 559 (<0.01%)
Nigeria5 613 (<0.01%)7 252 (0.01%)9 196 (0.01%)12 928 (0.02%)12 920 (0.02%)7 120 (0.01%)
Lebanon5 491 (<0.01%)7 340 (0.01%)8 864 (0.01%)12 430 (0.01%)13 242 (0.02%)5 943 (0.01%)
Tunisia4 782 (<0.01%)5 105 (0.01%)5 172 (0.01%)6 075 (0.01%)6 033 (0.01%)2 961 (<0.01%)
Moldova4 754 (<0.01%)5 257 (0.01%)5 842 (0.01%)6 790 (0.01%)7 546 (0.01%)6 295 (0.01%)
France4 268 (<0.01%)4 237 (<0.01%)4 102 (<0.01%)4 526 (0.01%)4 294 (0.01%)3 181 (<0.01%)
Belarus3 828 (<0.01%)4 207 (<0.01%)4 440 (0.01%)5 169 (0.01%)3 873 (<0.01%)
Chad3 099 (<0.01%)2 599 (<0.01%)
Ethiopia2 718 (<0.01%)3 036 (<0.01%)3 724 (<0.01%)6 165 (0.01%)6 633 (0.01%)2 936 (<0.01%)
1: excluding Syrian refugees under temporary protection status and foreigners holding visas or residence permits shorter than 90 days

Net migration

Net Migration Data for Turkey (2016–present)
YearTotal ImmigrationTotal EmigrationTotal Net MigrationTurkish ImmigrationTurkish EmigrationTurkish Net MigrationForeign ImmigrationForeign EmigrationForeign Net Migration
2016380,921177,960202,961107,05269,32637,726273,869108,634165,235
2017466,333253,640212,693101,772113,326-11,554364,561140,314224,247
2018577,457323,918253,539110,567136,740-26,743466,890187,178279,712
2019677,042320,289346,75398,55484,86313,691578,488245,426333,062
2020340,845420,643-79,61898,34977,31020,539242,496342,653-100,157
2021739,364287,651451,713124,269103,61320,656615,095184,038431,057
2022494,052466,91427,13894,409139,531-45,122399,643327,38372,260
2023316,456714,579-398,123101,677291,377-189,700214,779432,202-208,423
2024314,588424,345-109,757103,732151,140-47,408210,856273,205-62,349

[85]

Internal migration

Place of origin (rows) versus place of residence (columns) for Turkish citizens in 2014[12]
RegionsİstanbulWest MarmaraAegeanEast MarmaraWest AnatoliaMediterraneanCentral AnatoliaWest Black SeaEast Black SeaNortheast AnatoliaCentral East AnatoliaSoutheast AnatoliaTotal Population
İstanbul2,162,58879,00972,12384,68938,80238,6734,85811,9769,1473,5333,6674,7542,513,819
West Marmara523,7252,378,938187,256135,36444,40927,3765,14010,2384,5135,2737,1108,8613,338,203
Aegean297,14376,5187,047,801210,522134,073166,78516,60622,25210,35414,93620,38828,2248,045,602
East Marmara520,69867,299131,5864,317,877187,04361,78210,71533.37110,7018,0749,77512,2865,371,207
West Anatolia272,83535,919259,387127,7943,721,634192,93449,94229,5458,46810,36013,72720,8504,743,395
Mediterranean470,67353,295250,529111,393228,3987,329,964100,72932,46116,96321,66746,013181,8748,843,959
Central Anatolia1,346,00792,421297,114235,4071,223,857305,3433,466,97170,72916,60420,20432,15336,8187,143,628
West Black Sea2,637,016186,103252,628458,730956,151133,05354,5783,982,18542,93518,87821,75727,7358,771,749
East Black Sea1,918,80596,494152,843529,110241,80170,82319,104198,8692,382,70433,85411,85213,1405,669,399
Northeast Anatolia1,580,876120,086504,588593,882344,929101,60063,02934,65632,7612,009,25339,92120,5765,446,157
Central East Anatolia1,293,15786,315359,161299,390167,451393,10231,61222,06411,07031,7093,438,577133,8626,267,470
Southeast Anatolia1,197,95965,538445,279174,765156,4891,002,77133,87623,66611,68922,036150,0287,738,94111,023,037
Total population14,221,4823,337,9359,960,2957,278,9237,445,0379,824,2063,857,1604,472,0122,557,9092,199,7773,794,9688,227,92177,177,625

Government initiatives

Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdoğan has long been vocal about his desire for Turks to have more children. He has urged people to have at least four or five children. Turkey's birthrate peaked in 2014 and has since fallen below the replacement level of 2.1, reaching an all-time low of 1.48 in 2024. Demographers attribute this decline to the common, worldwide factors of urbanization, changing lifestyles, and the increased access to higher education, especially for women. They also cite the ongoing Turkish economic crisis, which has caused persistently high inflation and low wages, as a reason for the decline because these factors make housing, childcare, and other necessities difficult to afford.

In an effort to reverse the declining fertility rate, the Turkish government declared 2025 the "Year of the Family", and the subsequent decade the "Decade of Family and Population". As part of this initiative, the government has extended parental leave for mothers and fathers, introduced payments for families with new children, and offered interest-free loans to young couples. However, parents have found these supports to be inadequate. For example, one mother noted that the monthly stipend only covers the cost of diapers. Demographers have also questioned the effectiveness of these initiatives, noting that younger generations prefer the ideal of one child and two incomes. Erdoğan's push for women to have more children stems from his conservative Islamic vision for Turkish society. He has also said that for women, "Career is having children".[86]

See also

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Notes

  1. ^ CBR = crude birth rate (per 1000); CDR = crude death rate (per 1000); NC = natural change (per 1000); TFR = total fertility rate (number of children per woman); IMR = infant mortality rate per 1000 births
  2. ^ All data taken from Turkish Statistical Institute (TurkStat). Data is for xxxx-12-31.