This article is about the electro-mechanical amusement ride. For the manually operated playground equipment with spinning platforms, see roundabout (play). For other uses, see Carousel (disambiguation).
"Merry-go-round" redirects here. For other uses, see Merry-go-round (disambiguation).

A carousel or carrousel (mainly North American English), merry-go-round (International English), or galloper (British English) is a type of amusement ride consisting of a rotating circular platform with seats for riders. The seats are traditionally in the form of rows of animal figures (usually horses) mounted on posts, many of which move up and down to simulate galloping. Sometimes chair-like or bench-like seats are used, and occasionally mounts can take the form of non-animals, such as airplanes or cars. Carousel rides are typically accompanied by looped circus music.

The word carousel derives from the French word carrousel, meaning little battle, a reference to European tournaments of the same name starting in the 17th century. Participants in these tournaments rode live horses and competed in various cavalry skill tests, such as ring jousting. By the end of that century, simple machines were created in which wooden horses were suspended from a spinning wheel mounted on top of a central pole, allowing competitors to practice ring jousting without tiring their horses. These early contraptions soon became common with traveling fairs in Europe, and by the 19th century, their popularity spread to North America, where they became staple attractions in traveling carnivals and some of the first purpose-built amusement parks. Most historic carousel animal figures, including those made during the golden age of carousels from the 1870s to the early 1930s, were made from wood, and were carved and painted by hand. Hand-carved wood was replaced with more economic aluminum castings and later fiberglass castings in the 20th century. Many carousels operate around the world today and are often used to symbolize the entire amusement industry.

History

Early carousels

In 17th-century Europe, equestrian royal tournaments known as "carrousels" (French for little battle) began to be held.[1] The most famous carrousel of this kind was held by Louis XIV in June 1662, in the courtyard of the Tuileries Palace, to celebrate the birth of his son and heir apparent. The site of the event, next to the Louvre, is still known as the "Place du Carrousel."[2] One of the skill tests performed during these events was ring jousting, a practice originally developed by 10th-century Arabian and Moorish horsemen in which rings suspended from posts or trees would be speared by a lance, sometimes at full gallop.[1] The noblemen participating in these tournaments often overworked their horses while practicing, so an early device was developed in the late 17th century to allow participants to practice ring jousting without the need for riding horses.[1] It consisted of wooden horses suspended from a wheel mounted on a central pole, which was spun by a work horse walking around the contraption's perimeter.[1]

Among the attractions of the [Wilhelmsbad] entertainment venue during my boyhood years was, above all, the carousel. What a delight to be driven around in a tight circle on life-size wooden horses, or in graceful open carriages, drawn by wooden white and black horses. The knight's games were fun to watch. With childlike seriousness, indeed with an almost solemn air, people played ring jousting and dart throwing, slashed Turks' heads as they drove or rode past, and hurled balls into a Moor's wide-open mouth.

— —Karl Cäsar von Leonhard, recalling late-18th century childhood memories in what is now Germany, 1854[3]

Devices like these became popular among commoners by the early 18th century, and carousels (as they came to be known) were being built and operated at various fairs and gatherings in Central Europe. Animal figures and mechanisms would be crafted during the winter months and the family and workers who made them would go touring in wagon trains, operating their carousels at various venues. These early carousels had no platforms; the animals would hang from chains and fly out from the centrifugal force of the spinning mechanism. They were often powered by animals walking in a circle or people pulling a rope or cranking.

The usage of carousels eventually spread to other parts of the world. Primitive carousels in North America were present since at least the late 18th century; in 1784, the New York City Common Council passed a law forbidding their use due to being unsafe.[4]

19th century

By the mid-19th century, the platform carousel was developed; rideable animal figures and chariots were fixed to a circular floor that would rotate around a central pole. These carousels were called "dobbies" and were operated manually by the operator or by ponies. Carousels in the United Kingdom, where they are also known as "gallopers," usually turn clockwise; while those in North America and mainland Europe typically turn counterclockwise.[5]

United Kingdom

By 1803, John Joseph Merlin had a carousel in his Mechanical Museum in London, where gentry and nobility liked to gather on winter evenings. The horses "floated free over a pole." It was connected to a "big musical instrument that played a fully orchestrated concerto" and from the first note, the carousel would start turning while each horse would make a galloping movement with a visitor riding on its back. Merlin did not patent his inventions and engineers were allowed to come to create their own models of his creations.[6] By the mid-19th century, the carousel became a popular fixture at English fairs. The first steam-powered mechanical roundabout, invented by Thomas Bradshaw, appeared at the Pot Market fair in Bolton in about 1861. It was described by a Halifax Courier journalist as "a roundabout of huge proportions, driven by a steam engine which whirled around with such impetuosity, that the wonder is the daring riders are not shot off like cannonball, and driven half into the middle of next month."[7]

Soon afterwards, English engineer Frederick Savage began to branch out of agricultural machinery production into the construction of fairground machines, swiftly becoming the chief innovator in the field. Savage's fairground machinery was exported all over the world.[8] By 1870, he was manufacturing amusement rides similar to carousels with velocipedes (an early type of bicycle), and he soon began experimenting with other possibilities, including a roundabout with boats that would pitch and roll on cranks with a circular motion, a ride he called 'Sea-on-Land'.[9] In 1880, Savage applied a similar innovation to the more traditional mount of the carousel horse; he installed gears and offset cranks on the platform carousels, thus giving the animals their well-known up-and-down motion as they traveled around the central pole – the galloping horse.[8][10][4] The platform served as a position guide for the bottom of the pole and as a place for people to walk or other stationary animals or chariots to be placed. He called this ride the 'Platform Gallopers'. He also developed the 'platform-slide' which allowed the mounts to swing out concentrically as the carousel built up speed. Fairground organs (band organs) were often present (if not built-in) when these machines operated. Eventually, electric motors and lights were installed, giving the carousel its classic look. These mechanical innovations came at a crucial time when increased prosperity meant that more people had time for leisure and had spare money to spend on entertainment. It was in this historical context that the modern fairground ride was born, with Savage supplying this new market demand. In his 1902 Catalogue for Roundabouts, he claimed to have "... patented and placed upon the market all the principal novelties that have delighted the many thousands of pleasure seekers at home and abroad."[11]

United States

The first known individual carousel with surviving historical records in the US was opened in the 1840s by Franz Wiesenoffer in Hessville, Ohio.[12] On July 25, 1871, William Schneider of Davenport, Iowa, was issued the first American patent for a carousel.[13] To commemorate this milestone, July 25 was declared National Merry-Go-Round Day (a.k.a: National Carousel Day) in 2014 by the National Carousel Association (NCA), an organization focused on preserving historic carousels primarily in the United States and Canada.[12][14][15]

The American carousel industry was developed by European immigrants, notably Danish immigrant Charles I. D. Looff, German immigrant Gustav Dentzel, and Scottish immigrant Allan Herschell. During the late 19th century, several carousel construction centers formed in the United States, each with their own style:

20th century

During the Great Depression, the production of wooden carousel figures was phased out and were replaced by more durable, mass-produced aluminum castings.[19]: 16 These were in turn discontinued in favor of cheaper and lighter fiberglass castings later in the 20th century.[20]

Carousels today

Thousands of hand-painted, wood-carved carousels (possibly as many as 10,000) were built during their golden age from the 1870s to the early 1930s; less than 200 complete units exist today.[13][15][20][21]: 10 Mechanical band organs that provided music, and brass ring dispensers that encouraged riders to sit on the outermost (often stationary) row, were common features for carousels during their golden age, but are now very rare.[22] Carousels are manufactured and operated throughout the world today and are often used as symbols for all amusement rides, and the amusement industry as a whole, exemplified by the carousel horse logo used by the International Association of Amusement Parks and Attractions (IAAPA) until 2018.[23] Several notable extant carousels are recipients of the NCA's Historic Carousel Award.[24]

Notable extant carousels built before 1870

NameLocationCountryImageBuilderYearWorking band organBrass ring dispenserNotesReferences
Hanau CarouselHanau-Wilhelmsbad State Park, Hanau, HesseGermany1780YesNoThe oldest standing and operational carousel in the world. It was built in 1780 in Hanau and has four chariots and twelve stationary horses. The horses and coaches date from 1896. In 1970, twelve of the 16 wooden horses were stolen. It was fully restored in 2016.[25][26][27]
Vermolen Boden-KarusselEfteling, Kaatsheuvel, North BrabantNetherlands1865YesNoThe oldest operational carousel in the world prior to the 2016 restoration of the Hanau Carousel in Germany (see above). The 'Vermolen Boden Carousel' in Efteling dates back to 1865. It was originally turned by horses. At present it is turned by an electric motor. Not to be confused with the Stoomcarrousel (built c. 1895–1903), also located in Efteling.[28]

Notable extant carousels built 1870–1939

NameLocationCountryImageBuilderYearWorking band organBrass ring dispenserNotesReferences
Flying Horses CarouselOak Bluffs, MassachusettsUnited StatesCharles Dare1876YesYesOldest platform carousel in the United States. Designated by a National Historic Landmark by the United States Department of the Interior. One of only two Dare carousels still in existence. Originally operated at an amusement park in Coney Island, New York, it was moved to Oak Bluffs in 1884. The carousel was acquired by the Martha's Vineyard Preservation Trust in 1986 to prevent it from being dismantled and sold piecemeal to collectors of antique carved horses.[29]
Flying Horse CarouselWesterly, Rhode IslandUnited StatesCharles W. F. Dare Companyc. 1876NoYesBuilt in 1876 and listed as a National Historic Landmark. It is one of two Charles Dare carousels in existence. It is considered the oldest of its type "in which the horses are suspended from a center frame," as opposed to being mounted on a wooden platform, which causes the horses to "fly" as the carousel gains speed.[30]
Melbourne Zoo CarouselRoyal Melbourne Zoological Gardens, Melbourne, VictoriaAustraliaRobert Tidman & Sons1878Built in 1878 in England and imported to Australia in the 1880s by John Briggs. The carousel traveled the show circuit until 1963, when it finally arrived at Melbourne Zoo. Restoration completed 2005.[31][32]
Darling Harbour CarouselTumbalong Park, Sydney, New South WalesAustraliaG. & J. Lines & Companyc. 1885YesNoA New South Wales Heritage listed attraction. It is an example of an old Edwardian Carousel which are very rare nowadays. It is operated by a classic steam engine which has been retained. The Carousel dates back to the 'Golden Age' of Carousels between the 1890s to the 1920s. First imported to Australia in 1894.[33]
Le GalopantLa Ronde, MontrealCanadaBelgian craftsmen1885NoNoThe oldest galloping carousel in the world. Built in 1885 in Bressoux by Belgian craftsmen, it stayed there until 1964, when it moved to New York for their World's Fair. For Expo 67 it came to Montreal as part of the rides featured in La Ronde. In 2003, the Carousel underwent a meticulous restoration under then-current park ownership, Six Flags. More than $1 million was spent to refurbish the ride, which reopened in a new specially landscaped garden in 2007. The carousel was retired by the park in 2019 and left to deteriorate outdoors.[34][35]
Letná CarouselLetná Park, PragueCzechiaJosef Nebeský1892YesNoOne of the oldest preserved carousels in Europe. Has been renovated recently (2022). The carousel is still located in the original wooden pavilion and the interior is furnished in its almost original form from 1892. It features 21 horses covered with real horse skin and four cars.[36]
Geelong CarouselGeelong Waterfront, VictoriaAustraliaArmitage–Herschell1892YesNoBuilt in New York in c. 1892. It saw a period of service in New York before being shipped to Australia in the 1920s. It was operated as an amusement ride in the seaside town of Mordialloc, Victoria from c. 1920 to c. 1950. The carousel was eventually dismantled and stored in a field at Echuca, Victoria. It was then sold at auction and stored at Castlemaine. With assistance from the State Government of Victoria, the City of Greater Geelong purchased the carousel and funded its restoration, as part of the redevelopment of the Geelong Waterfront. The restored carousel was officially opened in its new pavilion on 14 October 2000.[37]
KaruselliLinnanmäki, Helsinki, UusimaaFinlandFriedrich Heyn1896YesNoOldest amusement ride in Linnanmäki[38]
Forest Park CarouselQueens, New York, New YorkUnited StatesD.C. Muller & Brother Company1903YesNoOne of only two surviving Muller brothers carousels, it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2004.[39][40]
Lakeside Park CarouselLakeside Park, Port Dalhousie, OntarioCanadaKremer's Carousel Works1905YesNoBrought to St. Catharines in 1921. It continues to provide amusement for young and old alike, at just 5 cents a ride.[41]
Carousel El DoradoIn storage
(2020–present)
Toshimaen, Tokyo (1971–2020)
Steeplechase Park, New York (1911–1964)		JapanHugo Haase1907NoNoMechanical Engineering Heritage (Japan) No. 38[42]
Eden PalladiumEuropa-Park Confertainment Center, Rust, Baden-WürttembergGermanyGustave Bayol1909YesNoOne of only four salon carousels that still exist[43]
Santa Cruz Looff CarouselSanta Cruz Beach Boardwalk, Santa Cruz, CaliforniaUnited StatesCharles I. D. Looff1911YesYesOne of the few carousels still in its original location for more than 100 years. It is a "pure carousel" meaning all of the horses were provided by the same company that built the carousel. It is also one of the few with the rare combination of a working ring dispenser and outside row jumping horses. The carousel features three band organs including a rare Ruth & Sohn 96-key organ with 342 pipes. The Looff carousel was designated a national historic landmark in 1987.[44]
C. W. Parker Carousel No. 119Burnaby Village Museum, Burnaby, British ColumbiaCanadaC. W. Parker1912YesNoOriginally equipped with a steam engine. Sold to Burnaby Village Museum in 1989.[45]
Merry-Go-Round Steam GallopersHollycombe Steam Collection, Liphook, EnglandUnited KingdomRobert Tidman & Sons1912YesNoA working steam driven Merry-Go-Round with 3-abreast Steam Gallopers. It has 24 horses, six cockerels and two chariots (for those who don't relish the galloping motion). It is driven by a steam center engine, also Tidman, and has revolving pillars, which are believed to be the only ones still operating. Musical accompaniment is driven by a slotted card Tidman band organ.[46]
Nunley's CarouselCradle of Aviation Museum, Garden City, New YorkUnited StatesStein & Goldstein Artistic Carousell Manufacturing Company1912YesYesOperated at Nunley's Amusement Park in Baldwin, New York, until its closure in 1995. Subsequently purchased by Nassau County and placed in storage. Fully restored and opened in its current location in 2009.[47]
Cafesjian's CarouselComo Park, Saint Paul, MinnesotaUnited StatesPhiladelphia Toboggan Company1914YesNoA mainstay at the Minnesota State Fair from 1914 to 1988, when it was saved from the auction block by a non-profit group organized to save the landmark. The carousel is now located in Como Park in Saint Paul, Minnesota.[48]
Weona Park CarouselPen Argyl, PennsylvaniaUnited StatesDentzel Carousel Company1917NoYesOne of only two remaining stationary Dentzel menagerie carousels with original factory paint on the carousel figures[49]
Cedar Downs Racing DerbyCedar Point, Sandusky, OhioUnited StatesPrior & Church1922NoNoOne of only two operational racing carousels in the United States[50]
Over-the-Jumps CarouselLittle Rock Zoo, Little Rock, ArkansasUnited StatesSpillman Engineering Company1924NoNoOnly carousel in the world that rides in a waving motion, only remaining wooden track carousel built by the Herschell–Spillman Company, and one of only four track carousels still in existence[51]
George W. Johnson Park CarouselGeorge W. Johnson Park, Endicott, New YorkUnited StatesAllan Herschell Company1934NoNoThis carousel is one of six in the Greater Binghamton area donated by George F. Johnson, owner of the Endicott-Johnson Company early in the 20th century. These carousels, all manufactured by the Allan Herschell Company in the "country fair" style, were donated with the express stipulation that they would never charge admission for anyone to ride them.[52][53]

Notable extant carousels built 1940–present

NameLocationCountryImageBuilderYearWorking band organBrass ring dispenserNotesReferences
Carousel ColumbiaCalifornia's Great America, Santa Clara, CaliforniaUnited StatesChance Manufacturing1976NoNoDouble-decker carousel. Tallest carousel in the world at 101 feet (31 m). The nearly identical Columbia Carousel in Six Flags Great America in Gurnee, Illinois, is 1 foot (30 cm) shorter.[54][55][56]
Richland Carrousel ParkMansfield, OhioUnited StatesThe Carousel Works1991YesNoFirst new hand-carved wooden carousel built and operating in the United States since the 1930s[57][58]
PferdekarussellPhantasialand, Brühl, North Rhine-WestphaliaGermanyPreston & Barbieri1998NoNoLargest double-decker carousel in Europe[59][60]
Le Manège d'AndreaNantes, Pays de la LoireFranceLa Machine1999NoNoRiders can control some of the movements of the carousel figures.[61]
Pride of Canada CarouselMarkham, OntarioCanadaBrass Ring Carousel Company/Patrick Amiot2016NoNoMade entirely from scrap metal[62][63][64]

See also

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