Casein kinase II regulatory subunit
PfamPF01214
InterproIPR000704
PrositePDOC00845
Scop1qf8

Casein kinase II subunit beta is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CSNK2B gene.[1][2] It is a ubiquitous protein kinase which regulates metabolic pathways, signal transduction, transcription, translation, and replication. The enzyme localizes to the endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi apparatus.[3]

Casein kinase, a ubiquitous, well-conserved protein kinase involved in cell metabolism and differentiation, is characterised by its preference for Serine or Threonine in acidic stretches of amino acids. The enzyme is a tetramer of 2 alpha- and 2 beta-subunits.[4][5] However, some species (e.g., mammals) possess 2 related forms of the alpha-subunit (alpha and alpha'), while others (e.g., fungi) possess 2 related beta-subunits (beta and beta').[6] The alpha-subunit is the catalytic unit and contains regions characteristic of serine/threonine protein kinases. The beta-subunit is believed to be regulatory, possessing an N-terminal auto-phosphorylation site, an internal acidic domain, and a potential metal-binding motif.[6] The beta subunit is a highly conserved protein of about 25kDa that contains, in its central section, a cysteine-rich motif, CX(n)C, that could be involved in binding a metal such as zinc.[7] The mammalian beta-subunit gene promoter shares common features with those of other mammalian protein kinases and is closely related to the promoter of the regulatory subunit of cAMP-dependent protein kinase.[6]

Interactions

CSNK2B has been shown to interact with CD163,[8] CSNK2A2,[9][10][11][12] Casein kinase 2, alpha 1,[10][11][12][13][14] FGF1,[15] TRIB3,[16] CDC34,[17] Ribosomal protein L5,[9][13][18][19] BTF3,[20] BRCA1,[21] RNF7,[13] P70-S6 Kinase 1[22] and APC.[23]

References

  1. ^ Yang-Feng TL, Teitz T, Cheung MC, Kan YW, Canaani D (March 1991). "Assignment of the human casein kinase II beta-subunit gene to 6p12----p21". Genomics. 8 (4): 741–2. doi:10.1016/0888-7543(90)90266-W. PMID 2276748
  2. ^ Mucher G, Becker J, Knapp M, Buttner R, Moser M, Rudnik-Schoneborn S, Somlo S, Germino G, Onuchic L, Avner E, Guay-Woodford L, Zerres K (April 1998). "Fine mapping of the autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease locus (PKHD1) and the genes MUT, RDS, CSNK2 beta, and GSTA1 at 6p21.1-p12". Genomics. 48 (1): 40–5. doi:10.1006/geno.1997.5145. PMID 9503014
  3. ^ "Entrez Gene: CSNK2B casein kinase 2, beta polypeptide"
  4. ^ Jakobi R, Voss H, Pyerin W (July 1989). "Human phosvitin/casein kinase type II. Molecular cloning and sequencing of full-length cDNA encoding subunit beta". Eur. J. Biochem.. 183 (1): 227–33. doi:10.1111/j.1432-1033.1989.tb14917.x. PMID 2666134
  5. ^ Voss H, Wirkner U, Jakobi R, Hewitt NA, Schwager C, Zimmermann J, Ansorge W, Pyerin W (July 1991). "Structure of the gene encoding human casein kinase II subunit beta". J. Biol. Chem.. 266 (21): 13706–11. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(18)92756-0. PMID 1856204
  6. ^ Bidwai AP, Reed JC, Glover CV (May 1995). "Cloning and disruption of CKB1, the gene encoding the 38-kDa beta subunit of Saccharomyces cerevisiae casein kinase II (CKII). Deletion of CKII regulatory subunits elicits a salt-sensitive phenotype". J. Biol. Chem.. 270 (18): 10395–404. doi:10.1074/jbc.270.18.10395. PMID 7737972
  7. ^ Reed JC, Bidwai AP, Glover CV (July 1994). "Cloning and disruption of CKB2, the gene encoding the 32-kDa regulatory beta'-subunit of Saccharomyces cerevisiae casein kinase II". J. Biol. Chem.. 269 (27): 18192–200. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(17)32434-1. PMID 8027080
  8. ^ Ritter, M; Buechler C; Kapinsky M; Schmitz G (April 2001). "Interaction of CD163 with the regulatory subunit of casein kinase II (CKII) and dependence of CD163 signaling on CKII and protein kinase C". Eur. J. Immunol.. 31 (4): 999–1009. doi:10.1002/1521-4141(200104)31:4<999::AID-IMMU999>3.0.CO;2-R. ISSN 0014-2980. PMID 11298324
  9. ^ Lehner, Ben; Semple Jennifer I; Brown Stephanie E; Counsell Damian; Campbell R Duncan; Sanderson Christopher M (January 2004). "Analysis of a high-throughput yeast two-hybrid system and its use to predict the function of intracellular proteins encoded within the human MHC class III region". Genomics. 83 (1): 153–67. doi:10.1016/S0888-7543(03)00235-0. ISSN 0888-7543. PMID 14667819
  10. ^ Kim, M S; Lee Y T; Kim J M; Cha J Y; Bae Y S (February 1998). "Characterization of protein interaction among subunits of protein kinase CKII in vivo and in vitro". Mol. Cells. 8 (1): 43–8. doi:10.1016/S1016-8478(23)13390-5. ISSN 1016-8478. PMID 9571630
  11. ^ Marin, O; Meggio F; Sarno S; Pinna L A (June 1997). "Physical dissection of the structural elements responsible for regulatory properties and intersubunit interactions of protein kinase CK2 beta-subunit". Biochemistry. 36 (23): 7192–8. doi:10.1021/bi962885q. ISSN 0006-2960. PMID 9188720
  12. ^ Bosc, D G; Graham K C; Saulnier R B; Zhang C; Prober D; Gietz R D; Litchfield D W (May 2000). "Identification and characterization of CKIP-1, a novel pleckstrin homology domain-containing protein that interacts with protein kinase CK2". J. Biol. Chem.. 275 (19): 14295–306. doi:10.1074/jbc.275.19.14295. ISSN 0021-9258. PMID 10799509
  13. ^ Ahn, B H; Kim T H; Bae Y S (October 2001). "Mapping of the interaction domain of the protein kinase CKII beta subunit with target proteins". Mol. Cells. 12 (2): 158–63. doi:10.1016/S1016-8478(23)17077-4. ISSN 1016-8478. PMID 11710515
  14. ^ Kusk, M; Ahmed R; Thomsen B; Bendixen C; Issinger O G; Boldyreff B (January 1999). "Interactions of protein kinase CK2beta subunit within the holoenzyme and with other proteins". Mol. Cell. Biochem.. 191 (1–2): 51–8. doi:10.1023/A:1006840613986. ISSN 0300-8177. PMID 10094392. S2CID 257329
  15. ^ Skjerpen, Camilla Skiple; Nilsen Trine; Wesche Jørgen; Olsnes Sjur (August 2002). "Binding of FGF-1 variants to protein kinase CK2 correlates with mitogenicity". EMBO J.. 21 (15): 4058–69. doi:10.1093/emboj/cdf402. ISSN 0261-4189. PMC 126148. PMID 12145206
  16. ^ Zhou, Ying; Li Lu; Liu Qiongming; Xing Guichun; Kuai Xuezhang; Sun Jing; Yin Xiushan; Wang Jian; Zhang Lingqiang; He Fuchu (May 2008). "E3 ubiquitin ligase SIAH1 mediates ubiquitination and degradation of TRB3". Cell. Signal.. 20 (5): 942–8. doi:10.1016/j.cellsig.2008.01.010. ISSN 0898-6568. PMID 18276110
  17. ^ Block, K; Boyer T G; Yew P R (November 2001). "Phosphorylation of the human ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme, CDC34, by casein kinase 2". J. Biol. Chem.. 276 (44): 41049–58. doi:10.1074/jbc.M106453200. ISSN 0021-9258. PMID 11546811
  18. ^ Boldyreff, B & Issinger O G (February 1997). "A-Raf kinase is a new interacting partner of protein kinase CK2 beta subunit". FEBS Lett.. 403 (2): 197–9. doi:10.1016/S0014-5793(97)00010-0. ISSN 0014-5793. PMID 9042965. S2CID 84557809
  19. ^ Kim, J M; Cha J Y; Marshak D R; Bae Y S (September 1996). "Interaction of the beta subunit of casein kinase II with the ribosomal protein L5". Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun.. 226 (1): 180–6. doi:10.1006/bbrc.1996.1330. ISSN 0006-291X. PMID 8806611
  20. ^ Grein, S & Pyerin W (January 1999). "BTF3 is a potential new substrate of protein kinase CK2". Mol. Cell. Biochem.. 191 (1–2): 121–8. doi:10.1023/A:1006806226764. ISSN 0300-8177. PMID 10094400. S2CID 1057554
  21. ^ O'Brien, K A; Lemke S J; Cocke K S; Rao R N; Beckmann R P (July 1999). "Casein kinase 2 binds to and phosphorylates BRCA1". Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun.. 260 (3): 658–64. doi:10.1006/bbrc.1999.0892. ISSN 0006-291X. PMID 10403822
  22. ^ Panasyuk, Ganna; Nemazanyy Ivan; Zhyvoloup Alexander; Bretner Maria; Litchfield David W; Filonenko Valeriy; Gout Ivan T (October 2006). "Nuclear export of S6K1 II is regulated by protein kinase CK2 phosphorylation at Ser-17". J. Biol. Chem.. 281 (42): 31188–201. doi:10.1074/jbc.M602618200. ISSN 0021-9258. PMID 16895915
  23. ^ Homma, Miwako Kato; Li Dongxia; Krebs Edwin G; Yuasa Yasuhito; Homma Yoshimi (April 2002). "Association and regulation of casein kinase 2 activity by adenomatous polyposis coli protein". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.. 99 (9): 5959–64. Bibcode:2002PNAS...99.5959K. doi:10.1073/pnas.092143199. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 122884. PMID 11972058
  • PDBe-KB provides an overview of all the structure information available in the PDB for Human Casein kinase II subunit beta (CSNK2B)

Further reading

  • Schubert U, Schneider T, Henklein P (1992). "Human-immunodeficiency-virus-type-1-encoded Vpu protein is phosphorylated by casein kinase II". Eur. J. Biochem.. 204 (2): 875–83. doi:10.1111/j.1432-1033.1992.tb16707.x. PMID 1541298
  • Teitz T, Eli D, Penner M (1990). "Expression of the cDNA for the beta subunit of human casein kinase II confers partial UV resistance on xeroderma pigmentosum cells". Mutat. Res.. 236 (1): 85–97. doi:10.1016/0921-8777(90)90036-5. PMID 1694965
  • Voss H, Wirkner U, Jakobi R (1991). "Structure of the gene encoding human casein kinase II subunit beta". J. Biol. Chem.. 266 (21): 13706–11. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(18)92756-0. PMID 1856204
  • Litchfield DW, Lozeman FJ, Cicirelli MF (1991). "Phosphorylation of the beta subunit of casein kinase II in human A431 cells. Identification of the autophosphorylation site and a site phosphorylated by p34cdc2". J. Biol. Chem.. 266 (30): 20380–9. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(18)54934-6. PMID 1939094
  • Ackerman P, Glover CV, Osheroff N (1990). "Stimulation of casein kinase II by epidermal growth factor: relationship between the physiological activity of the kinase and the phosphorylation state of its beta subunit". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.. 87 (2): 821–5. Bibcode:1990PNAS...87..821A. doi:10.1073/pnas.87.2.821. PMC 53358. PMID 2300566
  • Heller-Harrison RA, Meisner H, Czech MP (1990). "Cloning and characterization of a cDNA encoding the beta subunit of human casein kinase II". Biochemistry. 28 (23): 9053–8. doi:10.1021/bi00449a014. PMID 2513884
  • Jakobi R, Voss H, Pyerin W (1989). "Human phosvitin/casein kinase type II. Molecular cloning and sequencing of full-length cDNA encoding subunit beta". Eur. J. Biochem.. 183 (1): 227–33. doi:10.1111/j.1432-1033.1989.tb14917.x. PMID 2666134
  • Vincent MJ, Abdul Jabbar M (1996). "The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Vpu protein: a potential regulator of proteolysis and protein transport in the mammalian secretory pathway". Virology. 213 (2): 639–49. doi:10.1006/viro.1995.0035. PMID 7491787
  • Litchfield DW, Bosc DG, Slominski E (1995). "The protein kinase from mitotic human cells that phosphorylates Ser-209 on the casein kinase II beta-subunit is p34cdc2". Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1269 (1): 69–78. doi:10.1016/0167-4889(95)00100-7. PMID 7578274
  • Jin YJ, Burakoff SJ (1993). "The 25-kDa FK506-binding protein is localized in the nucleus and associates with casein kinase II and nucleolin". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.. 90 (16): 7769–73. Bibcode:1993PNAS...90.7769J. doi:10.1073/pnas.90.16.7769. PMC 47224. PMID 7689229
  • Gietz RD, Graham KC, Litchfield DW (1995). "Interactions between the subunits of casein kinase II". J. Biol. Chem.. 270 (22): 13017–21. doi:10.1074/jbc.270.22.13017. PMID 7768894
  • Szebeni A, Herrera JE, Olson MO (1995). "Interaction of nucleolar protein B23 with peptides related to nuclear localization signals". Biochemistry. 34 (25): 8037–42. doi:10.1021/bi00025a009. PMID 7794916
  • Arnold SF, Obourn JD, Jaffe H, Notides AC (1995). "Serine 167 is the major estradiol-induced phosphorylation site on the human estrogen receptor". Mol. Endocrinol.. 8 (9): 1208–14. doi:10.1210/mend.8.9.7838153. PMID 7838153. S2CID 29238638
  • Pyerin W (1994). "Human casein kinase II: structures, genes, expression and requirement in cell growth stimulation". Adv. Enzyme Regul.. 34: 225–46. doi:10.1016/0065-2571(94)90018-3. PMID 7942276
  • el Benna J, Faust LP, Babior BM (1994). "The phosphorylation of the respiratory burst oxidase component p47phox during neutrophil activation. Phosphorylation of sites recognized by protein kinase C and by proline-directed kinases". J. Biol. Chem.. 269 (38): 23431–6. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(17)31534-X. PMID 8089108
  • Schubert U, Henklein P, Boldyreff B (1994). "The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 encoded Vpu protein is phosphorylated by casein kinase-2 (CK-2) at positions Ser52 and Ser56 within a predicted alpha-helix-turn-alpha-helix-motif". J. Mol. Biol.. 236 (1): 16–25. doi:10.1006/jmbi.1994.1114. PMID 8107101
  • Schubert U, Strebel K (1994). "Differential activities of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1-encoded Vpu protein are regulated by phosphorylation and occur in different cellular compartments". J. Virol.. 68 (4): 2260–71. doi:10.1128/JVI.68.4.2260-2271.1994. PMC 236702. PMID 8139011
  • Tanasijevic MJ, Myers MG, Thoma RS (1993). "Phosphorylation of the insulin receptor substrate IRS-1 by casein kinase II". J. Biol. Chem.. 268 (24): 18157–66. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(17)46824-4. PMID 8349691
  • Friborg J, Ladha A, Göttlinger H (1996). "Functional analysis of the phosphorylation sites on the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Vpu protein". J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr. Hum. Retrovirol.. 8 (1): 10–22. doi:10.1097/00042560-199501000-00004. PMID 8548340