1920 APFA season

The 1920 APFA season was the inaugural season of the American Professional Football Association, direct lineal forerunner of the National Football League, reorganized as such in 1922. The Association included 14 teams from the Midwest and Northeast during its inaugural season. Teams scheduled their own games, including contests against non-APFA opponents, with the champion to be determined by a vote of league owners rather than through raw winning percentage.

At the league meeting held on April 30, 1921, the Akron Pros were awarded the Brunswick-Balke Collender Cup as champions for the 1920 season, the only year the trophy was used.

History

First meeting

Prior to the APFA, there were several other loose, professional organizations; most of the APFA teams were from either the Ohio League or the New York Pro Football League. On August 20, 1920, a meeting attended by representatives of four Ohio League teams — Ralph Hay and Jim Thorpe for the Canton Bulldogs, Jimmy O'Donnell and Stan Cofall for the Cleveland Tigers, Carl Storck for the Dayton Triangles, and Frank Nied and Art Ranney for the Akron Pros — was held.^[1] At this initial session held at Ralph Hay's office in Canton, Ohio, the club representatives tentatively agreed to call their new league the American Professional Football Conference (APFC), to introduce a salary cap for the teams, and not to sign college players nor players under contract with another team.^[2][3] Plans were tentatively made by the four clubs to play one another "home and away,' creating a uniform six game schedule for each team.^[4][5]

According to the Canton Evening Repository, the purpose of the league was to "raise the standard of professional football in every way possible, to eliminate bidding for players between rival clubs and to secure cooperation in the formation of schedules, at least for the bigger teams."^[6] The representatives then contacted other major professional teams and invited them to a meeting for September 17.^[7]

Organizational meeting

Word of the new organization spread. A second meeting including an expanded circle of interested teams was called to Canton on September 17, 1920, for the purpose of formal organization. Participants included the original four APFC clubs, as well as a fifth Ohio team, the Columbus Panhandles that had played together with these teams in what historians later dubbed the "Ohio League"; four teams from Illinois (the Chicago Cardinals and Chicago Tigers, Decatur Staleys, and Rock Island Independents); two from Indiana (the Hammond Pros and Muncie Flyers); two from New York (the Buffalo All-Americans and Rochester Jeffersons); and the Detroit Heralds from Michigan. These 14 founding teams determined to form a formal association known as the American Professional Football Association (APFA).

Jim Thorpe, player-coach of the Canton Bulldogs, was named the APFA's first president — more for the publicity associated with his famous name than for any particular administrative prowess.^[8] A franchise admission fee of $100 was adopted — although George S. Halas, player-coach of the Chicago Staleys, later recalled that "I can testify that no money changed hands" between the 14 founding adopters.^[8]

Writing in 1978, a team of gridiron historians noted that

"This new organization did not resemble a league as we would know it today, but was more like a professional association whose sole functions were membership and articulation of some general principles. Perhaps the best modern-day analogy would be a weak form of the NCAA. As can be imagined, the league office had no influence on anybody. It set no schedules, leaving each team to arrange its own slate."^[8]

Since scheduling was left in the hands of each team, there were wide variations from club to club in the total number of games played, the number played against fellow association members, and the strength of opponents added to the schedule. Traditional local rivalries were maintained, regardless of affiliation.^[8] For example, the Rochester Jeffersons played a schedule consisting mostly of local teams from their local sandlot circuit and the New York Professional Football League, playing but one game against an APFA opponent.

Indeed, of the 90 games played by APFA teams during the football season of 1920, 51 were against teams not affiliated with the APFA. No official standings were maintained by the association or published in the press, with later standings for the APFA teams assembled and published by football historians after the fact.^[8] Because most APFA games played in 1920 matched teams from the same geographic area, fans in different regions had different opinions of who the league champion was — with the final determination to be made by a meeting of team owners held during the winter after completion of the season.^[8]

Teams

The APFA had 14 teams that played during its inaugural season.

Season review

The regular-season schedule was not fixed but was created dynamically by each team as the season progressed. The first game involving an APFA team occurred on September 26, when the Rock Island Independents beat the St. Paul Ideals 48–0.

The first official game between APFA (NFL) members occurred on October 3, when the Dayton Triangles beat the Columbus Panhandles 14–0. The Triangles' Lou Partlow scored the league's first touchdown and George "Hobby" Kinderline kicked the first extra point. An historic marker placed by the Ohio Historical Society at Triangle Park in Dayton marks the location of that first ever game.^[12]

The final game of the season was a 14–14 tie between the Chicago Cardinals and the non-league Chicago Stayms on December 19, 1920.^{[citation needed]} The Decatur Staleys and the Canton Bulldogs played the most games in the season (13), while the Muncie Flyers played the fewest (1).^[13] The Buffalo All-Americans scored the most points all season (258), and the Akron Pros allowed the fewest points (7).^[14]

Postseason and legacy

The Akron Pros ended the season as the only undefeated team in the Association. Despite this, two one-loss teams, the Decatur Staleys and Buffalo All-Americans, who both tied Akron that year, made cases for a co-championship.

As there was no playoff system in the APFA until 1932,^[15] a meeting was held to determine the 1920 Champions.^[16] Each team that showed up had a vote to determine the champions. Since the Akron Pros never lost a game, the Pros were awarded the Brunswick-Balke Collender Cup on April 30, 1921.^[17] The trophy was a "silver loving cup", donated by the Brunswick-Balke-Collender Company.^[18]

This decision, however, would arise with controversy. The Staleys and the All-Americans each stated that they should win the award because they had more wins and were not beaten by the Akron Pros.^[16] Each player from the Pros was also awarded with a golden fob; this was in the shape of a football and inscribed with "1920", "WORLD CHAMPIONS", and each player's first initial and last name.^[19]

The Pros did not officially celebrate their championship season until the following year. In October 1921, most of the team was invited to the Elks Club of Akron, which was labeled as "a grand homecoming celebration for the world's champions".^[20] Fritz Pollard was congratulated during an Akron Merchants Association of Colored Business Men's meeting.^[20]

The Pros were the first team in the history of the APFA to complete a non-modern "perfect season". Only four other teams have since accomplished this feat: the 1922 Canton Bulldogs at 10–0–2,^[21] the 1923 Canton Bulldogs at 11–0–1,^[22] the 1929 Green Bay Packers at 12–0–1,^[23] and the 1972 Miami Dolphins at 17–0–0.^[24] In 1972, the NFL changed the rules, so ties count as a half-win and a half-loss.^[25]

Even though the Pros were given the trophy in 1920, the league lost track of the event, and for a long time published in its own record books that the 1920 championship was undecided.^[26] It was not until the 1970s that the NFL discovered this early vote on awarding the Akron Pros the championship.^[26]

Of the 14 teams that played in the APFA/NFL's inaugural season, the Chicago Cardinals, now the Arizona Cardinals, and the Decatur Staleys, now the Chicago Bears, are the only teams that remain in the league.^[27]

Awards

All-Pro

Bruce Copeland, sportswriter for the Rock Island Argus, compiled an All-Pro list for 1920. He used the games played in Rock Island, other newspapers, and his own memory to determine the first-, second-, and third-team All-Pro list. Pro-Football-Reference.com uses this list as the official All-Pro list of 1920.^[28] Twenty of the players were from Illinois and thirteen were from Ohio. The Rock Island Independents had the most players on the list (9), and Racine Cardinals had the least (1).^[29]

First-Team All-Pro

Second-Team All-Pro

Third-Team All-Pro

Hall of Fame

As of 2012, 10 players have been enshrined in the Pro Football Hall of Fame who played in the 1920 APFA season. One non-player, Joseph Carr, the owner of the Columbus Panhandles in the 1920 season and league president from 1921 to 1939, was also elected to the Hall.

References

1. ^ Crippen, Ken (July 27, 2009). "The Rochester Jeffersons Take to the National Stage (Part 1)". Two Bills Drive. Archived from the original on February 17, 2013. Retrieved December 15, 2012.
2. ^ PFRA Research (1980), pp. 3–4
3. ^ Siwoff, Zimmber & Marini (2010), pp. 352–353
4. ^ "Happy Birthday NFL?", by PFRA Research, The Coffin Corner, Vol. 2, No. 8 (August 1980)
5. ^ "NFL Announces Plans to Celebrate 100th Season", NFL.com, August 1, 2019
6. ^ "'Pro' Football Moguels Form National Body". Canton Evening Repository. August 21, 1920.
7. ^ PFRA Research (1980), p. 1
8. ^ David S. Neft, Richard M. Cohen, Jordan A. Deutsch, with John G. Hogrogian, Pro Football: The Early Years: An Encyclopedic History, 1895–1959. Ridgefield, Ct: Sports Products Inc. Publishers, 1978; pp. 15–16.
9. ^ Craig R. Coenen, From Sandlots to the Superbowl: The National Football League, 1920–1967. Knoxville, TN: University of Tennessee Press, 2005; p. 13.
10. ^ "1920 APFA Coaches". Pro-Football-Reference.com. Sports Reference. Retrieved April 22, 2020.
11. ^ "NFL, AFL, and AAFC Stadium". Pro-Football-Reference.com. Sports Reference. Retrieved April 22, 2020.
12. ^ "Triangle Park: Site of First Game In The NFL"
13. ^ "Past Standings". National Football League. p. 27. Archived from the original on September 25, 2013. Retrieved December 7, 2012.
14. ^ "1920 APFA Standings, Team & Offensive Statistics". Pro-Football-Reference.com. Sports Reference. Retrieved January 2, 2013.
15. ^ "History: The First Playoff Game". Pro Football Hall of Fame. Archived June 3, 2011 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved June 10, 2011.
16. ^ Carroll (1982), p. 3
17. ^ Price, Mark (April 25, 2011). "Searching for the Lost Trophy". Akron Beacon Journal. Retrieved December 21, 2011.
18. ^ PFRA Research (1980), p. 6
19. ^ "Medallion from NFL's first champions". Pro Football Hall of Fame. September 29, 2010. Archived from the original on September 24, 2015. Retrieved June 10, 2011.
20. ^ Price, Mark (April 25, 2011). "Searching for Lost Trophy". Akron Beacon-Journal. Retrieved June 23, 2012.
21. ^ "1922 Canton Bulldogs Statistics & Players". Pro-Football-Reference.com. Sports Reference. Retrieved June 10, 2011.
22. ^ "1923 Canton Bulldogs Statistics & Players". Pro-Football-Reference.com. Sports Reference. Retrieved June 10, 2011.
23. ^ "1929 Green Bay Packers Statistics & Players". Pro-Football-Reference.com. Sports Reference. Retrieved June 10, 2011.
24. ^ "1972 Miami Dolphins Statistics & Players". Pro-Football-Reference.com. Sports Reference. Retrieved June 10, 2011.
25. ^ Siwoff, Zimmber & Marini (2010), p. 360
26. ^ PFRA Research (n.d.), p. 1
27. ^ "Franchise History". AZCardinals.com. Archived from the original on November 5, 2012. Retrieved July 4, 2016.
28. ^ "1920 APFA All-Pros". Pro-Football-Reference.com. Sports Reference. Retrieved April 11, 2012.
29. ^ Hogrogian (1984), p. 1–2
30. ^ "Joe Carr". Pro Football Hall of Fame. Retrieved December 26, 2011.
31. ^ "Guy Chamberlin". Pro Football Hall of Fame. Retrieved March 17, 2012.
32. ^ "Jimmy Conzelman". Pro Football Hall of Fame. Retrieved March 17, 2012.
33. ^ "John (Paddy) Driscoll". Pro Football Hall of Fame. Archived from the original on March 9, 2012. Retrieved June 23, 2012.
34. ^ "Joe Guyon". Pro Football Hall of Fame. Retrieved June 23, 2012.
35. ^ "George Halas". Pro Football Hall of Fame. Retrieved March 17, 2012.
36. ^ "Ed Healey". Pro Football Hall of Fame. Archived from the original on August 29, 2012. Retrieved December 6, 2012.
37. ^ "Wilbur (Pete) Henry". Pro Football Hall of Fame. Retrieved June 23, 2012.
38. ^ "Fritz Pollard". Pro Football Hall of Fame. Retrieved December 12, 2011.
39. ^ "Jim Thorpe". Pro Football Hall of Fame. Retrieved June 23, 2012.
40. ^ "George Trafton". Pro Football Hall of Fame. Retrieved March 17, 2012.

Further reading

• Carroll, Bob (1982). "1920 Akron Pros". The Coffin Corner. 4 (12). Professional Football Researchers Association. Archived from the original on March 11, 2012.
• Davis, Jeff (2005). Papa Bear, The Life and Legacy of George Halas. New York: McGraw-Hill. ISBN 0-07-146054-3.
• Hogrogian, John (1984). "1920 All-Pros". The Coffin Corner. 6 (1). Professional Football Researchers Association. Archived from the original on May 11, 2012.
• Peterson, Robert (1997). Pigskin: The Early Years of Pro Football. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-507607-9.
• PFRA Research. "Once More, With Feeling: 1921". Professional Football Researchers Association. Archived from the original on November 26, 2010. Retrieved March 11, 2012.
• PFRA Research (1980). "Happy Birthday NFL?". The Coffin Corner. 2 (8). Professional Football Researchers Association. Archived from the original on March 11, 2012.
• Siwoff, Seymour; Zimmber, Jon; Marini, Matt (2010). The Official NFL Record and Fact Book 2010. National Football League. ISBN 978-1-60320-833-8.
• Ziemba, Joe (1999). When Football Was Football: The Chicago Cardinals and the Birth of the NFL. Chicago: Triumph Books. ISBN 1-57243-317-5.