# Mediated Wiki — full content > Mediated Wiki is a community-governed knowledge commons. Anyone can edit; contested changes are resolved by community challenge and an impartial AI referee, with a permanent, transparent record. ## Live Wiki Articles - [Main Page](https://mediated.wiki/mw/index.php/Main_Page) ## Article Bodies # Slavery URL: https://mediated.wiki/source/Slavery Last updated: 2026-06-20T01:25:58.293Z This MediaWiki page does not exist yet. The submitted text is under mediation. # History of slavery URL: https://mediated.wiki/wiki/page_0002 Last updated: 2026-06-20T13:32:29.842Z The **history of slavery** is the study of how societies have created, justified, organized, resisted, and abolished systems in which people were treated as property or near-property. Slavery has not been one timeless institution. Across different periods it has included chattel ownership, war captivity, debt bondage, hereditary servitude, household slavery, military slavery, sexual exploitation, penal labor, and other forms of coerced dependency. ## Contents - [1 Early evidence](#Early_evidence) - [2 Scale and measurement](#Scale_and_measurement) - [3 Abolition and afterlives](#Abolition_and_afterlives) - [4 References](#References) ## Early evidence The earliest secure documentary evidence usually cited for slavery comes from Early Dynastic Mesopotamia. A tablet from Shuruppak, also known archaeologically as Fara, and catalogued by the Louvre as AO 3765, records a transaction traditionally described as involving a male slave and a house around 2600 BCE.[1] The tablet is important because it shows a person placed inside a recordable transfer, a key feature of alienability. Earlier late-Uruk proto-cuneiform records from southern Mesopotamia may refer to enslaved or dependent people, but the interpretation is debated. Historians therefore often distinguish between plausible earlier signs of dependency and firmer evidence from contracts, legal records, censuses, and other documents that show sale, transfer, inherited status, or coercive control. ## Scale and measurement The scale of slavery is difficult to compare across world history because different records measure different things. A census counts a stock of people at one time. A ship database measures a flow across a route. A law records a formal rule, which may not match lived practice. A royal inscription may record captives in language shaped by propaganda. The transatlantic slave trade is one of the best-documented forced migration systems because ship records can be aggregated. The SlaveVoyages database estimates roughly 12.5 million enslaved Africans embarked and roughly 10.7 million disembarked in the Americas.[2] Other large systems, including ancient imperial deportations, Indian Ocean and trans-Saharan trades, Black Sea and Crimean raiding, and internal slave societies, are reconstructed from less even bodies of evidence. ## Abolition and afterlives Legal abolition occurred unevenly. Some jurisdictions abolished slave trading before abolishing legal slave status, and many replaced slavery with other coercive labor systems. Abolition therefore did not end all forms of forced labor, inherited stigma, racial hierarchy, domestic servitude, penal exploitation, or debt-based coercion. Modern antislavery law generally treats slavery, servitude, forced labor, human trafficking, forced marriage, and slavery-like practices as related but legally distinct categories. ## References 1. [↑](#cite_ref-1) [Louvre Collections, AO 3765](https://collections.louvre.fr/en/ark:/53355/cl010120688) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-2) [SlaveVoyages, Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade Database](https://www.slavevoyages.org/) # Ben Shapiro URL: https://mediated.wiki/wiki/page_0003 Last updated: 2026-07-30T14:16:58.609Z **Ben Shapiro** is an American conservative political commentator, author, media host, and co-founder of [The Daily Wire](/mw/index.php/The_Daily_Wire). Encyclopaedia Britannica describes him as a conservative commentator and podcast host known for *The Ben Shapiro Show*, while The Daily Wire's own author biography identifies him as founding editor-in-chief, editor emeritus, and host of the show.[1][2] Shapiro's public role combines commentary, publishing, and conservative media entrepreneurship. In March 2025, Axios reported a Daily Wire executive transition in which Jeremy Boreing stepped down as co-CEO to focus on creative projects, Caleb Robinson became full-time CEO, and Shapiro remained editor emeritus and central on-air talent.[3] In May 2026, Barrett Media reported that Robinson had resigned as CEO and that Mike Richards would become CEO of The Daily Wire.[4] ## Contents - [1 Education](#Education) - [2 Early column career](#Early_column_career) - [3 Books and publishing](#Books_and_publishing) - [4 Campus appearances](#Campus_appearances) - [5 Religious identity](#Religious_identity) - [6 Donald Trump](#Donald_Trump) - [7 Israel and October 7 commentary](#Israel_and_October_7_commentary) - [8 References](#References) ## Education Shapiro entered the University of California, Los Angeles at age 16 and graduated in 2004 with a bachelor's degree in political science. He graduated from Harvard Law School in 2007.[5][6] ## Early column career Shapiro began publishing political commentary while attending the University of California, Los Angeles. Creators Syndicate's author biography describes him as the youngest nationally syndicated columnist in the United States, while The Daily Wire's biography states that the syndicate hired him at age 17.[7][8] This print-syndication work preceded his later prominence in podcasting and digital conservative media. ## Books and publishing Shapiro became publicly associated with conservative books before his later podcast and Daily Wire prominence. Creators Syndicate's author biography describes him as the author of the national bestsellers *Brainwashed: How Universities Indoctrinate America's Youth*, *Porn Generation: How Social Liberalism Is Corrupting Our Future*, and *Project President: Bad Hair and Botox on the Road to the White House*.[9] *Publishers Weekly* summarized those early books as respectively addressing campus politics, social liberalism and sexual culture, and the marketing of presidential candidates.[10] His later books include *The Right Side of History*, *How to Destroy America in Three Easy Steps*, and *The Authoritarian Moment*, all published by HarperCollins imprints.[11] HarperCollins describes *The Right Side of History* as a New York Times bestseller about reason, moral purpose, and Western civilization, while its listing for *The Authoritarian Moment* gives the subtitle *How the Left Weaponized America's Institutions Against Dissent* and an on-sale date of July 27, 2021.[12][13] ## Campus appearances Shapiro became a recurring figure in late-2010s campus free-speech disputes. At the University of California, Berkeley, Young America's Foundation and the Berkeley College Republicans sponsored a September 14, 2017 speech by Shapiro.[14] Before the event, university-linked coverage disputed claims that Berkeley was blocking the appearance and reported the administration's position that Shapiro would be able to speak on campus.[15] The speech proceeded at Zellerbach Hall under extensive security; the *San Francisco Chronicle* reported an estimated $600,000 security cost and police participation from across the Bay Area.[16] Voice of America reported that police made arrests outside the event and that Shapiro opened his remarks by denouncing white supremacy and urging discussion and debate with political opponents.[17] A later UC Berkeley chancellor's commission report discussed the September 2017 appearances by Shapiro and Milo Yiannopoulos in its review of police presence, security planning, and campus free-speech policy after earlier violence and the Charlottesville attack.[18] ## Religious identity Shapiro publicly identifies as an Orthodox Jew; The Daily Wire's author biography also describes him in those terms.[19] ## Donald Trump Shapiro remained critical of Donald Trump during the 2016 presidential campaign despite pressure from executives at Salem Media, which then carried his radio program, for hosts to cover Trump more positively.[20] In 2020, he said that he would vote for Trump while maintaining his earlier criticism of Trump's character; on election night, he also called Trump's premature declaration of victory "deeply irresponsible."[21][22] ## Israel and October 7 commentary Shapiro has made support for Israel a recurring subject of his political commentary. After the Hamas-led attack on Israel on October 7, 2023, he returned to *The Ben Shapiro Show* on October 9 with episode 1824, titled "The Face of Absolute Evil". The episode focused on the killing and abduction of Israeli civilians and argued that responsibility for the attack lay with Hamas.[23] Contemporary Reuters reporting described Hamas gunmen crossing into Israel, killing civilians and taking hostages, while Israel began airstrikes in Gaza.[24] ## References [Template:Reflist](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Reflist&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-1) [Template:Cite web](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_web&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-2) [Template:Cite web](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_web&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-3) [Template:Cite news](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_news&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-4) [Template:Cite news](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_news&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-5) [Template:Cite web](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_web&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-6) [Template:Cite web](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_web&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-7) [Template:Cite web](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_web&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-8) [Template:Cite web](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_web&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-9) [Template:Cite web](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_web&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-10) [Template:Cite web](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_web&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-11) [Template:Cite web](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_web&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-12) [Template:Cite web](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_web&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-13) [Template:Cite web](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_web&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-14) [Template:Cite web](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_web&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-15) [Template:Cite web](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_web&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-16) [Template:Cite news](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_news&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-17) [Template:Cite news](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_news&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-18) [Template:Cite report](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_report&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-19) [Template:Cite web](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_web&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-20) [Template:Cite news](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_news&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-21) [Template:Cite news](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_news&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-22) [Template:Cite news](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_news&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-23) [Template:Cite web](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_web&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-24) [Template:Cite news](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_news&action=edit&redlink=1) # The Daily Wire URL: https://mediated.wiki/wiki/page_0004 Last updated: 2026-06-21T12:19:40.725Z **The Daily Wire** is an American conservative media company founded in 2015 by [Ben Shapiro](/mw/index.php/Ben_Shapiro), [Jeremy Boreing](/mw/index.php/Jeremy_Boreing), and Caleb Robinson. Its own company history describes the outlet as a for-profit right-of-center media business built around distribution and marketing, launched with a reported $4.7 million initial investment from Farris Wilks.[1] The company became closely associated with Shapiro's commentary and podcasting, while also building a subscription and advertising business around other conservative hosts and video programming. Shapiro's Daily Wire biography identifies him as the company's founding editor-in-chief and editor emeritus, as well as host of *The Ben Shapiro Show*.[2] During the 2020s, The Daily Wire expanded beyond political commentary into streaming, films, commerce, and children's entertainment. Its Bentkey service is marketed as a streaming service for children and families, with original and curated programming distributed through mobile and television apps.[3] Axios reported in March 2025 that Boreing would step down from his co-CEO role to focus on creative projects, while Robinson would become sole CEO; the same report described Daily Wire+, Bentkey, entertainment, and e-commerce as parts of the company's wider expansion.[4] In May 2026, Barrett Media reported that Robinson had resigned as CEO and that Daily Wire president Mike Richards would succeed him.[5] *The Hollywood Reporter* subsequently described Richards as The Daily Wire's CEO.[6] 1. [↑](#cite_ref-1) [The Daily Wire, "About"](https://www.dailywire.com/about). 1. [↑](#cite_ref-2) [The Daily Wire, "Ben Shapiro"](https://www.dailywire.com/author/ben-shapiro). 1. [↑](#cite_ref-3) [Bentkey official site](https://get.bentkey.com/). 1. [↑](#cite_ref-4) [Sara Fischer, "Daily Wire co-CEO Jeremy Boreing to step down", *Axios*, March 18, 2025](https://www.axios.com/2025/03/18/daily-wire-jeremy-boreing-steps-down). 1. [↑](#cite_ref-5) [Garrett Searight, "The Daily Wire CEO Caleb Robinson Exits, Mike Richards Elevated as Replacement", *Barrett Media*, May 20, 2026](https://barrettmedia.com/2026/05/20/daily-wire-caleb-robinson-mike-richards/). 1. [↑](#cite_ref-6) [Seth Abramovitch, "The Canceled Man in Charge: Mike Richards Takes the Wheel at The Daily Wire", *The Hollywood Reporter*, May 22, 2026](https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/business/business-news/daily-wire-ceo-mike-richards-ben-shapiro-movies-shows-1236603836/). # Slavery in the ancient world URL: https://mediated.wiki/wiki/page_0005 Last updated: 2026-07-15T19:23:05.428Z **Slavery in the ancient world** included chattel slavery, war captivity, debt servitude, household dependency, coerced institutional labor, hereditary subordination, and imperial deportation. These categories overlapped, but they were not identical. Ancient evidence therefore has to distinguish saleable slave status from other forms of unfree or compulsory labor. ## Contents - [1 Early Near Eastern evidence](#Early_Near_Eastern_evidence) - [2 Greece, Persia, and Rome](#Greece,_Persia,_and_Rome) - [3 Interpretation](#Interpretation) - [4 References](#References) ## Early Near Eastern evidence Some of the clearest early documentary evidence comes from Mesopotamia, where contracts, law collections, ration records, and royal inscriptions show different kinds of dependency. A tablet from Shuruppak, catalogued by the Louvre as AO 3765 and often dated around 2600 BCE, is traditionally described as a transaction involving a male slave and a house.[1] Its significance is not that it marks the first enslavement in history, but that it shows a person appearing in a recordable transfer, one of slavery's central features. Mesopotamian law collections and administrative texts also show the difficulty of classification. A debtor, temple dependent, corvee worker, captive, household servant, and enslaved person could all be subject to command, but they did not always have the same legal status or ability to leave. Historians usually read these records by asking whether a person could be sold, inherited, manumitted, punished as property, or have status transmitted to children. Royal inscriptions from Akkadian and later Mesopotamian rulers describe captives and deported populations as signs of conquest. Such texts are often propagandistic, but they reveal how rulers treated defeated people as labor, tribute, settlement, and display. Neo-Assyrian deportation is especially important as state-scale forced movement, though deportees should not all be collapsed into chattel slaves. ## Greece, Persia, and Rome Greek city-states used enslaved labor in households, workshops, agriculture, mining, and public work. Athens depended on slave labor while defining citizenship sharply against unfreedom. Sparta's helots were a different case: a conquered, hereditary, subordinated population compelled to farm Spartan estates and support Spartan society rather than ordinary market chattel slaves.[2] The Achaemenid Persian Empire governed labor through local institutions, tribute, corvee, household service, and imperial administration. The Persepolis Fortification Archive records rations and movements for workers, officials, women, children, and travelers, making it useful evidence for managed dependence rather than a simple slave inventory.[3] Rome developed one of the ancient world's largest and most legally elaborated slave systems. Conquest supplied captives to markets, but Roman slavery also reproduced through birth, sale, exposure, piracy, punishment, and trade. Enslaved people worked in households, farms, mines, businesses, education, sex, administration, and spectacle. Roman law treated slaves as under the power of owners while also using them as agents who could manage property or business for a master. Manumission made freedpeople visible in Roman society, but demographic estimates suggest that its overall incidence was relatively low.[4] ## Interpretation Ancient slavery is best understood as a family of institutions that turned vulnerability into alienability, labor extraction, inherited status, sexual control, punishment, or social dishonor. The ancient record also warns against treating all coercion as slavery. Corvee labor, debt service, tenancy, captivity, deportation, and household dependency could be brutal without being identical to slave ownership. The strongest comparisons preserve those distinctions while showing how ancient societies repeatedly converted people outside protection into transferable or controllable labor. ## References 1. [↑](#cite_ref-1) [Louvre Collections, AO 3765](https://collections.louvre.fr/en/ark:/53355/cl010120688) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-2) [George Tridimas, "Choice of slavery institutions in Ancient Greece: Athenian chattels and Spartan helots"](https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-institutional-economics/article/choice-of-slavery-institutions-in-ancient-greece-athenian-chattels-and-spartan-helots/DA904BD5451B7DD8741DBDDFA5BC7DFF) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-3) [Institute for the Study of Ancient Cultures, Persepolis Fortification Archive](https://isac.uchicago.edu/research/projects/persepolis-fortification-archive) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-4) [Walter Scheidel, "Quantifying the Sources of Slaves in the Early Roman Empire"](https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-roman-studies/article/quantifying-the-sources-of-slaves-in-the-early-roman-empire/C0981C8851D925FD1019FF93985F23AF) # Transatlantic slave trade URL: https://mediated.wiki/wiki/page_0006 Last updated: 2026-06-21T13:42:08.870Z The **transatlantic slave trade** was the forced transport of enslaved Africans across the Atlantic Ocean to the Americas. It connected African capture and sale, European and American shipping and finance, plantation and urban labor demand, and colonial legal systems that made enslaved status inheritable. Modern reconstructions such as [SlaveVoyages](https://www.slavevoyages.org/) estimate that roughly 12.5 million Africans were embarked on Atlantic slave ships and about 10.7 million disembarked in the Americas. The trade is unusually measurable because merchants and states kept shipping records, port books, insurance papers, customs accounts, plantation records, court documents, newspapers, and naval-capture records. Those sources make routes and destination patterns visible, but they do not fully count deaths in inland wars, raids, forced marches, holding pens, epidemics, or coastal confinement before embarkation. They also do not count every person born into slavery in the Americas or every person later moved through internal slave trades. Destination matters to the trade's history. Brazil was the largest receiving region, with about 4.8 million direct arrivals from Africa; the Caribbean plantation complex was another major center, including Jamaica, Saint-Domingue, Cuba, Barbados, and other sugar colonies. Mainland British North America and the later United States received a much smaller direct transatlantic share, about 389,000 people, while becoming a large slave society through hereditary slavery, natural increase, cotton expansion, and internal sale. These differences show why direct Atlantic arrivals, final destination after re-export, enslaved population stock, births into slavery, and legal abolition dates are separate measurements. The Atlantic trade was not only a maritime route. It became a durable system when repeated voyages, credit, insurance, forts, brokers, plantation demand, imperial revenue, and racial law made the forced movement of people routine. Abolitionist evidence such as the [Brookes slave ship diagram](https://www.loc.gov/item/98504459/) tried to make shipboard crowding visible, while the databases built from surviving records show the larger geography of forced migration. ## References - [SlaveVoyages: Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade Database](https://www.slavevoyages.org/). - Library of Congress, [*Stowage of the British slave ship "Brookes" under the regulated slave trade act of 1788*](https://www.loc.gov/item/98504459/). - Thomas Maciejewski, *The History of Slavery*, claim matrix and manuscript source apparatus, 2026. # The Ben Shapiro Show URL: https://mediated.wiki/source/The_Ben_Shapiro_Show Last updated: 2026-06-21T14:20:49.936Z **The Ben Shapiro Show** is an American conservative news-commentary podcast produced by [The Daily Wire](/mw/index.php/The_Daily_Wire) and hosted by [Ben Shapiro](/mw/index.php/Ben_Shapiro). The Daily Wire describes the program as live on weekday mornings, while Apple Podcasts lists it as a Daily Wire news-commentary show updated daily and active from 2015 through 2026.[1][2] The show is one of Shapiro's main public platforms and part of The Daily Wire's broader subscription and podcast business. The company's author biography identifies Shapiro as founding editor-in-chief, editor emeritus, and host of the program.[3] In 2018, *Radio Ink* reported that Westwood One was expanding the podcast into a nationally syndicated two-hour live radio show, in addition to a one-hour podcast broadcast, after earlier carriage in 60 radio markets.[4] In April 2026, Barrett Media reported that the program ranked sixth in Podtrac's March 2026 U.S. Unique Monthly Audience podcast rankings.[5] ## References [Template:Reflist](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Reflist&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-1) [Template:Cite web](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_web&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-2) [Template:Cite web](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_web&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-3) [Template:Cite web](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_web&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-4) [Template:Cite news](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_news&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-5) [Template:Cite news](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_news&action=edit&redlink=1) # Bentkey URL: https://mediated.wiki/wiki/page_0008 Last updated: 2026-07-03T23:52:20.482Z **Bentkey** is an American subscription streaming service for children's and family entertainment operated by The Daily Wire's Bentkey Ventures LLC. It is marketed as a service with original and curated children's programming, ad-free viewing, and distribution through mobile, web, and television apps.[1] Axios reported that The Daily Wire launched Bentkey in October 2023 as a children's entertainment app and as part of the company's shift beyond political commentary into subscription-based entertainment. Axios described the platform as a response to Disney's public stance on Florida's Parental Rights in Education law, while noting that The Daily Wire kept Bentkey's branding separate from its political media brand. The launch report said the service began with more than 150 episodes across 18 shows, including original programs such as *Chip Chilla*, and that DailyWire+ subscribers would receive access to Bentkey.[2] The service is part of The Daily Wire's broader expansion into owned subscription platforms, entertainment, and e-commerce. In December 2024, Axios reported that Daily Wire co-CEO Jeremy Boreing said the company planned to put additional focus on Bentkey in 2025 as part of a wider strategy to move more audience engagement onto company-operated platforms.[3] Bentkey's own help center states that the service is included with annual DailyWire+ subscriptions in the United States.[4] ## References [Template:Reflist](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Reflist&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-1) [Template:Cite web](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_web&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-2) [Template:Cite news](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_news&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-3) [Template:Cite news](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_news&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-4) [Template:Cite web](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_web&action=edit&redlink=1) # Breitbart News URL: https://mediated.wiki/wiki/page_0009 Last updated: 2026-06-27T09:36:17.603Z **Breitbart News** is an American conservative news and opinion website associated with the digital conservative media network founded by Andrew Breitbart. ABC News described Breitbart, after his March 2012 death, as a conservative publisher who had founded a news network including Breitbart.com, Breitbart.tv, Big Hollywood, Big Government, Big Journalism, and Big Peace.[1] Media researchers and news organizations have also described Breitbart as part of a broader right-wing or far-right media ecosystem, including a 2017 Columbia Journalism Review analysis that identified Breitbart as the center of a distinct right-wing media ecosystem and a 2017 Voice of America report that called it a far-right website under Steve Bannon's recent leadership.[2][3] Breitbart's masthead listed Alexander Marlow as editor-in-chief in 2026.[4] Ben Shapiro's early national conservative-media career included a period at Breitbart News in 2012. Encyclopaedia Britannica's summary of Shapiro's career describes Breitbart News as a conservative news site and says Shapiro became an editor at large there in 2012.[5] In March 2016, Shapiro and reporter Michelle Fields resigned amid Breitbart's handling of Fields's dispute with Donald Trump's presidential campaign. CBS/AP reported that a Breitbart reporter and one of the site's top editors resigned over what they said was the site's reaction to the dispute, and identified Shapiro as Breitbart editor at large.[6] NPR's Bill Chappell likewise reported that Fields and editor-at-large Shapiro resigned, and that Shapiro criticized Steve Bannon's stewardship of Andrew Breitbart's legacy in his resignation statement.[7] ## References [Template:Reflist](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Reflist&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-1) [Template:Cite news](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_news&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-2) [Template:Cite news](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_news&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-3) [Template:Cite news](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_news&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-4) [Template:Cite web](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_web&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-5) [Template:Cite web](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_web&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-6) [Template:Cite news](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_news&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-7) [Template:Cite news](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_news&action=edit&redlink=1) # Slavery in Africa URL: https://mediated.wiki/wiki/page_0010 Last updated: 2026-07-20T19:29:50.649Z **Slavery in Africa** has included many different systems of captivity, dependency, forced labor, household service, concubinage, military service, and inherited status. It should not be treated only as a source zone for the transatlantic slave trade. African slave systems varied by region and period: some were tied to household incorporation or lineage power, others to war, state formation, caravan routes, plantation production, or export demand across the Atlantic, Sahara, Red Sea, and Indian Ocean. The Atlantic trade intensified some African systems and redirected others, but it did not absorb the continent's history of slavery into a single export story. West African ports such as Ouidah became major embarkation points; public-history summaries and SlaveVoyages-based scholarship describe Ouidah as exporting more than one million people over roughly two centuries. At the same time, large inland systems such as the Sokoto Caliphate, Ethiopia and the Horn, and Saharan networks held or moved enslaved people in agrarian, military, domestic, and commercial settings that were not simply Atlantic plantation extensions. East Africa and the western Indian Ocean followed a different pattern. Zanzibar connected inland capture, caravan labor, coastal trade, clove plantations, household slavery, and routes toward Arabia and the Indian Ocean. Its abolition sequence shows why legal dates must be read carefully: the 1873 treaty attacked the slave trade and public markets, the 1897 decree ended legal slave status for most enslaved people, and later measures addressed remaining household and concubine claims. Abolition in Africa was likewise uneven. Tunisia's 1841-1846 reforms culminated in a January 1846 decree permanently abolishing slavery; UNESCO describes Tunisia as the first country in the Muslim world to officially abolish slavery. Elsewhere, abolition came through colonial ordinances, treaty pressure, conquest, international oversight, court petitions, flight, and local action by enslaved people. The result was often a gap between ending the slave trade, ending legal slave status, and ending coercive labor or inherited stigma in practice. ## References - [SlaveVoyages: Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade Database](https://www.slavevoyages.org/). - [Slavery and Remembrance, "Ouidah"](https://slaveryandremembrance.org/articles/article/?id=A0120). - [UNESCO, "The Abolition of Slavery in Tunisia 1841-1846"](https://www.unesco.org/en/memory-world/abolition-slavery-tunisia-1841-1846). - Thomas Maciejewski, *The History of Slavery*, Chapter 9 and source apparatus, 2026. # Abolitionism URL: https://mediated.wiki/wiki/page_0011 Last updated: 2026-06-24T13:33:34.960Z **Abolitionism** is the movement to end slavery, the slave trade, and related forms of legally or socially enforced unfreedom. It has included religious protest, enslaved people's resistance, litigation, petitions, journalism, diplomacy, military action, revolutionary politics, parliamentary legislation, and international law. ## Contents - [1 Scope](#Scope) - [2 Legal abolition](#Legal_abolition) - [3 International law and afterlives](#International_law_and_afterlives) - [4 References](#References) ## Scope Abolitionism should not be treated as a single event or as a movement that appeared in only one society. Early antislavery arguments often challenged wrongful enslavement, slave trading, or particular abuses before they became universal claims against slavery as an institution. In the Atlantic world, abolitionism drew strength from Black testimony, slave resistance, Quaker and evangelical organizing, free Black activism, revolutionary politics, and parliamentary campaigns. In Africa, the Islamic world, and the Indian Ocean, abolition also moved through local moral critique, treaty pressure, state reform, colonial law, and the actions of enslaved people who fled or used new legal openings. ## Legal abolition Abolition usually occurred in layers. A government might prohibit slave importation or sale before ending legal slave status; it might abolish legal title while preserving apprenticeship, household dependency, contract labor, or other coercive arrangements. Britain abolished the slave trade in 1807 and passed the Slavery Abolition Act in 1833, with emancipation in most British colonies beginning in 1834.[1] The United States abolished slavery and involuntary servitude, except as punishment for crime, through the Thirteenth Amendment, ratified in 1865.[2] The sequence was different elsewhere. Tunisia abolished slavery in 1846 after earlier reforms closed markets and removed state taxes on slave sales.[3] In Zanzibar, British treaty pressure closed public slave markets and prohibited export in 1873, but legal slave status ended later and concubines were not fully included until 1909. Such examples show why historians distinguish between abolition of the trade, abolition of legal slave status, emancipation in practice, and later criminalization. ## International law and afterlives Twentieth-century abolitionism increasingly became an international legal project. The 1926 Slavery Convention required states to suppress the slave trade and move toward the complete abolition of slavery.[4] Later instruments addressed servitude, forced labor, trafficking, debt bondage, forced marriage, and other slavery-like practices. Legal abolition did not by itself end coercive labor, inherited stigma, racial hierarchy, penal exploitation, debt bondage, domestic servitude, or trafficking. For that reason, abolitionism is best understood both as the historical campaign against legal slavery and as a continuing effort to make exit from coercive control practically possible. ## References 1. [↑](#cite_ref-1) [Slavery Abolition Act 1833, legislation.gov.uk](https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/Will4/3-4/73) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-2) [U.S. Constitution, Thirteenth Amendment, Library of Congress](https://constitution.congress.gov/constitution/amendment-13/) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-3) [Antislavery in Domestic Legislation, Tunisia](https://antislaverylaw.ac.uk/country/tunisia/) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-4) [Slavery Convention, OHCHR](https://www.ohchr.org/en/instruments-mechanisms/instruments/slavery-convention) # Daily Wire Plus URL: https://mediated.wiki/wiki/page_0012 Last updated: 2026-06-24T14:43:09.570Z **Daily Wire Plus** (marketed as **DailyWire+**) is a subscription media service operated by [The Daily Wire](/mw/index.php/The_Daily_Wire). The service packages the company's shows, articles, documentaries, films, and member-only programming under paid membership plans.[1] The service reflects The Daily Wire's broader move from political commentary into subscription-based entertainment and owned distribution. In 2021, Axios reported that The Daily Wire was expanding beyond news and podcasts into entertainment, including films and other original programming.[2] In 2022, Axios reported that the company had passed one million paid subscribers and was using its subscription base to support a larger entertainment push.[3] DailyWire+ also became connected to The Daily Wire's children's entertainment strategy. When The Daily Wire launched [Bentkey](/mw/index.php/Bentkey) in October 2023, Axios reported that existing DailyWire+ subscribers would receive access to the children's streaming service.[4] Bentkey's help center similarly describes availability through annual DailyWire+ subscriptions in the United States.[5] ## References [Template:Reflist](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Reflist&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-1) [Template:Cite web](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_web&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-2) [Template:Cite news](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_news&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-3) [Template:Cite news](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_news&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-4) [Template:Cite news](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_news&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-5) [Template:Cite web](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_web&action=edit&redlink=1) # Abolition of slavery URL: https://mediated.wiki/wiki/page_0013 Last updated: 2026-07-02T00:50:26.989Z **Abolition of slavery** is the legal and political process by which states, empires, colonies, and international institutions withdrew formal recognition from slavery and related slave-trading systems. It is related to [Abolitionism](/mw/index.php/Abolitionism), but the term usually refers more narrowly to statutes, decrees, constitutional amendments, treaties, court rules, emancipation measures, and later criminal laws that ended or restricted legal slave status. ## Contents - [1 Legal layers](#Legal_layers) - [2 International law](#International_law) - [3 Aftermath](#Aftermath) - [4 References](#References) ## Legal layers Abolition rarely occurred as a single act. A government could ban importation or export of enslaved people while leaving domestic slavery intact; abolish legal title while preserving apprenticeship or other transitional labor; or criminalize residual slavery only after an earlier formal abolition. For this reason, historians often distinguish abolition of the slave trade, abolition of legal slave status, emancipation in practice, and criminal enforcement against slavery-like practices. The British Empire illustrates an imperial statute model. Britain abolished the slave trade in 1807 and enacted the Slavery Abolition Act 1833, with emancipation in most British colonies beginning in 1834 and apprenticeship ending later where it applied.[1] In the United States, slavery and involuntary servitude were abolished in 1865 by the Thirteenth Amendment, except as punishment for crime.[2] Brazil's Lei Aurea ended slavery in the Brazilian Empire in 1888.[3] Other regions followed more staggered sequences. Tunisia abolished slavery in 1846 after earlier measures closed slave markets and removed state taxes on slave sales.[4] Zanzibar's abolition process moved from the 1873 suppression of export and public markets to the 1897 abolition of legal slave status; the 1897 decree left concubines in existing household relations unless they sought dissolution for proven cruelty.[5] Mauritania formally abolished slavery in 1981, criminalized it in 2007, and strengthened anti-slavery law in 2015.[6] ## International law By the twentieth century, abolition became part of international law. The 1926 Slavery Convention required states to prevent and suppress the slave trade and to bring about the complete abolition of slavery.[7] Later instruments addressed forced labor, debt bondage, servile marriage, child transfer, trafficking, and other slavery-like practices. These instruments did not mean that coercive labor disappeared, but they changed the legal baseline: open property in human beings became formally illegitimate in international law. ## Aftermath Legal abolition did not automatically end the social, economic, or political power built through slavery. Apprenticeship, contract labor, debt bondage, penal labor, racial exclusion, landlessness, household dependency, and inherited stigma could survive after formal emancipation. A useful chronology of abolition therefore asks not only when slavery was prohibited, but what legal category ended, where the law applied, who could leave, what coercive systems remained, and whether the state enforced protection for formerly enslaved people. ## References 1. [↑](#cite_ref-1) [Slavery Abolition Act 1833, legislation.gov.uk](https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/Will4/3-4/73) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-2) [U.S. Constitution, Thirteenth Amendment, Library of Congress](https://constitution.congress.gov/constitution/amendment-13/) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-3) [Office of the Historian, United States Department of State, "The Abolition of Brazilian Slavery, 1866-1888"](https://history.state.gov/milestones/1866-1898/brazilian-slavery) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-4) [Antislavery in Domestic Legislation, Tunisia](https://antislaverylaw.ac.uk/country/tunisia/) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-5) [Abdul Sheriff and Ed Ferguson, eds., *Transition from Slavery in Zanzibar and Mauritius*, CODESRIA, pp. 51-52](https://publication.codesria.org/index.php/pub/catalog/download/37/124/286?inline=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-6) [Antislavery in Domestic Legislation, Mauritania](https://antislaverylaw.ac.uk/country/mauritania/) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-7) [Slavery Convention, OHCHR](https://www.ohchr.org/en/instruments-mechanisms/instruments/slavery-convention) # Jeremy Boreing URL: https://mediated.wiki/wiki/page_0014 Last updated: 2026-06-29T21:56:55.976Z **Jeremy Boreing** is an American media executive, filmmaker, and conservative commentator best known as a co-founder of [The Daily Wire](/mw/index.php/The_Daily_Wire). The company's author page describes him as co-founder, co-CEO, and host of *Daily Wire Backstage*, and identifies earlier political-media work with Truth Revolt, Friends of Abe, and Declaration Entertainment.[1] At The Daily Wire, Boreing's public role has been closely tied to the company's entertainment and subscription expansion as well as its political commentary business. Axios reported on March 18, 2025, that Boreing was stepping down from his co-CEO role to focus on creative projects, including *The Pendragon Cycle*, while Caleb Robinson became the company's full-time CEO and Boreing remained in an advisory role. The same report said Boreing had been with The Daily Wire since its 2015 inception and had helped grow it from a small startup with $4.7 million in seed funding into a media company valued north of $1 billion the previous year.[2] The Daily Wire's own March 2025 announcement likewise said Boreing would step down as co-chief executive officer and focus on creative and entertainment ventures for the company.[3] By March 2026, Barrett Media described Boreing as having exited The Daily Wire the previous year and launching *The Jeremy Boreing Show* as his own podcast on major podcast platforms, YouTube, and Rumble.[4] ## References 1. [↑](#cite_ref-1) [The Daily Wire, "Jeremy Boreing"](https://www.dailywire.com/author/jeremy-boreing). 1. [↑](#cite_ref-2) [Sara Fischer, "Daily Wire co-CEO steps down", *Axios Media Trends*, March 18, 2025](https://www.axios.com/newsletters/axios-media-trends-dd461820-0354-11f0-be12-372bc8236c04). 1. [↑](#cite_ref-3) [Brent Scher, "Daily Wire Co-Founder Jeremy Boreing To Step Into New Role Focusing On Entertainment", *The Daily Wire*, March 18, 2025](https://www.dailywire.com/news/daily-wire-co-founder-jeremy-boreing-to-step-into-new-role-focusing-on-entertainment). 1. [↑](#cite_ref-4) [BNM Staff, "Former Daily Wire CEO Jeremy Boreing Launching Own Podcast", *Barrett Media*, March 17, 2026](https://barrettmedia.com/2026/03/17/former-daily-wire-ceo-jeremy-boreing-launching-own-podcast/). # Modern slavery URL: https://mediated.wiki/wiki/page_0015 Last updated: 2026-06-26T13:33:07.903Z **Modern slavery** is an umbrella term for severe forms of contemporary coercion, usually including forced labour, forced marriage, human trafficking, servitude, debt bondage, and slavery-like practices. Unlike most historical [slavery](/mw/index.php/Slavery), modern slavery is generally not a lawful property status. It more often describes illegal coercive control in which a person cannot refuse or leave without serious penalty, threat, debt, violence, legal vulnerability, or loss of basic security. ## Contents - [1 Definition and measurement](#Definition_and_measurement) - [2 Relation to historical slavery](#Relation_to_historical_slavery) - [3 Mechanisms](#Mechanisms) - [4 International law](#International_law) - [5 References](#References) ## Definition and measurement The International Labour Organization, Walk Free, and the International Organization for Migration estimated that 49.6 million people were living in modern slavery on any given day in 2021, including 27.6 million in forced labour and 22 million in forced marriage.[1][2] Public summaries often round the total to 50 million and the forced-labour estimate to 28 million. Modern slavery statistics should be distinguished from detected trafficking statistics. The United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime's 2024 global trafficking report analyzes detected trafficking cases and criminal-justice data reported by states, rather than estimating the total number of people living under coercive control.[3] Legal mapping projects also measure a different question: the Antislavery in Domestic Legislation project compares domestic prohibitions on slavery, servitude, forced labour, trafficking, forced marriage, and related practices across United Nations member states.[4] ## Relation to historical slavery Modern slavery is related to older slave systems because it turns vulnerability into control, but it is not identical to legal chattel slavery. Earlier slaveholders could often point to statutes, courts, contracts, or inheritance rules recognizing property in people. Contemporary exploiters more often deny ownership while using debt, confiscated documents, withheld wages, threatened deportation, isolation, family pressure, violence, or control of housing and transport to close off practical exit. This distinction matters for neutral description. A person may be subject to forced labour or servitude even where no bill of sale, formal title, or slave code exists. Conversely, not every exploitative workplace, poor marriage, or prison labour system is automatically slavery. The central question is whether coercion has made refusal or departure practically impossible. ## Mechanisms Common mechanisms include recruitment debt, document seizure, migration dependency, wage withholding, threats to relatives, domestic confinement, forced marriage, descent-based stigma, armed-group control, and abuses within prisons or state labour systems. The forms vary by jurisdiction and sector, but many operate by controlling a person's exits rather than by openly claiming ownership. Public case records illustrate the pattern. In the Los Villatoros Harvesting case in the United States, federal prosecutors described Mexican H-2A agricultural workers trapped through recruitment fees, debt, confiscated passports, falsified payroll records, threats of arrest and deportation, and degrading housing.[5] The case did not involve lawful ownership of workers; the alleged coercion worked through debt, immigration vulnerability, documents, wages, housing, and fear. ## International law International law distinguishes several overlapping categories. The 1926 Slavery Convention addressed slavery and the slave trade; the 1930 Forced Labour Convention addressed forced or compulsory labour; and the 1956 Supplementary Convention addressed institutions and practices similar to slavery, including debt bondage, servile forms of marriage, and certain transfers of children.[6][7] Modern antislavery law therefore includes both the abolition of legal slave status and the later effort to identify coercive practices that survive after formal abolition. ## References 1. [↑](#cite_ref-1) [ILO, Walk Free, and IOM, *Global Estimates of Modern Slavery: Forced Labour and Forced Marriage* (2022)](https://www.ilo.org/publications/major-publications/global-estimates-modern-slavery-forced-labour-and-forced-marriage) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-2) [Walk Free, *Global Estimates of Modern Slavery 2022*](https://www.walkfree.org/reports/global-estimates-of-modern-slavery-2022/) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-3) [UNODC, launch note for *Global Report on Trafficking in Persons 2024*](https://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/frontpage/2024/December/launch-of-the-global-report-on-trafficking-in-persons-2024.html) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-4) [Antislavery in Domestic Legislation, database overview](https://antislaverylaw.ac.uk/about/) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-5) [U.S. Department of Justice, forced-labour sentencing release in the Los Villatoros Harvesting case](https://www.justice.gov/archives/opa/pr/three-defendants-sentenced-multi-state-racketeering-conspiracy-involving-forced-labor-mexican) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-6) [OHCHR, 1926 Slavery Convention](https://www.ohchr.org/en/instruments-mechanisms/instruments/slavery-convention) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-7) [OHCHR, 1956 Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery](https://www.ohchr.org/en/instruments-mechanisms/instruments/supplementary-convention-abolition-slavery-slave-trade-and) # Andrew Breitbart URL: https://mediated.wiki/wiki/page_0016 Last updated: 2026-06-26T14:17:12.281Z **Andrew Breitbart** (1969-2012) was an American conservative publisher, blogger, and media entrepreneur associated with the Drudge Report, HuffPost, and the network of conservative sites that became Breitbart News.[1] ABC News described him at his death as a conservative Internet publisher who had helped launch HuffPost, worked as an editor at the Drudge Report, and founded sites including Breitbart.com, Breitbart.tv, Big Hollywood, Big Government, Big Journalism, and Big Peace.[2] ## Relationship to Ben Shapiro Ben Shapiro has described Breitbart as a friend and early patron in conservative media. In a March 2012 Creators Syndicate column published after Breitbart's death, Shapiro wrote that he had "recently become editor-at-large" of Breitbart's websites and said that he first met Breitbart in 2001, while Shapiro was a UCLA student columnist.[3] *Encyclopaedia Britannica* similarly summarizes Shapiro's move into Breitbart News as following from columns that drew Breitbart's attention and notes that Shapiro became an editor at large there in 2012.[4] Breitbart's death also shaped later disputes over the direction of Breitbart News. In March 2016, Shapiro and reporter Michelle Fields resigned from Breitbart News after a dispute over the site's handling of Fields's allegation that Trump campaign manager Corey Lewandowski had grabbed her at a campaign event.[5] Contemporary coverage reported that Shapiro criticized Breitbart News leadership in terms of Andrew Breitbart's legacy, reflecting a broader disagreement inside conservative media over Trump-era politics and institutional independence.[6] ## References [Template:Reflist](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Reflist&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-1) [Template:Cite news](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_news&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-2) [Template:Cite news](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_news&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-3) [Template:Cite web](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_web&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-4) [Template:Cite encyclopedia](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_encyclopedia&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-5) [Template:Cite news](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_news&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-6) [Template:Cite news](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_news&action=edit&redlink=1) # Debt bondage URL: https://mediated.wiki/wiki/page_0017 Last updated: 2026-06-27T13:34:15.085Z **Debt bondage**, also called **bonded labour** or **debt slavery**, is a form of unfreedom in which a person is bound to work because of a debt. It differs from chattel slavery in legal form because the relationship is framed as repayment rather than ownership, but it can become slavery-like when the debt cannot realistically be cleared, the length or nature of service is undefined, or children and other family members inherit the obligation. The 1956 United Nations *Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery, the Slave Trade, and Institutions and Practices Similar to Slavery* identifies debt bondage as an institution or practice similar to slavery when personal services are pledged as security for a debt but the value of the work is not applied toward repayment, or the term and conditions of service are not limited and defined.[1] The International Labour Organization treats debt bondage as one route into forced labour, especially where workers or their families are compelled to remain with an employer or recruiter to repay advances, recruitment fees, inherited debts, or manipulated accounts.[2] Historically, debt bondage has often grown from ordinary vulnerability: crop failure, taxation, medical costs, funeral expenses, migration fees, or household crisis. Creditors could turn those pressures into control through interest, inflated charges, restrictions on movement, threats, caste or status stigma, and the use of family members' labour as security. Because the bond may begin as a contract or customary obligation, it can be harder to identify than open sale of a person. Its defining feature is not debt alone, but the conversion of debt into a durable loss of practical exit. Debt bondage has appeared in many societies and should not be treated as identical everywhere. In South Asian history, bonded labour could intersect with caste, agrarian dependency, household service, and colonial legal categories; British India's 1843 withdrawal of court enforcement from slave-property claims did not by itself abolish bonded labour or caste-bound service. In modern settings, debt bondage may involve migrant recruitment fees, withheld documents, threats of deportation, underpayment, or violence. These patterns show why abolition law expanded beyond formal slave ownership: coercive control can survive by presenting itself as debt, custom, contract, or repayment. ## References 1. [↑](#cite_ref-1) [OHCHR, *Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery, the Slave Trade, and Institutions and Practices Similar to Slavery*](https://www.ohchr.org/en/instruments-mechanisms/instruments/supplementary-convention-abolition-slavery-slave-trade-and). 1. [↑](#cite_ref-2) [International Labour Organization, *Business and forced labour*](https://www.ilo.org/resource/other/ilo-helpdesk-business-and-forced-labour). # Serfdom URL: https://mediated.wiki/wiki/page_0018 Last updated: 2026-06-28T13:32:52.794Z **Serfdom** is a form of agrarian unfreedom in which peasants are bound by law, custom, or agreement to live and labour on land controlled by another person. It is related to [slavery](/mw/index.php/Slavery) and [debt bondage](/mw/index.php/Debt_bondage), but it is not identical to chattel slavery: serfs were usually attached to land, lordship, dues, labour services, local courts, marriage restrictions, and inheritance obligations rather than treated simply as movable property. The 1956 United Nations *Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery, the Slave Trade, and Institutions and Practices Similar to Slavery* lists serfdom among institutions and practices similar to slavery, defining it as the condition of a tenant bound to live and labour on another person's land and to render services without freedom to change status.[1] That placement preserves an important distinction: serfdom could include households, customary land use, recognized marriages, and community ties, while still denying ordinary freedom of movement, labour choice, and exit. In medieval and early modern Europe, serfdom varied widely by region. Some western European forms weakened over time, while central and eastern European landlords often expanded labour obligations tied to estate agriculture. In Russia, serfdom hardened into a large hereditary system of lordship before emancipation in 1861; contemporary summaries describe the reform as abolishing the system that tied peasants to landlords by imperial command.[2] The case shows why the legal line between serf and slave mattered, but also why adjacent unfreedom belongs in the comparative history of slavery: inherited dependency could give lords durable power over work, movement, family, property, punishment, and conscription. Serfdom is therefore best understood as one mechanism by which vulnerability became stable social control. It did not always require the open sale of persons, but it could make exploitation inheritable and difficult to escape. Modern abolition law treated it as slavery-like because systems of coercion can survive by appearing as tenure, custom, debt, protection, or obligation rather than as formal ownership. ## References 1. [↑](#cite_ref-1) [OHCHR, *Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery, the Slave Trade, and Institutions and Practices Similar to Slavery*](https://www.ohchr.org/en/instruments-mechanisms/instruments/supplementary-convention-abolition-slavery-slave-trade-and). 1. [↑](#cite_ref-2) [History Today, "The Emancipation of the Russian Serfs, 1861"](https://www.historytoday.com/archive/emancipation-russian-serfs-1861). # Brainwashed: How Universities Indoctrinate America's Youth URL: https://mediated.wiki/wiki/page_0019 Last updated: 2026-07-13T12:41:29.952Z **Brainwashed: How Universities Indoctrinate America's Youth** is a 2004 nonfiction book by American conservative commentator [Ben Shapiro](/mw/index.php/Ben_Shapiro). Google Books lists the book as published by WND Books in 2004, with ISBNs 0785261486 and 9780785261483, and a length of 222 pages.[1] The book advanced Shapiro's argument that American universities were dominated by liberal faculty and campus cultures.[2] ## Background and publication Shapiro wrote the book while he was a UCLA undergraduate and nationally syndicated columnist. Contemporary Associated Press coverage, published by CBS News, described him as a 20-year-old UCLA student whose book assembled his campus notes and criticism of what he saw as pervasive liberal bias in higher education.[3] The book appeared early in Shapiro's career, before his later work at Breitbart News, The Daily Wire, and *The Ben Shapiro Show*. Publishers Weekly summarized the book as an attack on leftist indoctrination of university students.[4] ## Reception and criticism The book drew attention from conservative media and from critics at UCLA and in higher-education circles. A May 2004 *Daily Bruin* article reported that the book had appeared in stores and said that several people named or quoted in the book disputed Shapiro's treatment of facts, quotations, and context; the article also included Shapiro's statement that he stood behind the book's facts and central argument about faculty politics.[5] Academic reviewers were also critical. In a 2005 review in *The Review of Higher Education*, Evan Baum and Laura Perna argued that the book generalized from Shapiro's UCLA experience and relied on limited or one-sided evidence for broad claims about higher education.[6] Shapiro continued to promote and discuss the book in later appearances, including a 2006 C-SPAN Book TV interview listing for CPAC.[7] ## References [Template:Reflist](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Reflist&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-1) [Template:Cite book](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_book&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-2) [Template:Cite news](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_news&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-3) [Template:Cite news](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_news&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-4) [Template:Cite web](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_web&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-5) [Template:Cite news](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_news&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-6) [Template:Cite journal](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_journal&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-7) [Template:Cite web](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_web&action=edit&redlink=1) # The Right Side of History URL: https://mediated.wiki/source/The_Right_Side_of_History Last updated: 2026-06-28T14:17:55.296Z ***The Right Side of History: How Reason and Moral Purpose Made the West Great*** is a 2019 nonfiction book by American conservative commentator [Ben Shapiro](/mw/index.php/Ben_Shapiro). It was published by Broadside Books, an imprint of HarperCollins, with an on-sale date of March 19, 2019.[1] The book presents Shapiro's argument that Western political and cultural institutions depend on a combination of biblical moral claims and Greek reason. HarperCollins describes the book as a survey of more than 3,500 years of intellectual history and as a response to what Shapiro sees as a crisis of purpose in Western society.[2] The book's reception included both conservative interest in its defense of faith-and-reason arguments and criticism of its historical framing. In *The Washington Post*, Alice Lloyd reviewed it as a conservative prescription for social and political malaise.[3] Vox published a debate-style interview in which Sean Illing pressed Shapiro on whether American history complicated the book's account of Judeo-Christian principles and Western civilization.[4] ## References [Template:Reflist](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Reflist&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-1) [Template:Cite web](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_web&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-2) [Template:Cite web](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_web&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-3) [Template:Cite news](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_news&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-4) [Template:Cite news](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_news&action=edit&redlink=1) # Penal labor URL: https://mediated.wiki/wiki/page_0021 Last updated: 2026-07-10T17:50:14.163Z **Penal labor** is work required from people as part of criminal punishment, imprisonment, or another form of state custody. It is related to [forced labour](/mw/index.php?title=Forced_labour&action=edit&redlink=1) and [slavery](/mw/index.php/Slavery), but it is not automatically the same as either. Many legal systems allow some work by convicted prisoners, while international antislavery law treats the details of conviction, supervision, private profit, coercion, and safeguards as central to the analysis. The International Labour Organization's 1930 Forced Labour Convention excludes some prison work from the definition of forced or compulsory labour only when it follows a conviction in a court of law, is supervised and controlled by a public authority, and the person is not hired to or placed at the disposal of private individuals, companies, or associations.[1] The distinction is therefore conditional rather than absolute. Penal labor can become slavery-like or forced-labor abuse when punishment is used to extract work from people who lack meaningful protection, especially where courts are weak, policing is discriminatory, political detention is involved, or private entities profit from custody. In the United States, the Thirteenth Amendment abolished slavery and involuntary servitude "except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted."[2] After emancipation, that exception helped make convict leasing and chain-gang labor possible in parts of the South. Public-history accounts describe convict leasing as a system in which state-controlled prisoners, disproportionately African American after discriminatory criminal laws and enforcement, were leased to private employers for agricultural and industrial work.[3] Whether penal labor constitutes forced labor or another abuse depends on the legal and factual conditions of the work, including the validity of the conviction, public supervision and control, and whether workers are placed at the disposal of private entities. ## References 1. [↑](#cite_ref-1) [OHCHR, *Forced Labour Convention, 1930 (No. 29)*](https://www.ohchr.org/en/instruments-mechanisms/instruments/forced-labour-convention-1930-no-29). 1. [↑](#cite_ref-2) [National Archives, *13th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution*](https://www.archives.gov/milestone-documents/13th-amendment). 1. [↑](#cite_ref-3) [Smithsonian National Museum of African American History and Culture, "Convict Leasing"](https://www.searchablemuseum.com/convict-leasing/). # How to Destroy America in Three Easy Steps URL: https://mediated.wiki/wiki/page_0022 Last updated: 2026-06-29T19:56:39.737Z ***How to Destroy America in Three Easy Steps*** is a 2020 nonfiction book by American conservative commentator [Ben Shapiro](/mw/index.php/Ben_Shapiro). It was published by Broadside Books, an imprint of HarperCollins.[1][2] The book argues that American political culture is divided between what Shapiro calls "unionists", who understand the United States as a shared project organized around founding ideals, and "disintegrationists", whom he accuses of attacking American history, philosophy, and culture. HarperCollins describes the book as a warning that national cohesion depends on recovering shared truths about American identity, history, and reality.[3] The book followed Shapiro's *[The Right Side of History](/mw/index.php/The_Right_Side_of_History)*, published in 2019, and preceded *The Authoritarian Moment*, published in 2021.[4][5] *Publishers Weekly* sales-history data listed the book's initial rank at number two on its hardcover nonfiction list in August 2020 and recorded later hardcover nonfiction rankings in August and September 2020.[6] Critical reception included disagreement over the book's framing of American political conflict. In *Arc Digital*, political theorist Matthew McManus criticized the book as broad and polemical, arguing that its account treated the political left as the central force behind American disunity.[7] ## References [Template:Reflist](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Reflist&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-1) [Template:Cite book](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_book&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-2) [Template:Cite web](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_web&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-3) [Template:Cite web](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_web&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-4) [Template:Cite web](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_web&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-5) [Template:Cite web](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_web&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-6) [Template:Cite web](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_web&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-7) [Template:Cite web](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_web&action=edit&redlink=1) # Concubinage URL: https://mediated.wiki/wiki/page_0023 Last updated: 2026-06-30T14:11:13.446Z **Concubinage** is a sexual or domestic relationship in which a person, usually a woman, is attached to a household without the full legal status of marriage. Across different societies it has ranged from recognized secondary partnership to coerced sexual servitude. For histories of slavery, the key distinction is whether the concubine had a meaningful right to refuse, leave, control her children, and avoid sale, punishment, or inherited status. Concubinage should not be treated as identical in every legal tradition. In some systems a concubine was not the same category as a field laborer or market slave; in others, enslaved women were held for sexual, reproductive, domestic, or status purposes inside households. This makes concubinage important to comparative slavery history because household language could hide coercion that was less visible than plantation or public-market slavery. Abolition histories show why the category matters. In Zanzibar, anti-slavery law moved in stages: Sultan Barghash prohibited slave transport by sea in 1873, Ali bin Said issued the Slave Trade Prohibition Decree of 1890, and Hamoud bin Mohammed issued the Abolition Decree of 1897.[1] A British parliamentary debate in 1898 described the 1897 measure as abolishing the legal status of slavery rather than instantly freeing every enslaved person, and it also recorded official reluctance to interfere with concubinage as part of household or family arrangements.[2] Later scholarship notes that concubines were not strictly allowed to be emancipated until 1909, showing that abolition could stop at the household door before reaching sexual-domestic slavery. Concubinage therefore belongs near slavery, marriage, domestic servitude, and forced marriage rather than inside only one category. A neutral account has to ask what legal status existed, whether the person could exit, whether children inherited the condition, and whether state or household authority enforced the relationship. ## References 1. [↑](#cite_ref-1) [Michelle Liebst and Elke Stockreiter, "The Sultans of Zanzibar and the Abolition of Slavery in East Africa," *Law and History Review*.](https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/law-and-history-review/article/sultans-of-zanzibar-and-the-abolition-of-slavery-in-east-africa/5E0A2E2F535C15592ED9485E6BCC767D) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-2) [UK Parliament, Hansard, "Slavery In The Zanzibar Protectorate," 10 February 1898.](https://hansard.parliament.uk/Commons/1898-02-10/debates/2d34f193-ea2d-4663-8b2e-9e872656bfca/SlaveryInTheZanzibarProtectorate) # Facts don't care about your feelings URL: https://mediated.wiki/wiki/page_0024 Last updated: 2026-07-02T18:59:34.225Z **Facts don't care about your feelings** is a catchphrase associated with American conservative commentator [Ben Shapiro](/mw/index.php/Ben_Shapiro). Shapiro used the sentence during a July 2015 television discussion of [Caitlyn Jenner](/mw/index.php?title=Caitlyn_Jenner&action=edit&redlink=1) and later posted the standalone phrase in a February 2016 social-media post; it became one of the best-known shorthand descriptions of his public style, especially in debates over campus politics, political correctness, and disputes about whether subjective offense should shape public argument.[1][2][3] The phrase has circulated both as a serious conservative slogan and as an internet meme. Meme-reference accounts trace its association with Shapiro to his mid-2010s media appearances and describe its later use in supportive, mocking, and parodic online formats.[4] Shapiro has also used the phrase as a title: *Facts Don't Care About Your Feelings*, a 2019 collection of columns, was marketed as covering topics including Donald Trump's campaign and presidency, religion, government, and the First Amendment.[5][6] In commentary about Shapiro, the phrase is often treated as a compact version of his broader claim that political and moral arguments should not be decided by emotional discomfort alone. Critics have argued that the slogan can oversimplify persuasion and public policy because which facts matter, and how they are interpreted, often depends on moral premises and lived experience. Supporters have treated it as a rebuke to institutional or activist pressure to subordinate factual claims to subjective offense.[7] ## References 1. [↑](#cite_ref-1) [https://www.newsweek.com/conservative-editor-files-police-report-against-transgender-reporter-after-355851](https://www.newsweek.com/conservative-editor-files-police-report-against-transgender-reporter-after-355851) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-2) [https://x.com/benshapiro/status/695638866993115136](https://x.com/benshapiro/status/695638866993115136) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-3) [https://knowyourmeme.com/memes/facts-dont-care-about-your-feelings](https://knowyourmeme.com/memes/facts-dont-care-about-your-feelings) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-4) [https://knowyourmeme.com/memes/facts-dont-care-about-your-feelings](https://knowyourmeme.com/memes/facts-dont-care-about-your-feelings) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-5) [https://books.apple.com/us/book/facts-dont-care-about-your-feelings/id1480724807](https://books.apple.com/us/book/facts-dont-care-about-your-feelings/id1480724807) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-6) [https://www.amazon.com/Facts-Dont-Care-about-Feelings/dp/1949673162](https://www.amazon.com/Facts-Dont-Care-about-Feelings/dp/1949673162) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-7) [https://knowyourmeme.com/memes/facts-dont-care-about-your-feelings](https://knowyourmeme.com/memes/facts-dont-care-about-your-feelings) # Slavery in the Ottoman Empire URL: https://mediated.wiki/wiki/page_0025 Last updated: 2026-07-13T22:43:56.531Z **Slavery in the Ottoman Empire** included several overlapping forms of unfree status, labor, and household control from the empire's frontier wars and slave markets to palace, military, domestic, sexual, urban, and galley service. It should not be reduced to a single plantation model. Ottoman slavery drew on Islamic legal categories, imperial military practice, Black Sea and Caucasus routes, African slave trades, and household patronage systems. One useful way to describe the institution is by function. Some enslaved people entered elite military or administrative service, including through the devshirme child levy and palace training. Others worked as domestic servants, concubines, artisans, agricultural laborers, galley slaves, or urban workers. Cambridge scholarship on early modern Ottoman slavery emphasizes this range of forced labor and servile status, including dynastic politics, military and administrative slavery, and skilled urban production.[1] The scale of Ottoman slavery is difficult to rank against better-counted Atlantic systems because the surviving evidence is uneven and because manumission, household incorporation, and status change were common. For Istanbul, a public urban-history synthesis drawing on Halil Inalcik reports Venetian ambassadorial estimates of about 60,000 slaves, war captives, and spoil in 1568 and 100,000 in 1609, while cautioning that the city's enslaved population fluctuated over time.[2] Such figures are useful local indicators, not secure empire-wide totals. The devshirme illustrates why Ottoman slavery must be analyzed through both coercion and institutional use. It was a levy of Christian boys, mainly from Balkan subject populations, who were removed from their families, converted to Islam, and trained for service in Ottoman military and administrative institutions. A study of the Bursa levy of 1603-4 uses imperial decrees and janissary regulations to reconstruct how such recruitment worked in practice.[3] Nineteenth-century reform attacked the slave trade more directly than every existing domestic relationship. Ehud Toledano's study of the Ottoman slave trade and its suppression treats the period from 1840 to 1890 as a history of trading networks and increasingly successful attempts to suppress them.[4] This distinction matters: a trade ban, market closure, or diplomatic convention was not always the same thing as immediate emancipation for people already held in households, concubinage, military followings, or provincial dependencies. Ottoman slavery joined sale, capture, state service, household authority, gendered control, and gradual legal suppression. These forms differed in their legal and institutional details, while each could restrict a person's practical control over labor, movement, sexuality, family, or legal identity. ## References 1. [↑](#cite_ref-1) [Nur Sobers-Khan, "Slavery in the Early Modern Ottoman Empire," in *The Cambridge World History of Slavery*.](https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/cambridge-world-history-of-slavery/slavery-in-the-early-modern-ottoman-empire/46930D9F9CA8F0E634C282E4E9DCAE5B) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-2) [Betul Ipsirli Argit, "Slavery in Ottoman Istanbul," *History of Istanbul*.](https://istanbultarihi.ist/473-slavery-in-ottoman-istanbul) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-3) [Gülay Yılmaz, "The Devshirme System and the Levied Children of Bursa in 1603-4," *Belleten*.](https://belleten.gov.tr/tam-metin/248/eng) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-4) [Ehud R. Toledano, *The Ottoman Slave Trade and Its Suppression: 1840-1890*, Princeton University Press.](https://nes.princeton.edu/publications/ottoman-slave-trade-and-its-suppression-1840-1890) # Campus speech in the United States URL: https://mediated.wiki/wiki/page_0026 Last updated: 2026-07-01T14:17:23.052Z **Campus speech in the United States** refers to debates over expression, protest, event security, and institutional responsibility at American colleges and universities. In the 2010s, disputes over controversial speakers increasingly became national political events, especially when student groups, university administrators, outside advocacy organizations, protesters, police, and media outlets all treated a campus lecture as part of a larger argument about free expression and student safety. One widely reported example was Ben Shapiro's September 14, 2017 appearance at the University of California, Berkeley. The event was sponsored by Berkeley College Republicans and Young America's Foundation, which described it as part of a broader effort to bring conservative speakers to campus.[1] UC Berkeley reported afterward that Shapiro delivered his speech at Zellerbach Hall to an audience estimated at 600 to 700 people, while protesters gathered nearby and the event went forward without major disruption inside the hall.[2] The Berkeley event also showed how campus-speech controversies could become security and governance questions. Public television coverage reported that added security for the event was estimated to cost about $600,000.[3] A later report from UC Berkeley's Chancellor's Commission on Free Speech said the commission heard from students offended by speakers including Milo Yiannopoulos, Ann Coulter, and Shapiro, while also hearing from conservative students who said their political views made them feel isolated or unsafe on campus.[4] The episode therefore became part of a wider dispute over whether universities should treat controversial speech mainly as a protected educational encounter, a campus-climate risk, a public-safety problem, or some combination of the three. ## References 1. [↑](#cite_ref-1) [https://yaf.org/news/ben-shapiro-partners-with-yaf-to-affirm-students-free-speech-rights-at-berkeley-amid-lawsuit/](https://yaf.org/news/ben-shapiro-partners-with-yaf-to-affirm-students-free-speech-rights-at-berkeley-amid-lawsuit/) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-2) [https://news.berkeley.edu/2017/09/14/shapiro-event-goes-off-with-barely-a-hitch/](https://news.berkeley.edu/2017/09/14/shapiro-event-goes-off-with-barely-a-hitch/) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-3) [https://www.pbs.org/video/berkeley-protests-political-analysis-the-vietnam-war-c2pave/](https://www.pbs.org/video/berkeley-protests-political-analysis-the-vietnam-war-c2pave/) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-4) [https://chancellor.berkeley.edu/sites/default/files/report_of_the_commission_on_free_speech.pdf](https://chancellor.berkeley.edu/sites/default/files/report_of_the_commission_on_free_speech.pdf) # Conservative media in the United States URL: https://mediated.wiki/wiki/page_0027 Last updated: 2026-07-01T14:17:40.866Z **Conservative media in the United States** includes news, opinion, audio, video, publishing, and entertainment outlets that address American public life from right-of-center, conservative, or Republican-aligned perspectives. Its institutions have included magazines, talk radio, cable television, websites, podcasts, newsletters, and subscription video services. In the 2010s and 2020s, some conservative media organizations moved beyond advertising-supported news and commentary toward direct audience revenue, streaming video, podcasts, merchandise, and entertainment. Pew Research Center's 2025 news-source study found that a smaller set of outlets and personalities were more heavily used and trusted by Republicans than Democrats, including Fox News, *The Joe Rogan Experience*, Newsmax, [The Daily Wire](/mw/index.php/The_Daily_Wire), the Tucker Carlson Network, and [Breitbart News](/mw/index.php/Breitbart_News).[1] The Daily Wire is one example of this shift. The company describes itself as a right-of-center media business conceived by [Ben Shapiro](/mw/index.php/Ben_Shapiro) and [Jeremy Boreing](/mw/index.php/Jeremy_Boreing), launched in 2015 with Caleb Robinson, and built around distribution, marketing, subscription video, podcasts, and entertainment.[2] Axios reported in 2021 that the company, initially focused on podcasts and Facebook traffic, was pivoting toward subscriptions and entertainment; in 2022 it reported that DailyWire+ had passed one million paid subscribers; and in 2023 it reported the launch of Bentkey, a children's streaming app tied to the company's broader alternative-entertainment strategy.[3][4][5] 1. [↑](#cite_ref-1) [Template:Cite web](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_web&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-2) [Template:Cite web](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_web&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-3) [Template:Cite news](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_news&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-4) [Template:Cite news](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_news&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-5) [Template:Cite news](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_news&action=edit&redlink=1) # Slavery in Brazil URL: https://mediated.wiki/source/Slavery_in_Brazil Last updated: 2026-07-02T13:32:05.386Z **Slavery in Brazil** was one of the largest and longest-lasting slave systems in the Atlantic world. Brazil received more enslaved Africans than any other American destination: modern reconstructions such as [SlaveVoyages](https://www.slavevoyages.org/) and the destination-adjustment work of Alex Borucki, David Eltis, and David Wheat place Brazil at roughly 4.7 to 4.8 million African arrivals, depending on whether the count uses direct landings or later redistribution within the Americas. Brazilian slavery was not a single labor regime. Enslaved labor worked in sugar and tobacco zones in Bahia and Pernambuco, mining districts, urban households, ports, workshops, and the nineteenth-century coffee frontier of the southeast. Rio de Janeiro, Salvador, and Recife were major Atlantic ports in this system, while internal redistribution connected coastal markets to inland plantations and mines. The legal history of abolition was gradual and contested. Brazil passed an anti-slave-trade law in 1831, but illegal importation continued on a large scale until stronger suppression in the early 1850s. The 1872 imperial census still counted roughly 1.5 million enslaved people. Later measures, including the Free Womb Law of 1871 and the Sexagenarian Law of 1885, weakened slavery without ending it. The [Lei Aurea](https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1888p1/d60) of 13 May 1888 abolished legal slavery in Brazil, making Brazil the last country in the Americas to abolish slavery nationwide. Resistance and freedom-seeking also shaped the system. Enslaved and freed people used escape, maroon communities such as Palmares, self-purchase, manumission, court claims, brotherhoods, military service, and abolitionist networks to press against slaveholding power. By the late 1880s, mass flight, urban abolitionism, military reluctance to recapture fugitives, and international pressure made slavery harder to govern, though abolition did not provide land redistribution or broad social repair for the freed population. ## References - [SlaveVoyages: Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade Database](https://www.slavevoyages.org/). - Alex Borucki, David Eltis, and David Wheat, ["Atlantic History and the Slave Trade to Spanish America"](https://doi.org/10.1093/ahr/120.2.433), *American Historical Review* 120, no. 2 (2015). - Fundacao Cultural Palmares, ["Populacao escrava do Brasil e detalhada em censo de 1872"](https://www.gov.br/palmares/pt-br/assuntos/noticias/populacao-escrava-do-brasil-e-detalhada-em-censo-de-1872). - United States Department of State, Office of the Historian, [text of Brazil's Law No. 3353 of 13 May 1888](https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1888p1/d60). - Thomas Maciejewski, *The History of Slavery*, manuscript, abolition atlas, claim matrix, and source research notes, 2026. # The Authoritarian Moment URL: https://mediated.wiki/wiki/page_0029 Last updated: 2026-07-14T06:49:56.087Z **The Authoritarian Moment: How the Left Weaponized America's Institutions Against Dissent** is a 2021 political book by American conservative commentator [Ben Shapiro](/mw/index.php/Ben_Shapiro). It was published by Broadside Books, an imprint of HarperCollins, on July 27, 2021.[1] The publisher described the book as asking how far Americans would go to make others "fall in line" and marketed it as a critique of institutional pressure against dissent.[2] In the book, Shapiro argues that authoritarian habits in the United States are expressed less through formal dictatorship than through cultural and institutional pressure, including deplatforming, professional punishment, compelled speech, school and workplace disputes, and the use of social or institutional power to enforce contested political claims. The book appeared on *Publishers Weekly* hardcover nonfiction bestseller tracking in August and September 2021; the listing recorded Broadside Books as publisher, 288 pages, ISBN 978-0-06-300182-4, and an initial rank of number 2 on August 9, 2021.[3] *The Authoritarian Moment* was also promoted by HarperCollins as a New York Times bestseller.[4] In the *Claremont Review of Books*, Noah M. Peterson wrote that the book gave an "insightful account" of the cultural side of left institutional dominance but argued that Shapiro underplayed the legal and governmental conditions behind it.[5] In *New York* magazine, Jonathan Chait criticized the book as narrowly focused on the left and insufficiently attentive to authoritarian tendencies on the right after Donald Trump's attempt to overturn the 2020 presidential election.[6] ## References 1. [↑](#cite_ref-1) [https://www.harpercollins.com/products/the-authoritarian-moment-ben-shapiro](https://www.harpercollins.com/products/the-authoritarian-moment-ben-shapiro) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-2) [https://www.harpercollins.com/products/the-authoritarian-moment-ben-shapiro](https://www.harpercollins.com/products/the-authoritarian-moment-ben-shapiro) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-3) [https://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/nielsen/HardcoverNonfiction/20210830.html](https://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/nielsen/HardcoverNonfiction/20210830.html) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-4) [https://www.harpercollins.com/products/the-authoritarian-moment-ben-shapiro](https://www.harpercollins.com/products/the-authoritarian-moment-ben-shapiro) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-5) [https://claremontreviewofbooks.com/the-power-of-no/](https://claremontreviewofbooks.com/the-power-of-no/) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-6) [https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2021/08/ben-shapiro-new-book-authoritarian-moment-left-trump.html](https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2021/08/ben-shapiro-new-book-authoritarian-moment-left-trump.html) # Creators Syndicate URL: https://mediated.wiki/source/Creators_Syndicate Last updated: 2026-07-02T14:17:19.845Z **Creators Syndicate** is an American content syndication and publishing company associated with newspaper columns, comic strips, editorial cartoons, lifestyle features, and later book publishing. The company says it has represented and published writers since 1987, and a company biography of founder Rick Newcombe states that he established Creators Syndicate in 1987.[1][2] Creators' own account describes a roster that has included syndicated columnists, editorial cartoonists, comic strips, horoscopes, and advice features. Its founder biography lists writers and commentators including Ann Landers, Hunter S. Thompson, Bill O'Reilly, John Stossel, Thomas Sowell, Susan Estrich, Walter Williams, Mark Shields, Michelle Malkin, Hillary Clinton, Mona Charen, Robert Novak, and Patrick Buchanan, along with comic strips such as *B.C.*, *The Wizard of Id*, *One Big Happy*, *Speed Bump*, *Rubes*, *Heathcliff*, and *Archie*.[3] [Ben Shapiro](/mw/index.php/Ben_Shapiro)'s early public career is one example of Creators' role in conservative opinion syndication. Creators' author page for Shapiro says he was hired by the company at age 17 and became the youngest nationally syndicated columnist in the United States; The Daily Wire's author biography repeats the same chronology in summarizing his later career as a commentator, author, podcast host, and Daily Wire co-founder.[4][5] ## References [Template:Reflist](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Reflist&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-1) [Template:Cite web](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_web&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-2) [Template:Cite web](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_web&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-3) [Template:Cite web](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_web&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-4) [Template:Cite web](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_web&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-5) [Template:Cite web](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_web&action=edit&redlink=1) # Slavery in the Caribbean URL: https://mediated.wiki/wiki/page_0031 Last updated: 2026-07-03T13:33:13.598Z **Slavery in the Caribbean** was central to the Atlantic slave system, especially through plantation agriculture, maritime trade, and imperial competition. Caribbean colonies absorbed a very large share of enslaved Africans carried across the Atlantic, with sugar islands such as Jamaica, Barbados, Saint-Domingue, and later Cuba becoming major centers of coerced labor. Modern databases such as [SlaveVoyages](https://www.slavevoyages.org/) and the destination-adjustment work of Alex Borucki, David Eltis, and David Wheat show that Caribbean totals must be read carefully because many captives were first landed in one port and later redistributed within the Americas. The region was not a single slave society. British, French, Spanish, Dutch, Danish, and independent Caribbean polities had different laws, labor systems, and abolition sequences. Jamaica was the largest single British island destination, with roughly 1.02 million enslaved Africans disembarking there, while Saint-Domingue had roughly 465,000 to 500,000 enslaved people on the eve of the Haitian Revolution. Cuba became especially important in the late eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, receiving about 779,000 to 789,000 enslaved Africans and developing a large sugar economy after the destruction of Saint-Domingue's plantation center. Sugar shaped much of Caribbean slavery because cane cultivation and processing required tightly timed field, mill, boiling-house, and transport labor. Enslaved people were also sold and resold through ports and internal markets. Evidence from Jamaica, Cuba, and compensation records shows that the system converted vulnerability into alienable labor: merchants, planters, creditors, insurers, and imperial states all depended on records that treated people as transferable property. Abolition in the Caribbean was uneven. Haiti's revolutionary abolition sequence ran from local emancipation in 1793 through French abolition in 1794 to independence in 1804. British Caribbean slavery formally ended under the [Slavery Abolition Act](https://www.ucl.ac.uk/lbs/project/details/) of 1833, with apprenticeship ending in 1838 where it applied. French colonial slavery was finally abolished in 1848 after Napoleon's earlier restoration of slavery in 1802. Spanish Caribbean slavery lasted longer: Puerto Rico abolished slavery in 1873, while Cuba's patronato transition ended in 1886. These legal endpoints did not erase plantation inequality, coerced labor transitions, or the social consequences of racialized slavery. ## References - [SlaveVoyages: Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade Database](https://www.slavevoyages.org/). - Alex Borucki, David Eltis, and David Wheat, ["Atlantic History and the Slave Trade to Spanish America"](https://doi.org/10.1093/ahr/120.2.433), *American Historical Review* 120, no. 2 (2015). - University College London, [Legacies of British Slavery](https://www.ucl.ac.uk/lbs/) and [Slavery Abolition Act project materials](https://www.ucl.ac.uk/lbs/project/details/). - Antislavery in Domestic Legislation, [global abolition law database](https://antislaverylaw.ac.uk/). - Thomas Maciejewski, *The History of Slavery*, manuscript, abolition atlas, claim matrix, and source research notes, 2026. # Slavery in Jamaica URL: https://mediated.wiki/wiki/page_0032 Last updated: 2026-07-03T13:33:41.011Z **Slavery in Jamaica** was a major part of the British Caribbean plantation system. After the English conquest of Jamaica in 1655, sugar cultivation expanded in the later seventeenth century and depended heavily on enslaved African labor. Public summaries of the transatlantic slave trade describe Jamaica as one of the largest Caribbean destinations for captive Africans, with the island importing almost one million people overall; SlaveVoyages-derived destination estimates commonly put total disembarkations in Jamaica at about 1.02 million.[1][2] The Jamaican slave system was shaped above all by sugar. Enslaved workers cleared and planted cane, cut it at harvest, hauled it rapidly to mills, and worked in boiling and curing operations where crop-time labor could be especially intense. Kingston and other ports also made Jamaica a commercial node in which enslaved people could be sold, redistributed, or re-exported within the wider Atlantic economy. Compared with some Iberian American slave societies, legal routes to freedom in Jamaica were narrower, and manumission reached only a limited minority of the enslaved population. Resistance was a recurring feature of Jamaican slavery. Maroon communities developed from the early colonial period, and the First and Second Maroon Wars challenged colonial authority. Later slave resistance included the Baptist War of 1831, which helped intensify pressure for British emancipation. The Slavery Abolition Act 1833 ended legal slavery in most British colonies from 1834, but the apprenticeship system preserved compelled plantation labor under another name until full emancipation in 1838.[3] Jamaica therefore shows both the scale of Atlantic plantation slavery and the layered character of abolition. Legal emancipation ended property in persons, but land access, wages, race, and plantation power remained central post-emancipation conflicts. 1. [↑](#cite_ref-1) [https://slaveryandremembrance.org/articles/article/?id=A0112](https://slaveryandremembrance.org/articles/article/?id=A0112) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-2) [https://www.slavevoyages.org/blog/introductory-maps-to-the-transatlantic-slave-trade/150](https://www.slavevoyages.org/blog/introductory-maps-to-the-transatlantic-slave-trade/150) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-3) [https://jis.gov.jm/information/emancipation/](https://jis.gov.jm/information/emancipation/) # Porn Generation URL: https://mediated.wiki/wiki/page_0033 Last updated: 2026-07-04T17:25:31.822Z **Porn Generation: How Social Liberalism Is Corrupting Our Future** is a nonfiction book by American conservative commentator [Ben Shapiro](/mw/index.php/Ben_Shapiro). The book was published by Regnery; a later Simon & Schuster-distributed ebook listing gives a February 5, 2013 release date, a length of 232 pages, and ISBN 9781621571056.[1] Google Books and other bibliographic listings identify the work as a popular-culture and social-science title centered on Shapiro's criticism of sexual liberalism and pornography's influence on American youth culture.[2] ## Background and argument The book appeared in the early phase of Shapiro's public career, after *[Brainwashed: How Universities Indoctrinate America's Youth](/mw/index.php/Brainwashed:_How_Universities_Indoctrinate_America%27s_Youth)* and before *[Project President](/mw/index.php/Project_President)*. Publisher materials describe the book as based on first-person reporting, interviews with people connected to the pornography industry, and conversations with psychologists, educators, and students.[3] *Publishers Weekly*, in a later author page for Shapiro, summarized the work as part of his early sequence of books arguing that social liberalism was corrupting American culture.[4] The book's argument fits Shapiro's broader early social-conservative writing. It treats pornography, entertainment culture, sexual permissiveness, and moral relativism as related forces shaping adolescent expectations and public norms. Later biographical discussion of Shapiro's early books has treated *Porn Generation* as a bridge between his campus-focused critique in *Brainwashed* and his later interest in media, celebrity, and cultural institutions. ## Reception Two located reviews were critical of the book. In a 2006 review archived by PolicyArchive, Chaim I. Waxman of the Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs sharply criticized the book, arguing that Shapiro overstated his authority as a judge of popular-culture morality and understated the extent of American public discomfort with offensive media.[5] A review in *The Harvard Law Record* similarly faulted the book as overbroad and polemical, while noting Shapiro's stated self-presentation as a young conservative critic.[6] ## References [Template:Reflist](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Reflist&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-1) [Template:Cite web](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_web&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-2) [Template:Cite book](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_book&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-3) [Template:Cite web](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_web&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-4) [Template:Cite web](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_web&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-5) [Template:Cite web](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_web&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-6) [Template:Cite news](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_news&action=edit&redlink=1) # Rixon URL: https://mediated.wiki/source/Rixon Last updated: 2026-07-04T02:38:01.844Z **Rixon** is a surname which may refer to: - [Bill Rixon](/mw/index.php?title=Bill_Rixon&action=edit&redlink=1) (1941–2003), Australian politician - [Cheryl Rixon](/mw/index.php?title=Cheryl_Rixon&action=edit&redlink=1) (born 1954), Australian actress - [Steve Rixon](/mw/index.php?title=Steve_Rixon&action=edit&redlink=1) (born 1954), Australian former cricketer - [Rixon Corozo](/mw/index.php?title=Rixon_Corozo&action=edit&redlink=1) (born 1981), Ecuadorian footballer Rixson and Rickson are variations of Rixon: - [Denis Rixson](/mw/index.php?title=Denis_Rixson&action=edit&redlink=1) - [Rickson Gracie](/mw/index.php?title=Rickson_Gracie&action=edit&redlink=1) - [Joe Rickson](/mw/index.php?title=Joe_Rickson&action=edit&redlink=1) ## See also - [Fort Rixon](/mw/index.php?title=Fort_Rixon&action=edit&redlink=1), a village in the Republic of Zimbabwe - [Rixon, Dorset](/mw/index.php?title=Rixon,_Dorset&action=edit&redlink=1), a village in Dorset, England [Template:Surname](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Surname&action=edit&redlink=1) # Bradycellus congener URL: https://mediated.wiki/source/Bradycellus_congener Last updated: 2026-07-04T06:12:52.936Z [Template:Short description](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Short_description&action=edit&redlink=1) [Template:Speciesbox](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Speciesbox&action=edit&redlink=1) ***Bradycellus congener*** is a species of [ground beetle](/mw/index.php?title=Ground_beetle&action=edit&redlink=1) in the family [Carabidae](/mw/index.php?title=Carabidae&action=edit&redlink=1). It is found in North America.[1][2][3][4] ## References [Template:Reflist](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Reflist&action=edit&redlink=1) ## Further reading [Template:Refbegin](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Refbegin&action=edit&redlink=1) - [Template:Cite book](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_book&action=edit&redlink=1) [Template:Refend](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Refend&action=edit&redlink=1) [Template:Taxonbar](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Taxonbar&action=edit&redlink=1) [Template:Harpalinae-stub](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Harpalinae-stub&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-itis_1-0) Cite error: Invalid tag; no text was provided for refs named itis 1. [↑](#cite_ref-gbif_2-0) Cite error: Invalid tag; no text was provided for refs named gbif 1. [↑](#cite_ref-buglink_3-0) Cite error: Invalid tag; no text was provided for refs named buglink 1. [↑](#cite_ref-Bousquet2012_4-0) Cite error: Invalid tag; no text was provided for refs named Bousquet2012 # Slavery in Cuba URL: https://mediated.wiki/source/Slavery_in_Cuba Last updated: 2026-07-04T13:34:26.810Z **Slavery in Cuba** was one of the last major Atlantic slave systems in the Americas. Although enslaved Africans were brought to Cuba from the early Spanish colonial period, the island's largest slave-labor expansion came in the late eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, when sugar, coffee, planter credit, mills, railways, and illegal Atlantic shipping made Cuba a major receiving and resale market. SlaveVoyages-derived estimates place Cuba at about 779,000 to 789,000 enslaved African arrivals, making it one of the largest single destinations in the transatlantic slave trade.[1] Cuban slavery was especially tied to sugar production, but enslaved people also worked in coffee zones, cities, ports, domestic service, transport, and skilled trades. Havana was the central receiving port, while Santiago de Cuba and Cienfuegos also became important market centers. A major quantitative study of the Cuban slave market examined recorded sales from 1790 to 1880 and shows that slavery in Cuba did not end at disembarkation: enslaved and Cuban-born people could be bought, sold, mortgaged, moved, and repriced as plantation demand and political conditions changed.[2][3] Cuba's nineteenth-century importance also shows the gap between formal abolitionist pressure and continuing coercion. British and Spanish anti-slave-trade treaties, naval patrols, and legal restrictions made the Atlantic trade increasingly illegal, but Cuban demand remained high. Ships, brokers, and planters used evasion, false papers, coastal landings, and internal resale to keep labor moving toward plantations and mills. The result was not a survival of an older system outside modern commerce; it was a late Atlantic slave economy connected to export sugar, finance, transport, and international enforcement failure. Law provided some routes to freedom, including coartacion, a form of gradual self-purchase, but those openings were limited by price, owner resistance, procedure, and uneven enforcement. Spain abolished slavery in Cuba through gradual measures rather than an immediate break. The patronato transition kept many formerly enslaved people bound to former owners after formal abolition began, and final legal abolition came in 1886, when slavery and patronato were ended.[4][5] ## References - [SlaveVoyages: Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade Database](https://www.slavevoyages.org/). - Laird W. Bergad, Fe Iglesias Garcia, and Maria del Carmen Barcia, [*The Cuban Slave Market, 1790-1880*](https://books.google.com/books/about/The_Cuban_Slave_Market_1790_1880.html?id=UcdatQEACAAJ), Cambridge University Press, 1995. - Brown University Library, [Cuban Slavery Documents collection](https://library.brown.edu/collatoz/info.php?id=482). - Rebecca J. Scott, ["Gradual Abolition and the Dynamics of Slave Emancipation in Cuba, 1868-1886"](https://read.dukeupress.edu/hahr/article/63/3/449/148684/Gradual-Abolition-and-the-Dynamics-of-Slave), *Hispanic American Historical Review* 63, no. 3 (1983). - Thomas Maciejewski, *The History of Slavery*, manuscript, claim matrix, abolition atlas, and source research notes, 2026. 1. [↑](#cite_ref-1) [https://www.slavevoyages.org/](https://www.slavevoyages.org/) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-2) Laird W. Bergad, Fe Iglesias Garcia, and Maria del Carmen Barcia, *The Cuban Slave Market, 1790-1880*, Cambridge University Press, 1995. 1. [↑](#cite_ref-3) [https://books.google.com/books/about/The_Cuban_Slave_Market_1790_1880.html?id=UcdatQEACAAJ](https://books.google.com/books/about/The_Cuban_Slave_Market_1790_1880.html?id=UcdatQEACAAJ) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-4) [https://library.brown.edu/collatoz/info.php?id=482](https://library.brown.edu/collatoz/info.php?id=482) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-5) [https://read.dukeupress.edu/hahr/article/63/3/449/148684/Gradual-Abolition-and-the-Dynamics-of-Slave](https://read.dukeupress.edu/hahr/article/63/3/449/148684/Gradual-Abolition-and-the-Dynamics-of-Slave) # Agnes Loheni URL: https://mediated.wiki/wiki/page_0037 Last updated: 2026-07-04T14:12:17.789Z [Template:Short description](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Short_description&action=edit&redlink=1) [Template:Use dmy dates](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Use_dmy_dates&action=edit&redlink=1) [Template:Infobox officeholder](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Infobox_officeholder&action=edit&redlink=1) **Agnes Loreta Loheni** (born 1971) is a New Zealand politician and a former [Member of Parliament](/mw/index.php?title=Member_of_parliament&action=edit&redlink=1) in the [House of Representatives](/mw/index.php?title=New_Zealand_House_of_Representatives&action=edit&redlink=1) for the [New Zealand National Party](/mw/index.php?title=New_Zealand_National_Party&action=edit&redlink=1). She was declared elected on 31 January 2019, following the resignation of [Chris Finlayson](/mw/index.php?title=Chris_Finlayson&action=edit&redlink=1). ## Contents - [1 Early life and career](#Early_life_and_career) - [2 Political career](#Political_career) - [3 Views](#Views) - [4 References](#References) - [5 External links](#External_links) ## Early life and career Loheni was born in 1972 in Auckland,[Template:Citation needed](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Citation_needed&action=edit&redlink=1) spending her formative years in [Mount Albert](/mw/index.php?title=Mount_Albert,_New_Zealand&action=edit&redlink=1).[1] She lived in a [state house](/mw/index.php?title=State_housing_in_New_Zealand&action=edit&redlink=1) with as many as 15 family members in just three bedrooms, and was educated at [Marist College, Auckland](/mw/index.php?title=Marist_College,_Auckland&action=edit&redlink=1).[2] Loheni is a [Samoan New Zealander](/mw/index.php?title=Samoan_New_Zealanders&action=edit&redlink=1). She is the eldest daughter of Fepulea'i Pelasio Loheni and Filomena Mata'utia Loheni (Mena Loheni). She also has three sisters named Jackie, Gina and Charlene. Agnes, her mother Mena, and her sisters ran a local Samoan fashion brand called MENA.[3][4] She is married and has five children.[1] Loheni has a degree in chemical engineering from the [University of Auckland](/mw/index.php?title=University_of_Auckland&action=edit&redlink=1).[3] After graduating she had a two-year [OE](/mw/index.php?title=Overseas_experience&action=edit&redlink=1) based in [London](/mw/index.php?title=London&action=edit&redlink=1) and then returned to New Zealand where she focused on running the family business selling contemporary Pasifika fashion.[2] ## Political career [Template:NZ parlbox header](/mw/index.php?title=Template:NZ_parlbox_header&action=edit&redlink=1) [Template:NZ parlbox](/mw/index.php?title=Template:NZ_parlbox&action=edit&redlink=1) [Template:End](/mw/index.php?title=Template:End&action=edit&redlink=1) In [Template:NZ election link](/mw/index.php?title=Template:NZ_election_link&action=edit&redlink=1) Loheni stood for the National Party in the [Template:NZ electorate link](/mw/index.php?title=Template:NZ_electorate_link&action=edit&redlink=1) electorate and was placed 49 on National's party list.[5] She was defeated by the incumbent Labour Member of Parliament [William Sio](/mw/index.php?title=William_Sio&action=edit&redlink=1), who won by a margin of 14,597 votes.[6] Loheni was not ranked high enough on National's party list to be allocated a seat in parliament. In February 2018 Loheni and several other "next in line" list candidates attended National's parliamentary [caucus](/mw/index.php?title=Caucus&action=edit&redlink=1) meeting to help ease their transition into parliament should they enter during the course of the parliamentary term.[7] Loheni became a Member of Parliament on 31 January 2019, following the retirement of National MP [Chris Finlayson](/mw/index.php?title=Chris_Finlayson&action=edit&redlink=1), and was sworn in on 12 February.[8][9] She was appointed as National's associate spokesperson for small business and associate spokesperson for Pacific people by leader [Simon Bridges](/mw/index.php?title=Simon_Bridges&action=edit&redlink=1).[10][11] In November 2019 she stood for the National nomination in the safer seat of [Template:NZ electorate link](/mw/index.php?title=Template:NZ_electorate_link&action=edit&redlink=1), but lost to former [Air New Zealand](/mw/index.php?title=Air_New_Zealand&action=edit&redlink=1) CEO [Christopher Luxon](/mw/index.php?title=Christopher_Luxon&action=edit&redlink=1).[12] In May 2020 she indicated that she was seeking the National nomination for the new seat of [Template:NZ electorate link](/mw/index.php?title=Template:NZ_electorate_link&action=edit&redlink=1),[13] but a month later the party announced [Rima Nakhle](/mw/index.php?title=Rima_Nakhle&action=edit&redlink=1) as its candidate.[14] Loheni was instead re-selected for [Template:NZ electorate link](/mw/index.php?title=Template:NZ_electorate_link&action=edit&redlink=1).[15] During the [2020 New Zealand general election](/mw/index.php?title=2020_New_Zealand_general_election&action=edit&redlink=1), Loheni contested Māngere a second time but was defeated by the Labour incumbent William Sio by a final margin of 19,396 votes.[16] Loheni had been ranked 28 on the National party list, but lost her seat in Parliament due to National's defeat.[17] During the [2023 New Zealand general election](/mw/index.php?title=2023_New_Zealand_general_election&action=edit&redlink=1), Loheni stood as a [list-only candidate for the National Party](/mw/index.php?title=Party_lists_in_the_2023_New_Zealand_general_election&action=edit&redlink=1), ranked 25. While campaigning, she identified the cost of living crisis, crime and poor education and health outcomes as issues of concern to Auckland families.[18] Despite National's election victory, Loheni was not ranked highly enough to enter Parliament.[19] Loheni was selected as the National Party candidate in [Waitakere](/mw/index.php?title=Waitakere_(electorate)&action=edit&redlink=1) for the [2026 New Zealand general election](/mw/index.php?title=2026_New_Zealand_general_election&action=edit&redlink=1).[20] ## Views Loheni has taken an [anti-abortion](/mw/index.php?title=Anti-abortion&action=edit&redlink=1) stance. She served on the Abortion Legislation Select Committee to consider the [Abortion Legislation Act 2020](/mw/index.php?title=Abortion_Legislation_Act_2020&action=edit&redlink=1). Loheni wrote a minority report for the committee criticising the bill for what she considered its lack of safeguards on late-term abortions and foetal abnormalities.[21][22][23] ## References [Template:Reflist](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Reflist&action=edit&redlink=1) ## External links [Template:Subject bar](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Subject_bar&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. ↑ [1.0](#cite_ref-candid_1-0) [1.1](#cite_ref-candid_1-1) [Template:Cite news](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_news&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. ↑ [2.0](#cite_ref-new_mp_2-0) [2.1](#cite_ref-new_mp_2-1) [Template:Cite web](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_web&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. ↑ [3.0](#cite_ref-Samoa_Observer_3-0) [3.1](#cite_ref-Samoa_Observer_3-1) [Template:Cite news](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_news&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-4) [Template:Cite web](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_web&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-5) [Template:Cite web](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_web&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-6) [Template:Cite web](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_web&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-7) [Template:Cite news](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_news&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-8) [Template:Cite web](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_web&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-9) [Template:Cite journal](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_journal&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-10) [Template:Cite web](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_web&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-11) [Template:Cite web](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_web&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-12) [Template:Cite web](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_web&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-13) [Template:Cite web](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_web&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-14) [Template:Cite web](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_web&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-15) [Template:Cite web](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_web&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-16) [Template:Cite web](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_web&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-17) [Template:Cite news](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_news&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-18) [Template:Cite news](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_news&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-19) [Template:Cite news](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_news&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-natauck_20-0) [Template:Cite web](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_web&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-21) [Template:Cite news](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_news&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-22) [Template:Cite news](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_news&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-23) [Template:Cite web](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_web&action=edit&redlink=1) # Project President URL: https://mediated.wiki/wiki/page_0038 Last updated: 2026-07-04T14:39:05.397Z ***Project President: Bad Hair and Botox on the Road to the White House*** is a nonfiction book by American conservative commentator [Ben Shapiro](/mw/index.php/Ben_Shapiro). A 2010 Thomas Nelson ebook listing on Google Books gives the title as a political-science work of 306 pages, and a hardback listing for the earlier edition gives Thomas Nelson as publisher, ISBN 9781595551009, and a January 15, 2008 publication date.[1][2] ## Subject The book examines the role of image, presentation, personality, clothing, physical appearance, family narrative, and media packaging in United States presidential campaigns. Google Books summarizes it as a study of American interest in presidential looks and appearance, including examples such as Abraham Lincoln's beard, John F. Kennedy's hatless inauguration, and John Kerry's reported cosmetic surgery before the 2004 campaign.[3] HarperCollins UK later described the book as an argument about the relationship between candidates' appearances and electoral success, and about how visual style can communicate messages to voters.[4] In biographical context, *Project President* belongs to Shapiro's early sequence of polemical and media-critical books, after *[Brainwashed: How Universities Indoctrinate America's Youth](/mw/index.php/Brainwashed:_How_Universities_Indoctrinate_America%27s_Youth)* and *[Porn Generation](/mw/index.php/Porn_Generation)*. *Publishers Weekly*, in its author page for Shapiro, summarized that sequence by saying that *Brainwashed* attacked left-wing influence on university students, *Porn Generation* criticized social liberalism, and *Project President* described candidates as products sold to voters.[5] ## References [Template:Reflist](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Reflist&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-1) [Template:Cite book](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_book&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-2) [Template:Cite web](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_web&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-3) [Template:Cite book](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_book&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-4) [Template:Cite web](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_web&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-5) [Template:Cite web](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_web&action=edit&redlink=1) # Walter S. Gedney URL: https://mediated.wiki/source/Walter_S._Gedney Last updated: 2026-07-04T22:15:51.077Z [Template:Short description](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Short_description&action=edit&redlink=1) [Template:Infobox officeholder](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Infobox_officeholder&action=edit&redlink=1) **Walter Smith Gedney** (October 31, 1880 – August 17, 1953) was an American lawyer and politician from New York. ## Life Gedney was born on October 31, 1880, in [Peoria, Illinois](/mw/index.php?title=Peoria,_Illinois&action=edit&redlink=1). He moved to [Nyack, New York](/mw/index.php?title=Nyack,_New_York&action=edit&redlink=1), with his father when he was 2.[1] Gedney graduated from [Nyack High School](/mw/index.php?title=Nyack_High_School&action=edit&redlink=1) in 1895 and the [New York University School of Law](/mw/index.php?title=New_York_University_School_of_Law&action=edit&redlink=1) in 1911. He practiced law in New York City for many years at [38 Park Row](/mw/index.php?title=Potter_Building&action=edit&redlink=1). He joined the Mazeppa Engine Company of Nyack in 1905, later serving as fire commissioner of Mazeppa for three years and as the company's delegate to the Hudson Valley Volunteer Firemen's Association for 15 years. He served as president of the [New York State Volunteer Firemen's Association](/mw/index.php?title=Firemen%27s_Association_of_the_State_of_New_York&action=edit&redlink=1) for two years, also serving as its attorney and chairman of the law committee. He moved to [Hudson](/mw/index.php?title=Hudson,_New_York&action=edit&redlink=1) in 1938.[2] Gedney served as police justice of Nyack from 1916 to 1919. In 1923, he was elected to the [New York State Assembly](/mw/index.php?title=New_York_State_Assembly&action=edit&redlink=1) as a [Republican](/mw/index.php?title=Republican_Party_(United_States)&action=edit&redlink=1), representing [Rockland County](/mw/index.php?title=Rockland_County,_New_York&action=edit&redlink=1). He served in the Assembly in [1924](/mw/index.php?title=147th_New_York_State_Legislature&action=edit&redlink=1),[3] [1925](/mw/index.php?title=148th_New_York_State_Legislature&action=edit&redlink=1),[1] [1926](/mw/index.php?title=149th_New_York_State_Legislature&action=edit&redlink=1),[4] [1927](/mw/index.php?title=150th_New_York_State_Legislature&action=edit&redlink=1),[5] [1928](/mw/index.php?title=151st_New_York_State_Legislature&action=edit&redlink=1),[6] and [1929](/mw/index.php?title=152nd_New_York_State_Legislature&action=edit&redlink=1).[7] When he initially ran in 1923, he defeated incumbent [James Farley](/mw/index.php?title=James_Farley&action=edit&redlink=1). While in the Assembly, he was a member of the [Baumes Crime Commission](/mw/index.php?title=Baumes_law&action=edit&redlink=1).[2] Gedney was a member of the Rockland County Republican county committee and president of the Nyack Republican club. He was a member of the [Knights of Pythias](/mw/index.php?title=Knights_of_Pythias&action=edit&redlink=1), the [Order of United American Mechanics](/mw/index.php?title=Order_of_United_American_Mechanics&action=edit&redlink=1), the [Elks](/mw/index.php?title=Benevolent_and_Protective_Order_of_Elks&action=edit&redlink=1), the [Shriners](/mw/index.php?title=Shriners&action=edit&redlink=1), the [Tall Cedars](/mw/index.php?title=Tall_Cedars_of_Lebanon&action=edit&redlink=1), and Master of his [Freemason](/mw/index.php?title=Freemasonry&action=edit&redlink=1) lodge.[1] He was a member of the Nyack [Reformed Church](/mw/index.php?title=Reformed_Church_in_America&action=edit&redlink=1).[2] Gedney died at the New York State Firemen's Home in Hudson on August 17, 1953.[8] He was buried in Oak Hill Cemetery.[9] ## References [Template:Reflist](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Reflist&action=edit&redlink=1) ## External links - *[The Political Graveyard](https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/gayle-geerlings.html#548.09.68)* [Template:S-start](/mw/index.php?title=Template:S-start&action=edit&redlink=1)[Template:S-par](/mw/index.php?title=Template:S-par&action=edit&redlink=1) [Template:Succession box](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Succession_box&action=edit&redlink=1) [Template:S-end](/mw/index.php?title=Template:S-end&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. ↑ [1.0](#cite_ref-:1_1-0) [1.1](#cite_ref-:1_1-1) [1.2](#cite_ref-:1_1-2) [Template:Cite book](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_book&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. ↑ [2.0](#cite_ref-:0_2-0) [2.1](#cite_ref-:0_2-1) [2.2](#cite_ref-:0_2-2) [Template:Cite news](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_news&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-3) [Template:Cite book](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_book&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-4) [Template:Cite book](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_book&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-5) [Template:Cite book](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_book&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-6) [Template:Cite book](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_book&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-7) [Template:Cite web](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_web&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-8) [Template:Cite news](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_news&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-9) [Template:Cite news](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_news&action=edit&redlink=1) # Jessica Minh Anh URL: https://mediated.wiki/wiki/page_0040 Last updated: 2026-07-05T06:11:39.536Z [Template:Short description](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Short_description&action=edit&redlink=1) [Template:Use dmy dates](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Use_dmy_dates&action=edit&redlink=1) [Template:Infobox person](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Infobox_person&action=edit&redlink=1) **Jessica Minh Anh** (born 19 June 1988) is a Vietnamese supermodel, show producer and actress based in Paris, France.[Template:Citation needed](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Citation_needed&action=edit&redlink=1) ## Contents - [1 Early life](#Early_life) - [2 Personal life](#Personal_life) - [3 Filmography](#Filmography) - [3.1 Films](#Films) - [4 References](#References) - [5 External links](#External_links) ## Early life Minh Anh was born in [Hanoi](/mw/index.php?title=Hanoi&action=edit&redlink=1), [Vietnam](/mw/index.php?title=Vietnam&action=edit&redlink=1) and grew up in Moscow, Russia.[1] Minh Anh originally studied at [Hanoi University of Science and Technology](/mw/index.php?title=Hanoi_University_of_Science_and_Technology&action=edit&redlink=1) in Vietnam before moving to Malaysia to obtain her bachelor's degree in information technology from [Universiti Teknologi Petronas](/mw/index.php?title=Universiti_Teknologi_Petronas&action=edit&redlink=1).[2][3] She then obtained her master's degree in marketing communications from [University of Birmingham](/mw/index.php?title=University_of_Birmingham&action=edit&redlink=1) in the United Kingdom.[4][5] ## Personal life Minh Anh is fluent in [Vietnamese](/mw/index.php?title=Vietnamese_language&action=edit&redlink=1) and [Russian](/mw/index.php?title=Russian_language&action=edit&redlink=1).[6] ## Filmography ### Films Year Title Role 2022 578 Magnum[7] ## References [Template:Reflist](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Reflist&action=edit&redlink=1) ## External links [Template:Commons category](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Commons_category&action=edit&redlink=1) [Template:Wikiquote](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Wikiquote&action=edit&redlink=1) - [Template:Official website](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Official_website&action=edit&redlink=1) [Template:Authority control](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Authority_control&action=edit&redlink=1) [Template:Model-stub](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Model-stub&action=edit&redlink=1) [Template:Vietnam-bio-stub](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Vietnam-bio-stub&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-1) [Template:Cite web](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_web&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-2) [Template:Cite news](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_news&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-3) [Template:Cite news](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_news&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-4) [Template:Cite news](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_news&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-5) [Template:Cite web](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_web&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-6) [Template:Cite web](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_web&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-7) [Template:Cite news](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_news&action=edit&redlink=1) # Slavery in Haiti URL: https://mediated.wiki/wiki/page_0041 Last updated: 2026-07-21T09:34:02.347Z **Slavery in Haiti** refers chiefly to slavery in the French colony of Saint-Domingue, the western part of Hispaniola that became the independent state of Haiti in 1804. By the late eighteenth century, Saint-Domingue was one of the most important plantation slave societies in the Atlantic world. Its sugar and coffee estates depended on enslaved African labor, and the enslaved population formed the overwhelming majority of the colony. SlaveVoyages-derived destination estimates place Saint-Domingue/Haiti at roughly 774,000 enslaved African arrivals, making it one of the largest single destinations in the transatlantic slave trade.[1] The colonial slave system joined export agriculture, racial law, violence, and high labor demand. Enslaved men, women, and children worked on sugar, coffee, indigo, cotton, urban, and port tasks; many were African-born, and plantation discipline was designed to make labor predictable for crops that required intense timing and supervision. Contemporary and educational summaries of the French Revolution emphasize both the wealth produced by Saint-Domingue and the harsh legal and coercive structures that protected slaveholders' claims.[2][3] The Haitian Revolution transformed this system. A large uprising began in northern Saint-Domingue in August 1791. Under military, political, and diplomatic pressure, French commissioners abolished slavery in the colony in 1793, and the French National Convention abolished slavery in the French colonies in 1794. Napoleon's 1802 expedition to restore French control and slavery where possible made independence inseparable from the defense of emancipation. The declaration of Haitian independence on 1 January 1804 therefore secured abolition by revolution and statehood rather than by ordinary colonial reform.[4] Haiti's abolition sequence is often summarized as 1793 local emancipation, 1794 French revolutionary abolition, and 1804 independence. That sequence matters because imperial abolition could be reversed, while Haitian independence made the restoration of legal slavery in the former Saint-Domingue much harder. Post-independence labor coercion, diplomatic isolation, indemnity politics, and rural inequality remained serious conflicts, but they were distinct from the legal slave regime destroyed by the revolution. Contemporary forced labor and human trafficking in Haiti are distinct from colonial chattel slavery but remain relevant to the country's history of unfree labor. The U.S. Department of Labor's 2024 findings report that children are subjected to forced labor in domestic work, agriculture, street vending, and begging, and that some children recruited by armed groups are coerced into criminal activities and combat.[5] ## References - [SlaveVoyages: Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade Database](https://www.slavevoyages.org/). - George Mason University and City University of New York, [Slavery and the Haitian Revolution](https://revolution.chnm.org/exhibits/show/liberty--equality--fraternity/slavery-and-the-haitian-revolu). - U.S. Department of State Office of the Historian, [The United States and the Haitian Revolution, 1791-1804](https://history.state.gov/milestones/1784-1800/haitian-rev). - Julia Gaffield, Museum of the American Revolution, [The Declaration Around the World: Haiti](https://www.amrevmuseum.org/the-declaration-around-the-world-haiti). - U.S. Department of Labor, [2024 Findings on the Worst Forms of Child Labor: Haiti](https://www.dol.gov/agencies/ilab/resources/reports/child-labor/haiti). - Thomas Maciejewski, *The History of Slavery*, manuscript, claim matrix, abolition atlas, and source research notes, 2026. 1. [↑](#cite_ref-1) [https://www.slavevoyages.org/](https://www.slavevoyages.org/) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-2) [https://revolution.chnm.org/exhibits/show/liberty--equality--fraternity/slavery-and-the-haitian-revolu](https://revolution.chnm.org/exhibits/show/liberty--equality--fraternity/slavery-and-the-haitian-revolu) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-3) [https://history.state.gov/milestones/1784-1800/haitian-rev](https://history.state.gov/milestones/1784-1800/haitian-rev) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-4) [https://www.amrevmuseum.org/the-declaration-around-the-world-haiti](https://www.amrevmuseum.org/the-declaration-around-the-world-haiti) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-5) U.S. Department of Labor, [2024 Findings on the Worst Forms of Child Labor: Haiti](https://www.dol.gov/agencies/ilab/resources/reports/child-labor/haiti). # HMNZS Kahu URL: https://mediated.wiki/source/HMNZS_Kahu Last updated: 2026-07-05T14:11:20.777Z [Template:Use dmy dates](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Use_dmy_dates&action=edit&redlink=1) [Template:Italic title prefixed](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Italic_title_prefixed&action=edit&redlink=1) **HMNZS *Kahu*** has been the name of the following ships of the [Royal New Zealand Navy](/mw/index.php?title=Royal_New_Zealand_Navy&action=edit&redlink=1): - [Template:HMNZS](/mw/index.php?title=Template:HMNZS&action=edit&redlink=1), a Fairmile B motor launch, 1943–1965 - [Template:HMNZS](/mw/index.php?title=Template:HMNZS&action=edit&redlink=1), a *Moa*-class patrol boat used for training purposes, 1988–2009 [Template:Ship index](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Ship_index&action=edit&redlink=1) # Self-consistent mean field URL: https://mediated.wiki/source/Self-consistent_mean_field Last updated: 2026-07-05T22:16:51.711Z **Self-consistent mean field** may be one of the following: - [Mean field theory](/mw/index.php?title=Mean_field_theory&action=edit&redlink=1), an approach to the many-body problem in physics and statistical mechanics - [Self-consistent mean field (biology)](/mw/index.php?title=Self-consistent_mean_field_(biology)&action=edit&redlink=1), an application of this theory to the problem of protein structure prediction [Template:Disambiguation](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Disambiguation&action=edit&redlink=1) # Julien Absalon URL: https://mediated.wiki/wiki/page_0044 Last updated: 2026-07-06T06:20:19.900Z [Template:Short description](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Short_description&action=edit&redlink=1) [Template:Use dmy dates](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Use_dmy_dates&action=edit&redlink=1) [Template:Expand French](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Expand_French&action=edit&redlink=1) [Template:Infobox cyclist](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Infobox_cyclist&action=edit&redlink=1) **Julien Arnaud Absalon** (born 16 August 1980) is a French former cross-country [mountain biker](/mw/index.php?title=Mountain_biker&action=edit&redlink=1), who competed as a professional from 2001 to 2018. He is considered to be one of the most successful cross-country cyclists of all time. Throughout his career, Absalon won gold medals at the [2004](/mw/index.php?title=2004_Summer_Olympics&action=edit&redlink=1) and [2008 Summer Olympics](/mw/index.php?title=2008_Summer_Olympics&action=edit&redlink=1), five [World Championships](/mw/index.php?title=UCI_Mountain_Bike_%26_Trials_World_Championships&action=edit&redlink=1) (2004–2007, 2014), seven [UCI World Cup](/mw/index.php?title=UCI_Mountain_Bike_World_Cup&action=edit&redlink=1) overall titles (2003, 2006–2009, 2014, 2016) and 33 World Cup rounds, which was an all-time record before being broken by [Nino Schurter](/mw/index.php?title=Nino_Schurter&action=edit&redlink=1) in 2023.[Template:Citation needed](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Citation_needed&action=edit&redlink=1) He also won all fourteen [French cross-country championships](/mw/index.php?title=French_National_Mountain_Bike_Championships&action=edit&redlink=1) between 2003 and 2016, and five [European Championships](/mw/index.php?title=European_Mountain_Bike_Championships&action=edit&redlink=1) (2006, 2013–2016). ## Contents - [1 Career highlights](#Career_highlights) - [2 Major results](#Major_results) - [3 References](#References) - [4 External links](#External_links) ## Career highlights *Source*:[1] 2003: Absalon won his first UCI Mountain Bike World Cup. 2004: Gold at the World Championships and the Athens Olympic Games. 2005: Absalon again won the World Championships. 2006: Winner at the World Championships, European Championships, French Championships and the overall World Cup. 2007: World Champion and World Cup Champion. 2008: Won 2nd Gold Medal at the Beijing Olympic Games, World Cup Champion 2009: Number 1 World Ranking for all but 5 days of the year.[Template:Citation needed](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Citation_needed&action=edit&redlink=1) Winner of UCI MTB World Cup for the 5th time, silver at the World Championships 2010: 2nd overall at the World Cup 2011: 3rd at the World Championships and World Cup 2012: At the [2012 Summer Olympics](/mw/index.php?title=2012_Summer_Olympics&action=edit&redlink=1) cross-country race, he suffered a tyre puncture in the opening lap. After changing tyre and noticing that he was trailing the leader by 55 seconds, he decided to abandon the race, seeing that his chances of winning a medal had disappeared.[2][3] 2013: Won European Championships 2014: Wins 5th World Championship title, French and European Championships. His season was cut short when, that November, he suffered a broken collarbone during a cyclocross race. 2015: Absalon wins the European Championships, French Championships, and finished second in the World Championships. Completed the season ranked world number 1.[Template:Citation needed](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Citation_needed&action=edit&redlink=1) 2016: Finishes the Rio Olympic Games in 8th place. ## Major results [Template:Div col](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Div_col&action=edit&redlink=1) **1998** - 1st [File:Jersey rainbow.svg](/mw/index.php/File:Jersey_rainbow.svg) [Cross-country](/mw/index.php?title=UCI_Mountain_Bike_%26_Trials_World_Championships_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_cross-country&action=edit&redlink=1), [UCI World Junior Championships](/mw/index.php?title=1998_UCI_Mountain_Bike_%26_Trials_World_Championships&action=edit&redlink=1) - 1st [File:UEC Champion Jersey.svg](/mw/index.php/File:UEC_Champion_Jersey.svg) Cross-country, [UEC European Junior Championships](/mw/index.php?title=European_Mountain_Bike_Championships&action=edit&redlink=1) - 1st [File:MaillotFra.PNG](/mw/index.php/File:MaillotFra.PNG) Cross-country, [National Junior Championships](/mw/index.php?title=French_National_Mountain_Bike_Championships&action=edit&redlink=1) **1999** - 2nd [File:Silver medal europe.svg](/mw/index.php/File:Silver_medal_europe.svg) Cross-country, [UEC European Under-23 Championships](/mw/index.php?title=European_Mountain_Bike_Championships&action=edit&redlink=1) - 2nd Cross-country, [National Under-23 Championships](/mw/index.php?title=French_National_Mountain_Bike_Championships&action=edit&redlink=1) - 5th [Cross-country](/mw/index.php?title=UCI_Mountain_Bike_%26_Trials_World_Championships_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_cross-country&action=edit&redlink=1), [UCI World Under-23 Championships](/mw/index.php?title=1999_UCI_Mountain_Bike_%26_Trials_World_Championships&action=edit&redlink=1) **2000** - 2nd [File:Silver medal uci.svg](/mw/index.php/File:Silver_medal_uci.svg) Team relay, [UCI World Championships](/mw/index.php?title=2000_UCI_Mountain_Bike_%26_Trials_World_Championships&action=edit&redlink=1) - 4th [Cross-country](/mw/index.php?title=UCI_Mountain_Bike_%26_Trials_World_Championships_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_cross-country&action=edit&redlink=1), [UCI World Under-23 Championships](/mw/index.php?title=2000_UCI_Mountain_Bike_%26_Trials_World_Championships&action=edit&redlink=1) **2001** - 1st [File:Jersey rainbow.svg](/mw/index.php/File:Jersey_rainbow.svg) [Cross-country](/mw/index.php?title=UCI_Mountain_Bike_%26_Trials_World_Championships_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_cross-country&action=edit&redlink=1), [UCI World Under-23 Championships](/mw/index.php?title=2001_UCI_Mountain_Bike_%26_Trials_World_Championships&action=edit&redlink=1) - [UCI XCO World Cup](/mw/index.php?title=2001_UCI_Mountain_Bike_World_Cup&action=edit&redlink=1) - 1st [Durango](/mw/index.php?title=Durango,_Colorado&action=edit&redlink=1) - 1st [File:UEC Champion Jersey.svg](/mw/index.php/File:UEC_Champion_Jersey.svg) Cross-country, [UEC European Under-23 Championships](/mw/index.php?title=European_Mountain_Bike_Championships&action=edit&redlink=1) - 1st [File:UEC Champion Jersey.svg](/mw/index.php/File:UEC_Champion_Jersey.svg) Team relay, [UEC European Championships](/mw/index.php?title=European_Mountain_Bike_Championships&action=edit&redlink=1) - 1st [File:MaillotFra.PNG](/mw/index.php/File:MaillotFra.PNG) Cross-country, [National Under-23 Championships](/mw/index.php?title=French_National_Mountain_Bike_Championships&action=edit&redlink=1) **2002** - 1st [File:Jersey rainbow.svg](/mw/index.php/File:Jersey_rainbow.svg) [Cross-country](/mw/index.php?title=UCI_Mountain_Bike_%26_Trials_World_Championships_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_cross-country&action=edit&redlink=1), [UCI World Under-23 Championships](/mw/index.php?title=2002_UCI_Mountain_Bike_%26_Trials_World_Championships&action=edit&redlink=1) - 1st [File:UEC Champion Jersey.svg](/mw/index.php/File:UEC_Champion_Jersey.svg) Cross-country, [UEC European Under-23 Championships](/mw/index.php?title=European_Mountain_Bike_Championships&action=edit&redlink=1) - 1st [File:MaillotFra.PNG](/mw/index.php/File:MaillotFra.PNG) Cross-country, [National Under-23 Championships](/mw/index.php?title=French_National_Mountain_Bike_Championships&action=edit&redlink=1) - 2nd [File:Silver medal uci.svg](/mw/index.php/File:Silver_medal_uci.svg) Team relay, [UCI World Championships](/mw/index.php?title=2000_UCI_Mountain_Bike_%26_Trials_World_Championships&action=edit&redlink=1) **2003** - 1st [File:MaillotFra.PNG](/mw/index.php/File:MaillotFra.PNG) Cross-country, [National Championships](/mw/index.php?title=French_National_Mountain_Bike_Championships&action=edit&redlink=1) - 1st [File:Jersey white.svg](/mw/index.php/File:Jersey_white.svg) Overall [UCI XCO World Cup](/mw/index.php?title=2003_UCI_Mountain_Bike_World_Cup&action=edit&redlink=1) - 1st [Mont-Sainte-Anne](/mw/index.php?title=Mont-Sainte-Anne&action=edit&redlink=1) - 3rd [Kaprun](/mw/index.php?title=Kaprun&action=edit&redlink=1) - 3rd [Sankt Wendel](/mw/index.php?title=Sankt_Wendel&action=edit&redlink=1) - 3rd [Fort William](/mw/index.php?title=Fort_William,_Highland&action=edit&redlink=1) - 3rd [Grouse Mountain](/mw/index.php?title=Grouse_Mountain&action=edit&redlink=1) - 2nd [File:Silver medal europe.svg](/mw/index.php/File:Silver_medal_europe.svg) Cross-country, [UEC European Championships](/mw/index.php?title=European_Mountain_Bike_Championships&action=edit&redlink=1) **2004** - 1st [File:Gold medal olympic.svg](/mw/index.php/File:Gold_medal_olympic.svg) [Cross-country](/mw/index.php?title=Cycling_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_cross-country&action=edit&redlink=1), [Olympic Games](/mw/index.php?title=2004_Summer_Olympics&action=edit&redlink=1) - 1st [File:Jersey rainbow.svg](/mw/index.php/File:Jersey_rainbow.svg) [Cross-country](/mw/index.php?title=UCI_Mountain_Bike_%26_Trials_World_Championships_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_cross-country&action=edit&redlink=1), [UCI World Championships](/mw/index.php?title=2004_UCI_Mountain_Bike_%26_Trials_World_Championships&action=edit&redlink=1) - 1st [File:MaillotFra.PNG](/mw/index.php/File:MaillotFra.PNG) Cross-country, [National Championships](/mw/index.php?title=French_National_Mountain_Bike_Championships&action=edit&redlink=1) - [UCI XCO World Cup](/mw/index.php?title=2004_UCI_Mountain_Bike_World_Cup&action=edit&redlink=1) - 1st [Schladming](/mw/index.php?title=Schladming&action=edit&redlink=1) - 3rd [Houffalize](/mw/index.php?title=Houffalize&action=edit&redlink=1) - 3rd [Madrid](/mw/index.php?title=Madrid&action=edit&redlink=1) - 5th Cross-country, [UEC European Championships](/mw/index.php?title=European_Mountain_Bike_Championships&action=edit&redlink=1) **2005** - 1st [File:Jersey rainbow.svg](/mw/index.php/File:Jersey_rainbow.svg) [Cross-country](/mw/index.php?title=UCI_Mountain_Bike_%26_Trials_World_Championships_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_cross-country&action=edit&redlink=1), [UCI World Championships](/mw/index.php?title=2005_UCI_Mountain_Bike_%26_Trials_World_Championships&action=edit&redlink=1) - 1st [File:MaillotFra.PNG](/mw/index.php/File:MaillotFra.PNG) Cross-country, [National Championships](/mw/index.php?title=French_National_Mountain_Bike_Championships&action=edit&redlink=1) - 2nd [File:Silver medal europe.svg](/mw/index.php/File:Silver_medal_europe.svg) Cross-country, [UEC European Championships](/mw/index.php?title=European_Mountain_Bike_Championships&action=edit&redlink=1) - 3rd Overall [UCI XCO World Cup](/mw/index.php?title=2005_UCI_Mountain_Bike_World_Cup&action=edit&redlink=1) - 1st [Spa-Francorchamps](/mw/index.php?title=Spa,_Belgium&action=edit&redlink=1) - 1st [Madrid](/mw/index.php?title=Madrid&action=edit&redlink=1) - 3rd [Willingen](/mw/index.php?title=Willingen&action=edit&redlink=1) **2006** - 1st [File:Jersey rainbow.svg](/mw/index.php/File:Jersey_rainbow.svg) [Cross-country](/mw/index.php?title=UCI_Mountain_Bike_%26_Trials_World_Championships_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_cross-country&action=edit&redlink=1), [UCI World Championships](/mw/index.php?title=2006_UCI_Mountain_Bike_%26_Trials_World_Championships&action=edit&redlink=1) - 1st [File:MaillotFra.PNG](/mw/index.php/File:MaillotFra.PNG) Cross-country, [National Championships](/mw/index.php?title=French_National_Mountain_Bike_Championships&action=edit&redlink=1) - 1st [File:Jersey white.svg](/mw/index.php/File:Jersey_white.svg) Overall [UCI XCO World Cup](/mw/index.php?title=2006_UCI_Mountain_Bike_World_Cup&action=edit&redlink=1) - 1st [Spa-Francorchamps](/mw/index.php?title=Spa,_Belgium&action=edit&redlink=1) - 1st [Fort William](/mw/index.php?title=Fort_William,_Highland&action=edit&redlink=1) - 1st [Madrid](/mw/index.php?title=Madrid&action=edit&redlink=1) - 2nd [Curaçao](/mw/index.php?title=Cura%C3%A7ao&action=edit&redlink=1) - 3rd [Mont-Sainte-Anne](/mw/index.php?title=Mont-Sainte-Anne&action=edit&redlink=1) **2007** - 1st [File:Jersey rainbow.svg](/mw/index.php/File:Jersey_rainbow.svg) [Cross-country](/mw/index.php?title=UCI_Mountain_Bike_%26_Trials_World_Championships_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_cross-country&action=edit&redlink=1), [UCI World Championships](/mw/index.php?title=2007_UCI_Mountain_Bike_%26_Trials_World_Championships&action=edit&redlink=1) - 1st [File:MaillotFra.PNG](/mw/index.php/File:MaillotFra.PNG) Cross-country, [National Championships](/mw/index.php?title=French_National_Mountain_Bike_Championships&action=edit&redlink=1) - 1st [File:Jersey white.svg](/mw/index.php/File:Jersey_white.svg) Overall [UCI XCO World Cup](/mw/index.php?title=2007_UCI_Mountain_Bike_World_Cup&action=edit&redlink=1) - 1st [Saint-Félicien](/mw/index.php?title=Saint-F%C3%A9licien,_Quebec&action=edit&redlink=1) - 1st [Offenburg](/mw/index.php?title=Offenburg&action=edit&redlink=1) - 1st [Mont-Sainte-Anne](/mw/index.php?title=Mont-Sainte-Anne&action=edit&redlink=1) - 1st [Champéry](/mw/index.php?title=Champ%C3%A9ry&action=edit&redlink=1) - 2nd [Houffalize](/mw/index.php?title=Houffalize&action=edit&redlink=1) - 2nd [File:Silver medal europe.svg](/mw/index.php/File:Silver_medal_europe.svg) Cross-country, [UEC European Championships](/mw/index.php?title=European_Mountain_Bike_Championships&action=edit&redlink=1) **2008** - 1st [File:Gold medal olympic.svg](/mw/index.php/File:Gold_medal_olympic.svg) [Cross-country](/mw/index.php?title=Cycling_at_the_2008_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_cross-country&action=edit&redlink=1), [Olympic Games](/mw/index.php?title=2008_Summer_Olympics&action=edit&redlink=1) - 1st [File:MaillotFra.PNG](/mw/index.php/File:MaillotFra.PNG) Cross-country, [National Championships](/mw/index.php?title=French_National_Mountain_Bike_Championships&action=edit&redlink=1) - 1st [File:Jersey white.svg](/mw/index.php/File:Jersey_white.svg) Overall [UCI XCO World Cup](/mw/index.php?title=2008_UCI_Mountain_Bike_World_Cup&action=edit&redlink=1) - 1st [Madrid](/mw/index.php?title=Madrid&action=edit&redlink=1) - 1st [Mont-Sainte-Anne](/mw/index.php?title=Mont-Sainte-Anne&action=edit&redlink=1) - 1st [Houffalize](/mw/index.php?title=Houffalize&action=edit&redlink=1) - 1st [Offenburg](/mw/index.php?title=Offenburg&action=edit&redlink=1) - 1st [Bromont](/mw/index.php?title=Bromont&action=edit&redlink=1) **2009** - 1st [File:MaillotFra.PNG](/mw/index.php/File:MaillotFra.PNG) Cross-country, [National Championships](/mw/index.php?title=French_National_Mountain_Bike_Championships&action=edit&redlink=1) - 1st [File:Jersey white.svg](/mw/index.php/File:Jersey_white.svg) Overall [UCI XCO World Cup](/mw/index.php?title=2009_UCI_Mountain_Bike_World_Cup&action=edit&redlink=1) - 1st [Madrid](/mw/index.php?title=Madrid&action=edit&redlink=1) - 1st [Mont-Sainte-Anne](/mw/index.php?title=Mont-Sainte-Anne&action=edit&redlink=1) - 1st [Houffalize](/mw/index.php?title=Houffalize&action=edit&redlink=1) - 1st [Offenburg](/mw/index.php?title=Offenburg&action=edit&redlink=1) - 2nd [Champéry](/mw/index.php?title=Champ%C3%A9ry&action=edit&redlink=1) - 2nd [Pietermaritzburg](/mw/index.php?title=Pietermaritzburg&action=edit&redlink=1) - 2nd [File:Silver medal uci.svg](/mw/index.php/File:Silver_medal_uci.svg) [Cross-country](/mw/index.php?title=UCI_Mountain_Bike_%26_Trials_World_Championships_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_cross-country&action=edit&redlink=1), [UCI World Championships](/mw/index.php?title=2009_UCI_Mountain_Bike_%26_Trials_World_Championships&action=edit&redlink=1) **2010** - 1st [File:MaillotFra.PNG](/mw/index.php/File:MaillotFra.PNG) Cross-country, [National Championships](/mw/index.php?title=French_National_Mountain_Bike_Championships&action=edit&redlink=1) - 2nd Overall [UCI XCO World Cup](/mw/index.php?title=2010_UCI_Mountain_Bike_World_Cup&action=edit&redlink=1) - 1st [Offenburg](/mw/index.php?title=Offenburg&action=edit&redlink=1) - 2nd [Val di Sole](/mw/index.php?title=Val_di_Sole&action=edit&redlink=1) - 2nd [Dalby Forest](/mw/index.php?title=Dalby_Forest&action=edit&redlink=1) - 5th [Cross-country](/mw/index.php?title=UCI_Mountain_Bike_%26_Trials_World_Championships_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_cross-country&action=edit&redlink=1), [UCI World Championships](/mw/index.php?title=2010_UCI_Mountain_Bike_%26_Trials_World_Championships&action=edit&redlink=1) **2011** - 1st [File:MaillotFra.PNG](/mw/index.php/File:MaillotFra.PNG) Cross-country, [National Championships](/mw/index.php?title=French_National_Mountain_Bike_Championships&action=edit&redlink=1) - 2nd [File:Silver medal europe.svg](/mw/index.php/File:Silver_medal_europe.svg) Cross-country, [UEC European Championships](/mw/index.php?title=European_Mountain_Bike_Championships&action=edit&redlink=1) - 3rd [File:Bronze medal uci.svg](/mw/index.php/File:Bronze_medal_uci.svg) [Cross-country](/mw/index.php?title=UCI_Mountain_Bike_%26_Trials_World_Championships_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_cross-country&action=edit&redlink=1), [UCI World Championships](/mw/index.php?title=2011_UCI_Mountain_Bike_%26_Trials_World_Championships&action=edit&redlink=1) - 3rd Overall [UCI XCO World Cup](/mw/index.php?title=2011_UCI_Mountain_Bike_World_Cup&action=edit&redlink=1) - 1st [Offenburg](/mw/index.php?title=Offenburg&action=edit&redlink=1) - 2nd [Pietermaritzburg](/mw/index.php?title=Pietermaritzburg&action=edit&redlink=1) - 2nd [Dalby Forest](/mw/index.php?title=Dalby_Forest&action=edit&redlink=1) - 3rd [Nové Město](/mw/index.php?title=Nov%C3%A9_M%C4%9Bsto_na_Morav%C4%9B&action=edit&redlink=1) **2012** - 1st [File:MaillotFra.PNG](/mw/index.php/File:MaillotFra.PNG) Cross-country, [National Championships](/mw/index.php?title=French_National_Mountain_Bike_Championships&action=edit&redlink=1) - [UCI XCO World Cup](/mw/index.php?title=2012_UCI_Mountain_Bike_World_Cup&action=edit&redlink=1) - 1st [Houffalize](/mw/index.php?title=Houffalize&action=edit&redlink=1) - 1st [La Bresse](/mw/index.php?title=La_Bresse&action=edit&redlink=1) - 4th [Cross-country](/mw/index.php?title=UCI_Mountain_Bike_%26_Trials_World_Championships_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_cross-country&action=edit&redlink=1), [UCI World Championships](/mw/index.php?title=2012_UCI_Mountain_Bike_%26_Trials_World_Championships&action=edit&redlink=1) - 4th Cross-country, [UEC European Championships](/mw/index.php?title=European_Mountain_Bike_Championships&action=edit&redlink=1) **2013** - 1st [File:UEC Champion Jersey.svg](/mw/index.php/File:UEC_Champion_Jersey.svg) Cross-country, [UEC European Championships](/mw/index.php?title=European_Mountain_Bike_Championships&action=edit&redlink=1) - 1st [File:MaillotFra.PNG](/mw/index.php/File:MaillotFra.PNG) Cross-country, [National Championships](/mw/index.php?title=French_National_Mountain_Bike_Championships&action=edit&redlink=1) - 3rd Overall [UCI XCO World Cup](/mw/index.php?title=2013_UCI_Mountain_Bike_World_Cup&action=edit&redlink=1) - 1st [Mont-Sainte-Anne](/mw/index.php?title=Mont-Sainte-Anne&action=edit&redlink=1) - 2nd [Nové Město](/mw/index.php?title=Nov%C3%A9_M%C4%9Bsto_na_Morav%C4%9B&action=edit&redlink=1) - 2nd [Val di Sole](/mw/index.php?title=Val_di_Sole&action=edit&redlink=1) **2014** - 1st [File:Jersey rainbow.svg](/mw/index.php/File:Jersey_rainbow.svg) [Cross-country](/mw/index.php?title=UCI_Mountain_Bike_%26_Trials_World_Championships_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_cross-country&action=edit&redlink=1), [UCI World Championships](/mw/index.php?title=2014_UCI_Mountain_Bike_%26_Trials_World_Championships&action=edit&redlink=1) - 1st [File:UEC Champion Jersey.svg](/mw/index.php/File:UEC_Champion_Jersey.svg) Cross-country, [UEC European Championships](/mw/index.php?title=European_Mountain_Bike_Championships&action=edit&redlink=1) - 1st [File:MaillotFra.PNG](/mw/index.php/File:MaillotFra.PNG) Cross-country, [National Championships](/mw/index.php?title=French_National_Mountain_Bike_Championships&action=edit&redlink=1) - 1st [File:Jersey white.svg](/mw/index.php/File:Jersey_white.svg) Overall [UCI XCO World Cup](/mw/index.php?title=2014_UCI_Mountain_Bike_World_Cup&action=edit&redlink=1) - 1st [Pietermaritzburg](/mw/index.php?title=Pietermaritzburg&action=edit&redlink=1) - 1st [Cairns](/mw/index.php?title=Cairns&action=edit&redlink=1) - 1st [Albstadt](/mw/index.php?title=Albstadt&action=edit&redlink=1) - 2nd [Mont-Sainte-Anne](/mw/index.php?title=Mont-Sainte-Anne&action=edit&redlink=1) - 2nd [Méribel](/mw/index.php?title=M%C3%A9ribel&action=edit&redlink=1) - 2nd [Windham](/mw/index.php?title=Windham_(town),_New_York&action=edit&redlink=1) **2015** - 1st [File:UEC Champion Jersey.svg](/mw/index.php/File:UEC_Champion_Jersey.svg) Cross-country, [UEC European Championships](/mw/index.php?title=European_Mountain_Bike_Championships&action=edit&redlink=1) - 1st [File:MaillotFra.PNG](/mw/index.php/File:MaillotFra.PNG) Cross-country, [National Championships](/mw/index.php?title=French_National_Mountain_Bike_Championships&action=edit&redlink=1) - 2nd [File:Silver medal uci.svg](/mw/index.php/File:Silver_medal_uci.svg) [Cross-country](/mw/index.php?title=UCI_Mountain_Bike_%26_Trials_World_Championships_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_cross-country&action=edit&redlink=1), [UCI World Championships](/mw/index.php?title=2015_UCI_Mountain_Bike_%26_Trials_World_Championships&action=edit&redlink=1) - 2nd Overall [UCI XCO World Cup](/mw/index.php?title=2015_UCI_Mountain_Bike_World_Cup&action=edit&redlink=1) - 1st [Albstadt](/mw/index.php?title=Albstadt&action=edit&redlink=1) - 2nd [Val di Sole](/mw/index.php?title=Val_di_Sole&action=edit&redlink=1) - 2nd [Windham](/mw/index.php?title=Windham_(town),_New_York&action=edit&redlink=1) - 2nd [Mont-Sainte-Anne](/mw/index.php?title=Mont-Sainte-Anne&action=edit&redlink=1) - 3rd [Nové Město](/mw/index.php?title=Nov%C3%A9_M%C4%9Bsto_na_Morav%C4%9B&action=edit&redlink=1) **2016** - 1st [File:European champion jersey 2016.svg](/mw/index.php/File:European_champion_jersey_2016.svg) Cross-country, [UEC European Championships](/mw/index.php?title=2016_European_Mountain_Bike_Championships&action=edit&redlink=1) - 1st [File:MaillotFra.PNG](/mw/index.php/File:MaillotFra.PNG) Cross-country, [National Championships](/mw/index.php?title=French_National_Mountain_Bike_Championships&action=edit&redlink=1) - 1st [File:Jersey white.svg](/mw/index.php/File:Jersey_white.svg) Overall [UCI XCO World Cup](/mw/index.php?title=2016_UCI_Mountain_Bike_World_Cup&action=edit&redlink=1) - 1st [La Bresse](/mw/index.php?title=La_Bresse&action=edit&redlink=1) - 1st [Vallnord](/mw/index.php?title=Vallnord&action=edit&redlink=1) - 1st [Mont-Sainte-Anne](/mw/index.php?title=Mont-Sainte-Anne&action=edit&redlink=1) - 2nd [Albstadt](/mw/index.php?title=Albstadt&action=edit&redlink=1) - 2nd [Lenzerheide](/mw/index.php?title=Lenzerheide&action=edit&redlink=1) - 3rd [Cairns](/mw/index.php?title=Cairns&action=edit&redlink=1) - 3rd [File:Bronze medal uci.svg](/mw/index.php/File:Bronze_medal_uci.svg) [Cross-country](/mw/index.php?title=UCI_Mountain_Bike_%26_Trials_World_Championships_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_cross-country&action=edit&redlink=1), [UCI World Championships](/mw/index.php?title=2016_UCI_Mountain_Bike_%26_Trials_World_Championships&action=edit&redlink=1) **2017** - 2nd [File:Silver medal europe.svg](/mw/index.php/File:Silver_medal_europe.svg) Cross-country, [UEC European Championships](/mw/index.php?title=2017_European_Mountain_Bike_Championships&action=edit&redlink=1) - [UCI XCO World Cup](/mw/index.php?title=2017_UCI_Mountain_Bike_World_Cup&action=edit&redlink=1) - 3rd [Nové Město](/mw/index.php?title=Nov%C3%A9_M%C4%9Bsto_na_Morav%C4%9B&action=edit&redlink=1) - 3rd [Vallnord](/mw/index.php?title=Vallnord&action=edit&redlink=1) **2018** - 1st [File:MaillotFra.PNG](/mw/index.php/File:MaillotFra.PNG) Cross-country, [National E-MTB Championships](/mw/index.php?title=French_National_Mountain_Bike_Championships&action=edit&redlink=1) **2019** - 2nd Cross-country, [National E-MTB Championships](/mw/index.php?title=French_National_Mountain_Bike_Championships&action=edit&redlink=1) - 3rd [File:Bronze medal uci.svg](/mw/index.php/File:Bronze_medal_uci.svg) Cross-country, [UCI World E-MTB Championships](/mw/index.php?title=2019_UCI_Mountain_Bike_World_Championships&action=edit&redlink=1) [Template:Div col end](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Div_col_end&action=edit&redlink=1) ## References [Template:Reflist](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Reflist&action=edit&redlink=1) ## External links - [Template:Sports links](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Sports_links&action=edit&redlink=1) - [Template:Webarchive](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Webarchive&action=edit&redlink=1) [Template:In lang](/mw/index.php?title=Template:In_lang&action=edit&redlink=1) - 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[↑](#cite_ref-1) [Template:Cite web](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_web&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-2) [Template:Cite web](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_web&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-3) [Template:Cite news](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_news&action=edit&redlink=1) # Neuroterus quercusbaccarum URL: https://mediated.wiki/wiki/page_0045 Last updated: 2026-07-06T14:13:48.154Z [Template:Short description](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Short_description&action=edit&redlink=1) [Template:Speciesbox](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Speciesbox&action=edit&redlink=1) The **common spangle gall** on the underside of leaves and the **currant gall** on the male catkins or occasionally the leaves, develop as chemically induced distortions on [pedunculate oak](/mw/index.php?title=Pedunculate_oak&action=edit&redlink=1) (*Quercus robur*), or [sessile oak](/mw/index.php?title=Sessile_oak&action=edit&redlink=1) (*Quercus petraea*) trees, caused by the cynipid wasp[1] ***Neuroterus quercusbaccarum*** which has both agamic and bisexual generations. Previous names or synonyms for this species are *[Neuroterus](/mw/index.php?title=Neuroterus&action=edit&redlink=1) baccarum*, *N. lenticularis*, *N. malpighii*, *Cynips lenticularis*, *C. quercus-baccarum*, *Spathegaster baccarum, S. varius*, *S. interruptor*.[2] ## Contents - [1 Galls](#Galls) - [2 Distribution on the leaves](#Distribution_on_the_leaves) - [3 Life cycle](#Life_cycle) - [4 Predators, inquilines, and parasitoids](#Predators,_inquilines,_and_parasitoids) - [5 Infestations](#Infestations) - [6 Distribution](#Distribution) - [7 Gallery](#Gallery) - [8 See also](#See_also) - [9 References](#References) - [10 External links](#External_links) ## Galls The spangle galls on the underside of the oak leaves are flat discs, with a distinct central elevation, slightly hairy, yellow-green at first and reddish later, attached by a short stalk. These galls are up to 6 mm in diameter, unilocular, unilarval with a whitish or yellow undersurface; they mature in September, detach and fall to the ground before the leaves themselves.[3] The larvae continue to develop in the fallen spangle and, protected by the leaf layer, they overwinter.[2] Any spangle galls that remain attached to the leaves dry and die.[3] The smooth-surfaced currant gall generation appears in April and lays unfertilised eggs in the staminate catkins or occasionally the developing young leaves. The resulting spherical galls are around 4 mm in diameter, unilocular and unilarval, green at first, maturing through pink to red, therefore closely resembling redcurrants.[2][4] Several different spangle type galls are found on oak leaves so close inspection is required for proper identification.[5] The suckers at the base of older trees are often more heavily infested than the mature tree foliage. This may be due to the poor flying abilities of *N. quercusbaccarum* or it may relate to the physiological age of the leaves.[6] The spangle galls are sometimes misidentified as [scale insects](/mw/index.php?title=Scale_insect&action=edit&redlink=1).[7] ## Distribution on the leaves The distribution and numbers of spangle galls on mature oak trees differs from that on young trees; the differences could be partly due to the earlier date of leaf opening on mature trees. No spatial zonation of spangle galls was apparent on the mature trees.[3] Galls on catkins are less parasitised than those on leaves.[8] ## Life cycle The male and female of the bisexual generation emerge in June from the currant galls and after mating the fertilised eggs are laid in the lower epidermis of the oak leaves. The spangle galls develop over the winter and the insects emerge in April, laying their eggs in the catkins or lower epidermis. The cycle, an alternation of generation, then begins again.[2] ## Predators, inquilines, and parasitoids Spangles lying on the ground are often eaten by gamebirds and both of these galls are prone to being colonised by a variety of other organisms.[2] *[Synergus](/mw/index.php?title=Synergus&action=edit&redlink=1)* spp. are inquilines which attack small galls, and the primary parasitoid *[Mesopolobus tibialis](/mw/index.php?title=Mesopolobus_tibialis&action=edit&redlink=1)* attacks medium size galls and *[Torymus](/mw/index.php?title=Torymus&action=edit&redlink=1) auratus* attacks large galls. The two parasitoids affect the final mature size of the spangle galls, highlighting the galling insect's chemical influence upon the host plant.[9] ## Infestations From 80 to 100 spangle galls can develop on the underside of each leaf and therefore vast numbers fall onto the ground in September, sometimes completely colouring and covering the ground.[2] Infestations do not have any serious effect upon galled trees.[7] ## Distribution *N. quercusbaccarum* is found throughout Europe, Asia Minor and North Africa.[10] ## Gallery - [Common spangle galls on a Quercus robur leaf](/mw/index.php/File:Common_Spangle_gall.JPG) Common spangle galls on a *[Quercus robur](/mw/index.php?title=Quercus_robur&action=edit&redlink=1)* leaf - [Upper surface of galled leaf](/mw/index.php/File:Common_Spangle_Gall_-_leaf_upper.JPG) Upper surface of galled leaf - [Sexual generation gall](/mw/index.php/File:Currant_Gall_Neuroterus_quercusbaccarum_on_Sessile_Oak_Quercus_petraea_(27881771009).jpg) Sexual generation gall - [The gall wasp N. albipes, similar to N. quercusbaccarum](/mw/index.php/File:Eikennapjesgal_Neuroterus_albipes_forma_laeviusculus-levelsadjust-mask.jpg) The gall wasp *N. albipes*, similar to *N. quercusbaccarum* - [Underside of oak leaf with wasp galls](/mw/index.php/File:Common_Spangle_Gall_Wasp_Galls.jpg) Underside of oak leaf with wasp galls - [Parasitoid Torymus auratus](/mw/index.php/File:2021_07_27_Torymus_auratus_1b.jpg) Parasitoid *Torymus auratus* - [Close-up of a gall](/mw/index.php/File:Neuroterus_quercusbaccarum_Gall_Aberystwyth.jpg) Close-up of a gall ## See also [Template:Div col](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Div_col&action=edit&redlink=1) - [Knopper gall](/mw/index.php?title=Knopper_gall&action=edit&redlink=1) - [Oak artichoke gall](/mw/index.php?title=Oak_artichoke_gall&action=edit&redlink=1) - [Rose bedeguar gall](/mw/index.php?title=Rose_bedeguar_gall&action=edit&redlink=1) - *[Neuroterus albipes](/mw/index.php?title=Neuroterus_albipes&action=edit&redlink=1)* - *[Neuroterus anthracinus](/mw/index.php?title=Neuroterus_anthracinus&action=edit&redlink=1)* [Template:Div col end](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Div_col_end&action=edit&redlink=1) ## References [Template:Reflist](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Reflist&action=edit&redlink=1) ## External links - [Spangle galls](http://www.boxvalley.co.uk/nature/sns/wad58/w58-09.html) [Template:Webarchive](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Webarchive&action=edit&redlink=1) - [Cynipids](http://www.gwydir.demon.co.uk/insects/cynipidae.htm) [Template:Webarchive](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Webarchive&action=edit&redlink=1) - [Google Images](http://images.google.co.uk/images?client=firefox-a&rls=org.mozilla:en-GB:official&channel=s&hl=en&q=Neuroterus+quercusbaccarum&um=1&ie=UTF-8&ei=mXR-SqKtIYXSjAetr_TvAQ&sa=X&oi=image_result_group&ct=title&resnum=4) - [Taxonomy](http://zipcodezoo.com/Animals/N/Neuroterus_quercusbaccarum/) - [Spangle gall images](http://tt.ibt.lt/v/insecta/hymenoptera/cynipidae/Neuroterus_quercusbaccarum/) - [The gall insect](http://www.micropics.org.uk/Cynipidae/neuroterus/quercusbaccarum/neuroterus%20quercusbaccarum.htm) - [Video footage of Spangle Galls](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K8JvbIWXsP8) [Template:Taxonbar](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Taxonbar&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-1) [Template:Cite web](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_web&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. ↑ [2.0](#cite_ref-Darlington_2-0) [2.1](#cite_ref-Darlington_2-1) [2.2](#cite_ref-Darlington_2-2) [2.3](#cite_ref-Darlington_2-3) [2.4](#cite_ref-Darlington_2-4) [2.5](#cite_ref-Darlington_2-5) [Template:Cite book](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_book&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. ↑ [3.0](#cite_ref-Askew_3-0) [3.1](#cite_ref-Askew_3-1) [3.2](#cite_ref-Askew_3-2) [Template:Cite journal](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_journal&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-4) [Template:Cite book](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_book&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-5) [Template:Cite web](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_web&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-6) [Template:Cite journal](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_journal&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. ↑ [7.0](#cite_ref-Rhs_7-0) [7.1](#cite_ref-Rhs_7-1) [Template:Cite web](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_web&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-8) [Template:Cite journal](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_journal&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-9) [Template:Cite journal](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_journal&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-10) [Template:Cite web](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_web&action=edit&redlink=1) # Liu Yan (Han dynasty warlord) URL: https://mediated.wiki/wiki/page_0046 Last updated: 2026-07-06T22:18:49.016Z [Template:Short description](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Short_description&action=edit&redlink=1) [Template:Infobox officeholder](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Infobox_officeholder&action=edit&redlink=1) [Template:Family name hatnote](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Family_name_hatnote&action=edit&redlink=1) **Liu Yan** ([Template:Audio](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Audio&action=edit&redlink=1)) (died 194[1]),[2] [courtesy name](/mw/index.php?title=Courtesy_name&action=edit&redlink=1) **Junlang**, was a Chinese politician and warlord who lived in the late [Eastern Han dynasty](/mw/index.php?title=Eastern_Han_dynasty&action=edit&redlink=1) of China. He was also a member of the extended family of the Han emperors. For most of his career he served as the governor of [Yi Province](/mw/index.php?title=Yi_Province&action=edit&redlink=1) (covering present-day [Sichuan](/mw/index.php?title=Sichuan&action=edit&redlink=1) and [Chongqing](/mw/index.php?title=Chongqing&action=edit&redlink=1)), which he developed into an independent power base. His domain was passed on to his son [Liu Zhang](/mw/index.php?title=Liu_Zhang_(warlord)&action=edit&redlink=1), and eventually conquered by [Liu Bei](/mw/index.php?title=Liu_Bei&action=edit&redlink=1), who founded the state of [Shu Han](/mw/index.php?title=Shu_Han&action=edit&redlink=1) during the [Three Kingdoms](/mw/index.php?title=Three_Kingdoms&action=edit&redlink=1) period. ## Contents - [1 Life](#Life) - [2 Family](#Family) - [3 In *Romance of the Three Kingdoms*](#In_Romance_of_the_Three_Kingdoms) - [4 See also](#See_also) - [5 Notes](#Notes) - [6 References](#References) ## Life Liu Yan was a descendant of [Liu Yu](/mw/index.php?title=Liu_Yu,_Prince_of_Lu&action=edit&redlink=1), who was Prince of Lu in the early Han dynasty; his mother's surname was "Huang",[Template:Efn](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Efn&action=edit&redlink=1) and she was likely a daughter of Huang Qiong (黄琼; 86-164)[3] and a granddaughter of Huang Xiang (黄香; 68-122),[4] who was once Administrator of Wei Commandery. The name of Liu Yan's father was not recorded, but his moniker "Liu Changsha" suggests that he was an official at Changsha Commandery.[Template:Efn](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Efn&action=edit&redlink=1) Because his branch of the Liu family was powerful, and because he proved himself to be an able statesman, he quickly rose through the ranks of the court. However, in July 160,[5] with the death of his teacher Zhu Tian (祝恬), he resigned his position to observe a mourning period as per the traditions of the day.[Template:Efn](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Efn&action=edit&redlink=1) The highest post he reached was that of [Minister of Ceremonies](/mw/index.php?title=Nine_Ministers&action=edit&redlink=1) ([Template:Lang](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Lang&action=edit&redlink=1)), or person responsible for ceremonies related to the emperor. During the reign of [Emperor Ling](/mw/index.php?title=Emperor_Ling_of_Han&action=edit&redlink=1), the central court became a politically dangerous place, which Liu Yan wanted to distance himself from. Initially, Liu Yan wanted to be the Governor of [Jiaozhi](/mw/index.php?title=Jiaozhi&action=edit&redlink=1), but an adviser of his, Dong Fu ([Template:Lang](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Lang&action=edit&redlink=1)), suggested that being the Governor of [Yi Province](/mw/index.php?title=Yi_Province&action=edit&redlink=1), at that time considered a remote and distant province of the Han Empire, would be auspicious. Liu Yan took the advice, and with his private army set off for his new post in 188.[6] After arriving in Yi Province, Liu Yan was confronted with his first crisis. Ma Xiang ([Template:Lang](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Lang&action=edit&redlink=1)) and Zhao Zhi ([Template:Lang](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Lang&action=edit&redlink=1)) started a rebellion in the region, claiming to be part of the [Yellow Turban Rebellion](/mw/index.php?title=Yellow_Turban_Rebellion&action=edit&redlink=1). Liu Yan enlisted the help of powerful local families to raise an army and put down the rebellion. Once firmly in control of the region, he plotted to gain independence from the central Han government. The first step in his plan was to send [Zhang Lu](/mw/index.php?title=Zhang_Lu_(Han_dynasty)&action=edit&redlink=1) and Zhang Xiu ([Template:Lang](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Lang&action=edit&redlink=1)) to attack the forces of the official Han governor of [Hanzhong](/mw/index.php?title=Hanzhong&action=edit&redlink=1), Su Gu ([Template:Lang](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Lang&action=edit&redlink=1)) and take over his territory. Zhang Lu first killed Zhang Xiu, and after absorbing the latter's armies he successfully managed to kill Su Gu and take control of the territory, which created an independent buffer state between Liu Yan's Yi Province and the Han central government. His next step in gaining control of the region was to rein in the power of the local families, who had their own wealth and large private armies. He executed the leaders of over 10 families, but another powerful family leader Jia Long ([Template:Lang](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Lang&action=edit&redlink=1)) banded together with others and rebelled. Although the armies of the families were powerful, Liu Yan's forces eventually prevailed. The next threat was from the [Qiang people](/mw/index.php?title=Qiang_(historical_people)&action=edit&redlink=1), who attacked Liu Yan's capital of Mianzhu ([Template:Lang](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Lang&action=edit&redlink=1)). However, Liu Yan's forces were able to successfully defend their territory from being ravaged. [Li Jue](/mw/index.php?title=Li_Jue_(Han_dynasty)&action=edit&redlink=1) and [Guo Si](/mw/index.php?title=Guo_Si&action=edit&redlink=1) had gained control of [Chang'an](/mw/index.php?title=Chang%27an&action=edit&redlink=1) following [Dong Zhuo](/mw/index.php?title=Dong_Zhuo&action=edit&redlink=1)'s death, and three of Liu Yan's sons (Liu Fan, Liu Dan, and Liu Zhang) were in Chang'an serving in various government posts. In [Template:Circa](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Circa&action=edit&redlink=1)April 194, Liu Yan joined forces with [Han Sui](/mw/index.php?title=Han_Sui&action=edit&redlink=1) and [Ma Teng](/mw/index.php?title=Ma_Teng&action=edit&redlink=1) in an attempt to attack the capital and seize it. With the help of his sons in the city, the armies attacked, but were defeated. In the hasty retreat, Liu Fan and Liu Dan were captured by Li Jue's forces as they tried to flee Chang'an, and were tortured and killed. Liu Zhang, however, barely managed to escape and join up with his father, who returned once again to Yi Province. In summer of the same year, Liu Yan's residence in Mianzhu was struck by lightning and burnt down, forcing him to relocate the provincial capital to [Chengdu](/mw/index.php?title=Chengdu&action=edit&redlink=1). It is said that the grief caused by the loss of two sons and the stress from the Mianzhu fire caused him to develop an illness on his back, which would eventually cause his death later in the year. His death left his fourth and youngest son Liu Zhang[Template:Efn](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Efn&action=edit&redlink=1) in control of Yi Province.[Template:Efn](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Efn&action=edit&redlink=1) ## Family - Ancestor: [Liu Yu](/mw/index.php?title=Liu_Yu,_Prince_of_Lu&action=edit&redlink=1), fifth son of [Emperor Jing](/mw/index.php?title=Emperor_Jing_of_Han&action=edit&redlink=1) - Mother: Lady Huang, probably a daughter of Huang Qiong and granddaughter of Huang Xiang. - Wife/concubine: Lady Fei, paternal aunt of Fei Boren (费伯仁; a relative of [Fei Yi](/mw/index.php?title=Fei_Yi&action=edit&redlink=1)) and mother of Liu Zhang.[7] - Sons: - Liu Fan ([Template:Lang](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Lang&action=edit&redlink=1)), served as General of the Household of the Left, killed by [Li Jue](/mw/index.php?title=Li_Jue_(Han_dynasty)&action=edit&redlink=1) - Liu Dan ([Template:Lang](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Lang&action=edit&redlink=1)), served as Imperial Clerk Preparer of Documents, killed by Li Jue - Liu Mao ([Template:Lang](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Lang&action=edit&redlink=1)), served as Senior Major, died from illness between late 208 and 214 - [Liu Zhang](/mw/index.php?title=Liu_Zhang_(warlord)&action=edit&redlink=1), inherited Liu Yan's position as Governor of Yi Province, lost Yi province to [Liu Bei](/mw/index.php?title=Liu_Bei&action=edit&redlink=1), joined Liu Bei, defected to [Sun Quan](/mw/index.php?title=Sun_Quan&action=edit&redlink=1), died shortly after the defection. - Daughter-in-law: - Lady Wu ([Template:Lang](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Lang&action=edit&redlink=1)), Liu Mao's wife, married [Liu Bei](/mw/index.php?title=Liu_Bei&action=edit&redlink=1) after her husband's death, posthumously known as [Empress Mu](/mw/index.php?title=Empress_Wu_(Zhaolie)&action=edit&redlink=1) ## In *Romance of the Three Kingdoms* In the 14th-century historical novel *[Romance of the Three Kingdoms](/mw/index.php?title=Romance_of_the_Three_Kingdoms&action=edit&redlink=1)*, Liu Yan was the governor of [You Province](/mw/index.php?title=Youzhou&action=edit&redlink=1) in northern China[8] during the events of the [Yellow Turban Rebellion](/mw/index.php?title=Yellow_Turban_Rebellion&action=edit&redlink=1). He met [Liu Bei](/mw/index.php?title=Liu_Bei&action=edit&redlink=1), who rallied an army of volunteers to help him fight the Yellow Turban rebels. In [Chen Shou](/mw/index.php?title=Chen_Shou&action=edit&redlink=1)'s *[Records of the Three Kingdoms](/mw/index.php?title=Records_of_the_Three_Kingdoms&action=edit&redlink=1)*, however, there is no record of Liu Yan assuming governorship of You Province. ## See also - [Lists of people of the Three Kingdoms](/mw/index.php?title=Lists_of_people_of_the_Three_Kingdoms&action=edit&redlink=1) ## Notes [Template:Notelist](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Notelist&action=edit&redlink=1) ## References [Template:Reflist](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Reflist&action=edit&redlink=1) - [Chen, Shou](/mw/index.php?title=Chen_Shou&action=edit&redlink=1) (3rd century). *[Records of the Three Kingdoms](/mw/index.php?title=Records_of_the_Three_Kingdoms&action=edit&redlink=1)* (*Sanguozhi*). - [Fan, Ye](/mw/index.php?title=Fan_Ye_(historian)&action=edit&redlink=1) (5th century). *[Book of the Later Han](/mw/index.php?title=Book_of_the_Later_Han&action=edit&redlink=1)* (*Houhanshu*). - [Luo, Guanzhong](/mw/index.php?title=Luo_Guanzhong&action=edit&redlink=1) (14th century). *[Romance of the Three Kingdoms](/mw/index.php?title=Romance_of_the_Three_Kingdoms&action=edit&redlink=1)* (*Sanguo Yanyi*). - [Pei, Songzhi](/mw/index.php?title=Pei_Songzhi&action=edit&redlink=1) (5th century). *[Annotated Records of the Three Kingdoms](/mw/index.php?title=Annotated_Records_of_the_Three_Kingdoms&action=edit&redlink=1)* (*Sanguozhi zhu*). 1. [↑](#cite_ref-1) Liu Xie's biography in *Book of the Later Han* dated the battle between Han Sui, Ma Teng and Guo Si, Fan Chou to the 3rd month of the 1st year of the *Xing'ping* era. This corresponds to 9 April to 7 May 194 in the Julian calendar.([兴平元年春]三月，韩遂、马腾与郭汜、樊稠战于长平观，遂、腾败绩，左中郎将刘范、前益州刺史种劭战殁。) *Houhanshu* vol.09. Liu Yan's biographies in both *Houhanshu* and *Sanguozhi* indicated that he died after this incident. 1. [↑](#cite_ref-SGZ_death_year_2-0) Cite error: Invalid tag; no text was provided for refs named SGZ death year 1. [↑](#cite_ref-3) Huang Qiong's biography in *Houhanshu* recorded that he was 79 (by East Asian reckoning) when he died in the 7th year of the *Yanxi* era of [Emperor Huan](/mw/index.php?title=Emperor_Huan_of_Han&action=edit&redlink=1)'s reign. 1. [↑](#cite_ref-4) *Huang Xiang Shengping Yidian Kao* (黄香生平疑点考; "Fact-checking the Doubtful Aspects of Huang Xiang's Life"), by Chinese scholar Peng Binwu (彭斌武) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-5) Emperor Huan's biography in *Book of the Later Han* indicated that Zhu Tian died on the *xinchou* day of the 6th month of the 3rd year of the *Yan'xi* era. This corresponds to 29 Jul 160 in the Julian calendar. 1. [↑](#cite_ref-rdc_6-0) [Template:Cite journal](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_journal&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-7) (伯仁姑，益州牧刘璋之母也。) *Sanguozhi*, vol.44 (biography of Fei Yi) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-8) [Luo Guanzhong](/mw/index.php?title=Luo_Guanzhong&action=edit&redlink=1), *Three Kingdoms: A Historical Novel: No. 1*, translated by Moss Roberts. page 5. Foreign Languages Press. Tenth Printing 2007. First Edition 1995. Beijing, China 1995. [Template:ISBN](/mw/index.php?title=Template:ISBN&action=edit&redlink=1) # .45 Calibre War URL: https://mediated.wiki/wiki/page_0047 Last updated: 2026-07-07T06:16:19.731Z [Template:Short description](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Short_description&action=edit&redlink=1) [Template:Use American English](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Use_American_English&action=edit&redlink=1) [Template:Use mdy dates](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Use_mdy_dates&action=edit&redlink=1) [Template:Infobox film](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Infobox_film&action=edit&redlink=1) ***.45 Calibre War*** is a [lost](/mw/index.php?title=Lost_film&action=edit&redlink=1)[1] 1929 American [silent Western film](/mw/index.php?title=Silent_Western_film&action=edit&redlink=1) directed by [Leo D. Maloney](/mw/index.php?title=Leo_D._Maloney&action=edit&redlink=1) and starring [Don Coleman](/mw/index.php?title=Don_Coleman_(actor)&action=edit&redlink=1), [Ben Corbett](/mw/index.php?title=Ben_Corbett&action=edit&redlink=1) and [Jeanette Loff](/mw/index.php?title=Jeanette_Loff&action=edit&redlink=1).[2] ## Contents - [1 Plot](#Plot) - [2 Cast](#Cast) - [3 Preservation](#Preservation) - [4 References](#References) - [5 External links](#External_links) ## Plot Reed Lathrop returns to his old home, accompanied by his friend, "Toad" Hunter, to investigate a plot that forces ranchers to sell their properties for very low prices. Finding the ranchers demoralized, he organizes a vigilance committee and enlists the aid of the local circuit judge. Darnell, the owner of the saloon, and Blodgett, a local dealer in ranch property, are unmasked as the culprits. Soon a showdown takes place between the ranchers and the outlaws, ending with the criminals hauled off to prison.[3] ## Cast - [Don Coleman](/mw/index.php?title=Don_Coleman_(actor)&action=edit&redlink=1) as Reed Lathrop - [Ben Corbett](/mw/index.php?title=Ben_Corbett&action=edit&redlink=1) as 'Toad' Hunter - [Al Hart](/mw/index.php?title=Al_Hart_(actor)&action=edit&redlink=1) as Rev. Mr. Simpson - [Ed Jones](/mw/index.php?title=Ed_Jones_(actor)&action=edit&redlink=1) as Sheriff Henshaw - [Duke R. Lee](/mw/index.php?title=Duke_R._Lee&action=edit&redlink=1) as Nick Darnell - [Floyd Ames](/mw/index.php?title=Floyd_Ames&action=edit&redlink=1) as Jim Walling - [Jeanette Loff](/mw/index.php?title=Jeanette_Loff&action=edit&redlink=1) as Ruth Walling - [Murdock MacQuarrie](/mw/index.php?title=Murdock_MacQuarrie&action=edit&redlink=1) as Mark Blodgett - [Orin Jackson](/mw/index.php?title=Orin_Jackson&action=edit&redlink=1) as Dr. Sprague ## Preservation With no holdings located in archives, *.45 Calibre War* is considered a lost film.[1] ## References [Template:Reflist](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Reflist&action=edit&redlink=1) ## External links [Template:Commons category](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Commons_category&action=edit&redlink=1) - [Template:IMDb title](/mw/index.php?title=Template:IMDb_title&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. ↑ [1.0](#cite_ref-:0_1-0) [1.1](#cite_ref-:0_1-1) [Template:Cite web](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_web&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-AFI_2-0) [Template:Cite book](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_book&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-3) [Template:Cite web](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_web&action=edit&redlink=1) # 2011 Zurich hooligan incident URL: https://mediated.wiki/wiki/page_0048 Last updated: 2026-07-07T14:19:15.162Z [Template:Short description](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Short_description&action=edit&redlink=1) On 2 October 2011, the [Swiss Football League](/mw/index.php?title=Swiss_Football_League&action=edit&redlink=1) game between [FC Zürich](/mw/index.php?title=FC_Z%C3%BCrich&action=edit&redlink=1) and [Grasshopper Club Zürich](/mw/index.php?title=Grasshopper_Club_Z%C3%BCrich&action=edit&redlink=1) (known as the [Zürich derby](/mw/index.php?title=Z%C3%BCrich_Derby&action=edit&redlink=1)) at [Letzigrund Stadium](/mw/index.php?title=Letzigrund&action=edit&redlink=1) saw an incident of [football hooliganism](/mw/index.php?title=Football_hooliganism&action=edit&redlink=1). The game had to be abandoned with approximately 15 minutes of regular time to go. Also dubbed the "**Disgrace of Zürich**" ([Template:Langx](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Langx&action=edit&redlink=1)) by Swiss media,[1] this incident represented a second major episode of hooligan violence in Switzerland within five years, after a [hooligan incident of similar significance](/mw/index.php?title=2006_Basel_hooligan_incident&action=edit&redlink=1) occurred in [Basel](/mw/index.php?title=Basel&action=edit&redlink=1) in 2006. ## Contents - [1 Incident](#Incident) - [1.1 Cause of the incident](#Cause_of_the_incident) - [2 Aftermath](#Aftermath) - [3 External links](#External_links) - [4 References](#References) ## Incident During the 74th minute of the match, with Grasshopper Club Zürich leading 2-1, a masked FC Zürich fan threw a lit flare into the Grasshopper Club Zürich fan sector. No one was seriously injured at this stage. However, the incident incited a violent reaction from the Grasshopper Club Zürich fans. Several dozen masked Grasshopper Club Zürich fans rushed towards the fence separating the two groups and attempted to fight back with flagpoles.[2] The referee was forced to abandon the match due to safety concerns. Six people were injured in the riot that ensued.[3] FC Zürich was forced to forfeit the match with a 0-3 score and play their next derby match without any spectators. Both teams were also fined 50,000 Swiss Francs.[4] ### Cause of the incident The FC Zürich fan's actions were reportedly a retaliation for an earlier provocation by Grasshopper Club Zürich fans. Earlier in the day, Grasshopper Club Zürich fans stole FC Zürich fan banners and displayed them with a message mocking FC Zürich. This act is considered a serious offense in [ultra](/mw/index.php?title=Ultras&action=edit&redlink=1) fan culture.[5] ## Aftermath The incident raised questions about how Switzerland deals with hooligan violence at matches, with calls for enhanced security at Letzigrund Stadium.[6] In its aftermath, several experts contrasted Switzerland's failure to deal with the problem with [England's](/mw/index.php?title=England&action=edit&redlink=1) ability to gain the upper hand in [its struggle against hooliganism](/mw/index.php?title=Football_hooliganism_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&redlink=1) in the 1990s.[7] The incident also made the news in Germany, with football commentary portal kicker.de featuring a story headlined "*The Disgrace of Zurich shocks Switzerland"*.[8] In 2014, Reuters called it Switzerland's "most serious incident".[9] The FC Zürich fan who threw the flare was eventually identified and sentenced to a 13-month suspended prison sentence and a 500 Swiss Franc fine. His initial sentence was a two-year suspended prison term,[10] which he successfully appealed to the Swiss Supreme Court. Switzerland's highest court cancelled his two-year sentence and remanded the case back to the Zurich High Court, which then gave him a lower sentence.[11] ## External links - [Official Report from local Zurich television station (Youtube)](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nKQ_2-YomWA) ## References [Template:Reflist](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Reflist&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-1) [Template:Cite news](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_news&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-2) [Template:Cite web](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_web&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-3) [Template:Cite web](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_web&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-4) [Template:Cite news](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_news&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-5) [Template:Cite web](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_web&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-6) [Template:Cite web](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_web&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-7) [Template:Cite web](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_web&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-8) [Template:Cite web](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_web&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-9) [Template:Cite news](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_news&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-10) [Template:Cite news](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_news&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-11) [Template:Cite web](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_web&action=edit&redlink=1) # Ben Shapiro BBC interview URL: https://mediated.wiki/wiki/page_0049 Last updated: 2026-07-13T08:39:09.741Z The **Ben Shapiro BBC interview** was a 2019 television interview in which American conservative commentator [Ben Shapiro](/mw/index.php/Ben_Shapiro) was questioned by British broadcaster [Andrew Neil](/mw/index.php?title=Andrew_Neil&action=edit&redlink=1) while promoting Shapiro's book *[The Right Side of History](/mw/index.php/The_Right_Side_of_History)*. The exchange aired on the BBC's *Politics Live* and became widely discussed after Shapiro objected to Neil's questioning, accused him of political bias, and ended the interview early.[1][2] ## Interview Neil questioned Shapiro about past statements, abortion politics, and arguments connected to *The Right Side of History*. Contemporary coverage described the interview as contentious and noted that Shapiro ended the exchange after accusing Neil of asking questions in bad faith.[3] The episode drew attention in part because Neil, though adversarial in style, was not generally understood in British media as a left-wing interviewer; *The Guardian* identified him as chair of the group that owned *The Spectator* and reported Shapiro's later acknowledgment that he had misread the encounter.[4] ## Aftermath and significance After the interview, Shapiro publicly said that Neil had "destroyed" him and that he had been insufficiently prepared; Fox News reported his apology and his statement that he had misinterpreted Neil's antagonistic questioning as political leftism.[5] ## References [Template:Reflist](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Reflist&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-1) [Template:Cite video](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_video&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-2) [Template:Cite news](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_news&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-3) [Template:Cite news](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_news&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-4) [Template:Cite news](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_news&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-5) [Template:Cite news](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_news&action=edit&redlink=1) # Slavery in the United States URL: https://mediated.wiki/source/Slavery_in_the_United_States Last updated: 2026-07-09T17:41:50.659Z **Slavery in the United States** was a system of hereditary racial slavery that developed in British North America and continued in the United States until constitutional abolition in 1865. It combined legal ownership, forced labor, family separation, racial classification, sale, punishment, and political protection for slaveholders' property claims. Although British North America and the United States received a smaller direct share of the transatlantic slave trade than Brazil or the Caribbean, SlaveVoyages-derived destination estimates place direct arrivals at about 389,000 enslaved Africans.[1] The system expanded most dramatically through reproduction, internal sale, and plantation growth after the legal end of the foreign slave trade in 1808. By the 1860 census, the United States counted 3,953,760 enslaved people.[2] Enslaved labor was central to cotton, tobacco, rice, sugar, hemp, urban work, domestic service, transport, and skilled trades, while the domestic slave trade moved people from older slaveholding regions toward the Deep South and southwestern plantation frontier. This made slavery both a labor regime and a family-destroying market in people. Resistance ranged from daily refusal, flight, family preservation, religious and cultural organization, freedom suits, and maroon communities to armed revolt and wartime action. In the nineteenth century, the Underground Railroad and free Black vigilance networks challenged slave law, while the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 nationalized slaveholders' reach by requiring federal and local cooperation in the capture of alleged fugitives. During the Civil War, enslaved people fleeing to Union lines, providing labor and intelligence, and joining Black military service helped turn slavery's destruction into a military and political fact. The Emancipation Proclamation of 1 January 1863 made emancipation a Union war aim in areas still in rebellion and authorized Black military service, but it did not immediately abolish slavery everywhere in the country.[3] The Thirteenth Amendment, ratified in 1865, abolished slavery and involuntary servitude "except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted."[4] That exception shaped later conflicts over convict leasing, penal labor, Black Codes, debt peonage, racial terror, and the meaning of freedom after legal slavery ended. These post-emancipation systems should not be collapsed into antebellum chattel slavery, but they show how coercive labor controls could survive the formal end of property in persons. ## References - [SlaveVoyages: Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade Database](https://www.slavevoyages.org/). - U.S. Census Bureau, [*Population of the United States in 1860*](https://www.census.gov/library/publications/1864/dec/1860a.html). - National Archives, [Emancipation Proclamation](https://www.archives.gov/milestone-documents/emancipation-proclamation). - National Archives, [13th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution](https://www.archives.gov/milestone-documents/13th-amendment). - Thomas Maciejewski, *The History of Slavery*, manuscript, claim matrix, abolition atlas, and source research notes, 2026. 1. [↑](#cite_ref-1) [https://www.slavevoyages.org/](https://www.slavevoyages.org/) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-2) [https://www.census.gov/library/publications/1864/dec/1860a.html](https://www.census.gov/library/publications/1864/dec/1860a.html) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-3) [https://www.archives.gov/milestone-documents/emancipation-proclamation](https://www.archives.gov/milestone-documents/emancipation-proclamation) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-4) [https://www.archives.gov/milestone-documents/13th-amendment](https://www.archives.gov/milestone-documents/13th-amendment) # Slavery in Barbados URL: https://mediated.wiki/wiki/page_0051 Last updated: 2026-07-09T17:41:51.910Z **Slavery in Barbados** was a central part of the early English Caribbean plantation system. English settlement began in the seventeenth century, and the island's shift toward sugar production made enslaved African labor the basis of wealth, landholding, export agriculture, and political authority. Library of Congress research guidance summarizes Barbados as a destination for more than 400,000 enslaved West and Central Africans during the transatlantic slave trade, while the wider British Caribbean received more than two million captive arrivals by broad SlaveVoyages-derived estimates.[1][2] Barbados was also important in the legal history of racial slavery. The 1661 Barbados slave law, often described as the first comprehensive slave code in the Anglo-Atlantic world, codified violent plantation authority over enslaved people and influenced later slave laws in other English colonies.[3] In this sense Barbados shows how slavery operated not only as labor extraction but as a legal technology that converted vulnerability, African origin, and hereditary status into alienable property. Enslaved people resisted that system through flight, everyday refusal, cultural survival, and revolt. The 1816 Barbados rebellion, often associated with Bussa, was one of the major late slave uprisings in the British Caribbean. Like the 1823 Demerara uprising and the 1831-1832 Baptist War in Jamaica, it exposed the instability of plantation slavery during the period of imperial reform and abolitionist pressure. Legal emancipation came through the British Slavery Abolition Act 1833, which took effect in most British colonies in 1834. In Barbados, as elsewhere in the British Caribbean, apprenticeship preserved compelled plantation labor after legal slavery ended; full emancipation followed in 1838.[4] Abolition therefore ended property in persons, but it did not by itself undo plantation landholding, racial hierarchy, wage conflict, or the long social consequences of slavery. ## References - [Library of Congress, *Barbados: Local History & Genealogy Resource Guide*](https://guides.loc.gov/barbados-local-history-genealogy). - [SlaveVoyages: Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade Database](https://www.slavevoyages.org/). - [Laws of Enslavement and Freedom in the Anglo-Atlantic World, *An Act for the better ordering and governing of Negroes* (Barbados, 1661)](https://slaveryandfreedomlaws.lib.unb.ca/laws/barbados-1661). - [The National Archives, *The 1833 Abolition of Slavery Act and compensation claims*](https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/explore-the-collection/explore-by-time-period/georgians/1833-abolition-of-slavery-act-and-compensation-claims/). - Thomas Maciejewski, *The History of Slavery*, manuscript, claim matrix, abolition atlas, and source research notes, 2026. 1. [↑](#cite_ref-1) [https://guides.loc.gov/barbados-local-history-genealogy](https://guides.loc.gov/barbados-local-history-genealogy) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-2) [https://www.slavevoyages.org/](https://www.slavevoyages.org/) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-3) [https://slaveryandfreedomlaws.lib.unb.ca/laws/barbados-1661](https://slaveryandfreedomlaws.lib.unb.ca/laws/barbados-1661) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-4) [https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/explore-the-collection/explore-by-time-period/georgians/1833-abolition-of-slavery-act-and-compensation-claims/](https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/explore-the-collection/explore-by-time-period/georgians/1833-abolition-of-slavery-act-and-compensation-claims/) # Widdringtonia wallichii URL: https://mediated.wiki/wiki/page_0052 Last updated: 2026-07-09T22:20:32.206Z [Template:Short description](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Short_description&action=edit&redlink=1) [Template:Speciesbox](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Speciesbox&action=edit&redlink=1) ***Widdringtonia cedarbergensis***, **Clanwilliam cedar** or **Clanwilliam cypress**, named ***Widdringtonia wallichii*** from 2013 to 2023[1][2][3] is a species of *[Widdringtonia](/mw/index.php?title=Widdringtonia&action=edit&redlink=1)* native to [South Africa](/mw/index.php?title=South_Africa&action=edit&redlink=1), where it is [endemic](/mw/index.php?title=Endemism&action=edit&redlink=1) to the [Cederberg Mountains](/mw/index.php?title=Cederberg&action=edit&redlink=1) northeast of [Cape Town](/mw/index.php?title=Cape_Town&action=edit&redlink=1) in [Western Cape Province](/mw/index.php?title=Western_Cape_Province&action=edit&redlink=1). Due to harsh weather conditions, such as limited rainfall and frequent wildfires, growth is limited.[4] Ring width correlates with rainfall under such harsh environmental conditions.[4] It is threatened by [habitat loss](/mw/index.php?title=Habitat_loss&action=edit&redlink=1)[5][6][7] and protected in South Africa under the National Forest Act (Act 84) of 1998.[8] It is a small [evergreen](/mw/index.php?title=Evergreen&action=edit&redlink=1) [tree](/mw/index.php?title=Tree&action=edit&redlink=1) growing to 5–7 m (rarely to 20 m) tall. The [leaves](/mw/index.php?title=Leaf&action=edit&redlink=1) are scale-like, 1.5 mm long and 1 mm broad on small shoots, up to 15 mm long on strong-growing shoots, and arranged in opposite decussate pairs. The [cones](/mw/index.php?title=Conifer_cone&action=edit&redlink=1) are globose to rectangular, 2–3 cm long, with four scales.[5] ## Contents - [1 Chemical constituents](#Chemical_constituents) - [2 Conservation of species](#Conservation_of_species) - [3 Methods of conservation](#Methods_of_conservation) - [4 References](#References) ## Chemical constituents The wood is used to produce cedarwood oil, which has multiple uses; for example, in Texas cedarwood oil is used as a feedstock, and in Virginia it is used for cosmetics such as perfumes, aftershave lotions, and soaps.[9] Cedarwood oil is also used in home remedies.[9] The [essential oil](/mw/index.php?title=Essential_oil&action=edit&redlink=1) derived from leaves contains [terpinen-4-ol](/mw/index.php?title=Terpinen-4-ol&action=edit&redlink=1) (36.0%), [sabinene](/mw/index.php?title=Sabinene&action=edit&redlink=1) (19.2%), [γ-terpinene](/mw/index.php?title=%CE%93-terpinene&action=edit&redlink=1) (10.4%), [α-terpinene](/mw/index.php?title=%CE%91-terpinene&action=edit&redlink=1) (5.5%) and [myrcene](/mw/index.php?title=Myrcene&action=edit&redlink=1) (5.5%).[9] The wood oil contains [thujopsene](/mw/index.php?title=Thujopsene&action=edit&redlink=1) (47.1%), [α-cedrol](/mw/index.php?title=%CE%91-cedrol&action=edit&redlink=1) (10.7%), [widdrol](/mw/index.php?title=Widdrol&action=edit&redlink=1) (8.5%) and [cuparene](/mw/index.php?title=Cuparene&action=edit&redlink=1) (4.0%).[9] ## Conservation of species *W. cedarbergensis* is an endangered species facing population decline. Reasons for these declines include habitat loss and inbreeding within populations. Habitat loss results from harsh environmental conditions, and wildfires in the area frequently kill mature *W. cedarbergensis* trees.[10] *W. cedarbergensis* has a slower growth rate than its counterparts, which is a factor in the population decline of the species.[10] Genetically, there are several hypotheses about why *W. cedarbergensis* is not as fire-resistant as some other species within the genus; one of them is heavy logging.[10] The heavy logging to which the current population is subjected causes fragmentation of the population structure and strong selection among the remaining mature trees.[10] Another hypothesis is that the mature trees currently selected for are poorly adapted to fire-intensive environments, resulting in a lack of genetic variation within the gene pool.[10] Further observations suggest that it is not the mature trees themselves that lack fire resistance, but rather their seed recruitment.[11] Inbreeding occurs within the population of *W. cedarbergensis* through self-pollination caused by limited pollen movement, which further fragments the population.[10] Seed dispersal is difficult, which limits the success of fertilization in *W. cedarbergensis*.[12] The seeds are left under the canopy of mature trees, relying on wind and runoff water for dispersal.[12] Other modes of dispersal, such as small animals, are unlikely to assist with the larger seeds.[12] There is no dormancy period after dispersal, which leaves the seeds vulnerable and sometimes unviable.[12] ## Methods of conservation One method of promoting population growth and conservation of *W. cedarbergensis* is the use of fire. Applying controlled levels of fire during natural seed release, which occurs in late summer and early autumn, helps reduce the litter that affects seed dispersal.[13] Litter during these periods inhibits seed dispersal by blocking the seeds' movement by wind and their access to runoff water, which in turn inhibits regeneration.[13] Another method is the replanting of seedlings in newly burned areas. Studies suggest that seedlings replanted in newly burned areas, when closely monitored and provided with necessary conditions such as shade, suitable soil, and reduced competition from surrounding seedlings, regrow more successfully than seedlings planted earlier.[14] Using pre-heated seeds in areas previously burned by wildfires also increases the success of growth.[11] ## References [Template:Commons category](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Commons_category&action=edit&redlink=1) [Template:Reflist](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Reflist&action=edit&redlink=1) - [Template:Cite web](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_web&action=edit&redlink=1) [Template:Cupressaceae](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cupressaceae&action=edit&redlink=1) [Template:Taxonbar](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Taxonbar&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-linder_1-0) Linder, H. Peter (2025). *Cedars of the Cederberg*. SANBI, Pretoria. [Template:ISBN](/mw/index.php?title=Template:ISBN&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-2) [Template:Cite web](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_web&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-3) University of the Witwatersrand: [Recommended English names for trees of Southern Africa](https://web.archive.org/web/20060428013016/http://www.wits.ac.za/museums/herbarium/trcflis.htm) 1. ↑ [4.0](#cite_ref-:0_4-0) [4.1](#cite_ref-:0_4-1) [Template:Cite journal](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_journal&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. ↑ [5.0](#cite_ref-farjon_5-0) [5.1](#cite_ref-farjon_5-1) Farjon, A. (2005). *Monograph of Cupressaceae and*Sciadopitys. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. [Template:ISBN](/mw/index.php?title=Template:ISBN&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-6) [Template:Cite iucn](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_iucn&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-7) Pauw, C. A. & Linder, H. P. 1997. *Widdringtonia* systematics, ecology and conservation status. *Bot. J. Linn. Soc.* 123: 297-319. 1. [↑](#cite_ref-dwaf_8-0) [Template:Cite web](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_web&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. ↑ [9.0](#cite_ref-Kamatoua_9-0) [9.1](#cite_ref-Kamatoua_9-1) [9.2](#cite_ref-Kamatoua_9-2) [9.3](#cite_ref-Kamatoua_9-3) [Template:Cite journal](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_journal&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. ↑ [10.0](#cite_ref-:2_10-0) [10.1](#cite_ref-:2_10-1) [10.2](#cite_ref-:2_10-2) [10.3](#cite_ref-:2_10-3) [10.4](#cite_ref-:2_10-4) [10.5](#cite_ref-:2_10-5) [Template:Cite journal](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_journal&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. ↑ [11.0](#cite_ref-:3_11-0) [11.1](#cite_ref-:3_11-1) [Template:Cite journal](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_journal&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. ↑ [12.0](#cite_ref-:4_12-0) [12.1](#cite_ref-:4_12-1) [12.2](#cite_ref-:4_12-2) [12.3](#cite_ref-:4_12-3) [Template:Cite journal](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_journal&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. ↑ [13.0](#cite_ref-:5_13-0) [13.1](#cite_ref-:5_13-1) [Template:Cite journal](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_journal&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-14) [Template:Cite journal](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_journal&action=edit&redlink=1) # Esmailabad, Shiraz URL: https://mediated.wiki/source/Esmailabad%2C_Shiraz Last updated: 2026-07-10T06:11:19.353Z [Template:For](/mw/index.php?title=Template:For&action=edit&redlink=1) [Template:Infobox settlement](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Infobox_settlement&action=edit&redlink=1) **Esmailabad** ([Template:Langx](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Langx&action=edit&redlink=1), also [Romanized](/mw/index.php?title=Romanize&action=edit&redlink=1) as **Esmā‘īlābād**)[1] is a village in [Bid Zard Rural District](/mw/index.php?title=Bid_Zard_Rural_District&action=edit&redlink=1), in the [Central District](/mw/index.php?title=Central_District_(Shiraz_County)&action=edit&redlink=1) of [Shiraz County](/mw/index.php?title=Shiraz_County&action=edit&redlink=1), [Fars province](/mw/index.php?title=Fars_province&action=edit&redlink=1), [Iran](/mw/index.php?title=Iran&action=edit&redlink=1). At the 2006 census, its population was 850, in 208 families.[2] ## References [Template:Reflist](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Reflist&action=edit&redlink=1) [Template:Shiraz County](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Shiraz_County&action=edit&redlink=1) [Template:Portal](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Portal&action=edit&redlink=1) [Template:Shiraz-geo-stub](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Shiraz-geo-stub&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-1) [Template:GEOnet3](/mw/index.php?title=Template:GEOnet3&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-2) [Template:IranCensus2006](/mw/index.php?title=Template:IranCensus2006&action=edit&redlink=1) # Slavery in Zanzibar URL: https://mediated.wiki/source/Slavery_in_Zanzibar Last updated: 2026-07-10T13:32:27.904Z **Slavery in Zanzibar** joined inland East African caravan routes to the commercial and plantation economy of the western Indian Ocean. During the nineteenth century, captives and ivory moved from the interior toward the Swahili coast. Enslaved people were used as caravan porters, in urban and household work, and on clove plantations in Zanzibar and Pemba. The islands were therefore both an entrepôt and a slaveholding plantation society, rather than only a point of transit. ## Abolition Abolition occurred in stages. An [1873 treaty between Britain and Sultan Barghash](https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1873p2/d140) prohibited the export of enslaved people and closed public slave markets, but did not free everyone already held on plantations or in households. A protectorate decree abolished legal slave status more broadly in 1897. Concubines, whose dependency combined domestic and sexual control, were not included until 1909. This sequence distinguishes suppression of the slave trade from abolition of slave status and from the removal of coercive claims within households. ## Further reading - Frederick Cooper, *From Slaves to Squatters: Plantation Labor and Agriculture in Zanzibar and Coastal Kenya, 1890–1925* (Yale University Press, 1980). - Abdul Sheriff, *Slaves, Spices and Ivory in Zanzibar* (Ohio University Press, 1987). # Slavery in Puerto Rico URL: https://mediated.wiki/wiki/page_0055 Last updated: 2026-07-10T13:32:42.905Z **Slavery in Puerto Rico** formed part of the wider history of slavery in the [Spanish Caribbean](/mw/index.php?title=Spanish_Caribbean&action=edit&redlink=1). Enslaved Africans and their descendants were used in agriculture, households, towns, and skilled work. Plantation expansion, particularly in sugar, linked the island to Atlantic markets, although Puerto Rico's slave economy differed in scale and composition from those of Cuba and Saint-Domingue. Puerto Rico remained under Spanish rule after most mainland Spanish American colonies became independent. Its abolition therefore followed a different political chronology from the earlier emancipation measures adopted by many of the new republics. Spain abolished slavery in Puerto Rico in 1873, thirteen years before the final end of slavery and the *patronato* transition in Cuba. The 1873 law was an important legal break, but emancipation was not simply instantaneous freedom in practice. The measure compensated former owners and imposed a labor transition on freed people, limiting immediate control over work and movement. Puerto Rico thus illustrates a recurring distinction in the [abolition of slavery](/mw/index.php/Abolition_of_slavery): ending legal ownership did not by itself remove plantation power, economic dependency, or racial inequality. ## External links - [SlaveVoyages](https://www.slavevoyages.org/), database and educational resources on the transatlantic slave trade - [Library of Congress: The World of 1898](https://guides.loc.gov/world-of-1898) # Dylan Eagleson URL: https://mediated.wiki/wiki/page_0056 Last updated: 2026-07-10T14:16:39.101Z [Template:Short description](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Short_description&action=edit&redlink=1) [Template:Use dmy dates](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Use_dmy_dates&action=edit&redlink=1) [Template:Infobox boxer](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Infobox_boxer&action=edit&redlink=1) **Dylan Eagleson** is an Irish [amateur boxer](/mw/index.php?title=Amateur_boxer&action=edit&redlink=1). While representing the Republic of Ireland he won a silver medal at the [2022 European Championships](/mw/index.php?title=2022_European_Amateur_Boxing_Championships&action=edit&redlink=1),[1] and while representing [Northern Ireland](/mw/index.php?title=Northern_Ireland_at_the_Commonwealth_Games&action=edit&redlink=1) he won a gold medal at the [2022 Commonwealth Games](/mw/index.php?title=2022_Commonwealth_Games&action=edit&redlink=1). ## References [Template:Reflist](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Reflist&action=edit&redlink=1) [Template:Footer Commonwealth Champions Bantamweight](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Footer_Commonwealth_Champions_Bantamweight&action=edit&redlink=1) [Template:NorthernIreland-boxing-bio-stub](/mw/index.php?title=Template:NorthernIreland-boxing-bio-stub&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-1) [Template:Cite web](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_web&action=edit&redlink=1) # Slavery in Ethiopia URL: https://mediated.wiki/wiki/page_0057 Last updated: 2026-07-16T15:46:33.384Z **Slavery in Ethiopia** encompassed regionally varied systems of captivity and inherited dependency rather than a single uniform labor regime. Across the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, warfare and raiding supplied captives, while religious, ethnic, and geographic ideas of outsiderhood helped define who could be enslaved. Enslaved people were used in households, agriculture, courts, military followings, and caravan networks; some were also traded through Red Sea and Indian Ocean routes. Because household service, agrarian labor, sale, and frontier incorporation overlapped, estimates of the enslaved population are uncertain and should not be treated as a precise census. ## Abolition Legal abolition developed in stages. Empress Zawditu and Ras Tafari, later Emperor Haile Selassie, issued a 1923 proclamation against slave raiding, followed by a comprehensive 1924 antislavery law as Ethiopia joined the League of Nations. Later measures used registration, special courts, penalties, and generational emancipation rather than immediate universal freedom. A 1931 amendment continued this gradual strategy. After liberation from Italian occupation, the restored government issued the 1942 proclamation that abolished the legal status of slavery. These measures reflected both Ethiopian state-building and international pressure. They attempted to curb frontier raiding and limit the authority of slaveholders while answering scrutiny from the League of Nations and antislavery organizations. The sequence also illustrates the distinction between restricting slave trading, weakening an owner's legal claim, and ending slave status. Even after legal abolition, landlessness, household dependence, inherited stigma, and unequal local power could restrict the practical freedom of formerly enslaved people. ## Sources - Takele Merid and Alexander Meckelburg, ["Abolitionist Decrees in Ethiopia: The Evolution of Antislavery Legal Strategies from Menilek to Haile Selassie, 1889–1942"](https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/law-and-history-review/article/abolitionist-decrees-in-ethiopia-the-evolution-of-antislavery-legal-strategies-from-menilek-to-haile-selassie-18891942/4BB78D8EE12ACE7A76C793791811BFA8), *Law and History Review* (2024). - [Slavery Convention](https://treaties.un.org/doc/Publication/UNTS/LON/Volume%2060/v60.pdf), League of Nations Treaty Series, vol. 60 (1926), pp. 253–270. ## See also - [Slavery in Africa](/mw/index.php/Slavery_in_Africa) - [Abolition of slavery](/mw/index.php/Abolition_of_slavery) - [History of slavery](/mw/index.php/History_of_slavery) # List of football clubs in Scotland URL: https://mediated.wiki/wiki/page_0058 Last updated: 2026-07-12T22:17:16.101Z [Template:Short description](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Short_description&action=edit&redlink=1) [Template:Use dmy dates](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Use_dmy_dates&action=edit&redlink=1) [Template:Use British English](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Use_British_English&action=edit&redlink=1) This is a **list of [football](/mw/index.php?title=Association_football&action=edit&redlink=1) clubs in [Scotland](/mw/index.php?title=Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1)**. ## Contents - [1 Club extremities](#Club_extremities) - [2 Clubs in membership of the Scottish Professional Football League](#Clubs_in_membership_of_the_Scottish_Professional_Football_League) - [2.1 Scottish Premiership](#Scottish_Premiership) - [2.2 Scottish Championship](#Scottish_Championship) - [2.3 Scottish League One](#Scottish_League_One) - [2.4 Scottish League Two](#Scottish_League_Two) - [3 Clubs in membership of the Highland Football League](#Clubs_in_membership_of_the_Highland_Football_League) - [4 Clubs in membership of the Lowland Football League](#Clubs_in_membership_of_the_Lowland_Football_League) - [5 Clubs in membership of the East of Scotland Football League](#Clubs_in_membership_of_the_East_of_Scotland_Football_League) - [5.1 Premier Division](#Premier_Division) - [5.2 First Division](#First_Division) - [5.3 Second Division](#Second_Division) - [5.4 Third Division](#Third_Division) - [6 Clubs in membership of the South of Scotland Football League](#Clubs_in_membership_of_the_South_of_Scotland_Football_League) - [7 Clubs in membership of the West of Scotland Football League](#Clubs_in_membership_of_the_West_of_Scotland_Football_League) - [7.1 Premier Division](#Premier_Division_2) - [7.2 First Division](#First_Division_2) - [7.3 Second Division](#Second_Division_2) - [7.4 Third Division](#Third_Division_2) - [7.5 Fourth Division](#Fourth_Division) - [8 Clubs in membership of the North Caledonian Football League](#Clubs_in_membership_of_the_North_Caledonian_Football_League) - [9 Clubs in membership of the Scottish Junior Football Association](#Clubs_in_membership_of_the_Scottish_Junior_Football_Association) - [9.1 East Region](#East_Region) - [9.1.1 Midlands League](#Midlands_League) - [9.2 North Region](#North_Region) - [9.2.1 Premier Division](#Premier_Division_3) - [9.2.2 North Championship](#North_Championship) - [10 Miscellaneous clubs at amateur level](#Miscellaneous_clubs_at_amateur_level) - [11 Defunct clubs](#Defunct_clubs) - [11.1 Former Scottish Football League members](#Former_Scottish_Football_League_members) - [11.2 Selected other senior clubs (including North Caledonian League)](#Selected_other_senior_clubs_(including_North_Caledonian_League)) - [11.3 Selected junior clubs](#Selected_junior_clubs) - [12 University clubs](#University_clubs) - [13 See also](#See_also) - [14 References](#References) - [15 External links](#External_links) ## Club extremities **Northern-most SPFL club :-** [Ross County](/mw/index.php?title=Ross_County_F.C.&action=edit&redlink=1), [Victoria Park](/mw/index.php?title=Victoria_Park,_Dingwall&action=edit&redlink=1) ([Scottish Championship](/mw/index.php?title=Scottish_Championship&action=edit&redlink=1)) **Northern-most pyramid club :-** [Orkney](/mw/index.php?title=Orkney_F.C.&action=edit&redlink=1), [Kirkwall Grammar School](/mw/index.php?title=Kirkwall_Grammar_School&action=edit&redlink=1) ([North Caledonian League](/mw/index.php?title=North_Caledonian_Football_Association&action=edit&redlink=1)) **Eastern-most SPFL club :-** [Peterhead](/mw/index.php?title=Peterhead_F.C.&action=edit&redlink=1), [Balmoor Stadium](/mw/index.php?title=Balmoor_Stadium&action=edit&redlink=1) ([League One](/mw/index.php?title=Scottish_League_One&action=edit&redlink=1)) **Eastern-most pyramid club :-** [Buchanhaven Hearts](/mw/index.php?title=Buchanhaven_Hearts_F.C.&action=edit&redlink=1), Raemoss Park ([North of Scotland Premier Division](/mw/index.php?title=North_of_Scotland_Football_League&action=edit&redlink=1)) **Western-most SPFL club :-** [Stranraer](/mw/index.php?title=Stranraer_F.C.&action=edit&redlink=1), [Stair Park](/mw/index.php?title=Stair_Park&action=edit&redlink=1) (League Two) **Western-most pyramid club :-** Campbeltown Pupils, Kintyre Park ([West of Scotland Division Four](/mw/index.php?title=West_of_Scotland_Football_League&action=edit&redlink=1)) **Southern-most SPFL club :-** Stranraer, Stair Park (League Two) **Southern-most pyramid club :-** [St Cuthbert Wanderers](/mw/index.php?title=St_Cuthbert_Wanderers_F.C.&action=edit&redlink=1), St Mary's Park ([South of Scotland Football League](/mw/index.php?title=South_of_Scotland_Football_League&action=edit&redlink=1)) **Most isolated SPFL club :-** Stranraer, Stair Park (League Two), 41 miles to [Ayr United](/mw/index.php?title=Ayr_United_F.C.&action=edit&redlink=1), [Somerset Park](/mw/index.php?title=Somerset_Park&action=edit&redlink=1) ([Championship](/mw/index.php?title=Scottish_Championship&action=edit&redlink=1)) **Most isolated pyramid club :-** [Fort William](/mw/index.php?title=Fort_William_F.C.&action=edit&redlink=1), [Claggan Park](/mw/index.php?title=Claggan_Park&action=edit&redlink=1) ([North Caledonian League](/mw/index.php?title=North_Caledonian_Football_Association&action=edit&redlink=1)), 56 miles to [Clachnacuddin](/mw/index.php?title=Clachnacuddin_F.C.&action=edit&redlink=1), Grant Street Park ([Highland League](/mw/index.php?title=Highland_Football_League&action=edit&redlink=1)) ## Clubs in membership of the Scottish Professional Football League ### Scottish Premiership [Template:Main](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Main&action=edit&redlink=1) - [Aberdeen](/mw/index.php?title=Aberdeen_F.C.&action=edit&redlink=1) - [Celtic](/mw/index.php?title=Celtic_F.C.&action=edit&redlink=1) - [Dundee](/mw/index.php?title=Dundee_F.C.&action=edit&redlink=1) - [Dundee United](/mw/index.php?title=Dundee_United_F.C.&action=edit&redlink=1) - [Falkirk](/mw/index.php?title=Falkirk_F.C.&action=edit&redlink=1) - [Heart of Midlothian](/mw/index.php?title=Heart_of_Midlothian_F.C.&action=edit&redlink=1) - [Hibernian](/mw/index.php?title=Hibernian_F.C.&action=edit&redlink=1) - [Kilmarnock](/mw/index.php?title=Kilmarnock_F.C.&action=edit&redlink=1) - [Livingston](/mw/index.php?title=Livingston_F.C.&action=edit&redlink=1) - [Motherwell](/mw/index.php?title=Motherwell_F.C.&action=edit&redlink=1) - [Rangers](/mw/index.php?title=Rangers_F.C.&action=edit&redlink=1) - [St Mirren](/mw/index.php?title=St_Mirren_F.C.&action=edit&redlink=1) ### Scottish Championship [Template:Main](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Main&action=edit&redlink=1) - [Airdrieonians](/mw/index.php?title=Airdrieonians_F.C.&action=edit&redlink=1) - [Arbroath](/mw/index.php?title=Arbroath_F.C.&action=edit&redlink=1) - [Ayr United](/mw/index.php?title=Ayr_United_F.C.&action=edit&redlink=1) - [Dunfermline Athletic](/mw/index.php?title=Dunfermline_Athletic_F.C.&action=edit&redlink=1) - [Greenock Morton](/mw/index.php?title=Greenock_Morton_F.C.&action=edit&redlink=1) - [Partick Thistle](/mw/index.php?title=Partick_Thistle_F.C.&action=edit&redlink=1) - [Queen's Park](/mw/index.php?title=Queen%27s_Park_F.C.&action=edit&redlink=1) - [Raith Rovers](/mw/index.php?title=Raith_Rovers_F.C.&action=edit&redlink=1) - [Ross County](/mw/index.php?title=Ross_County_F.C.&action=edit&redlink=1) - [St Johnstone](/mw/index.php?title=St_Johnstone_F.C.&action=edit&redlink=1) ### Scottish League One [Template:Main](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Main&action=edit&redlink=1) - [Alloa Athletic](/mw/index.php?title=Alloa_Athletic_F.C.&action=edit&redlink=1) - [Cove Rangers](/mw/index.php?title=Cove_Rangers_F.C.&action=edit&redlink=1) - [East Fife](/mw/index.php?title=East_Fife_F.C.&action=edit&redlink=1) - [Hamilton Academical](/mw/index.php?title=Hamilton_Academical_F.C.&action=edit&redlink=1) - [Inverness Caledonian Thistle](/mw/index.php?title=Inverness_Caledonian_Thistle_F.C.&action=edit&redlink=1) - [Kelty Hearts](/mw/index.php?title=Kelty_Hearts_F.C.&action=edit&redlink=1) - [Montrose](/mw/index.php?title=Montrose_F.C.&action=edit&redlink=1) - [Peterhead](/mw/index.php?title=Peterhead_F.C.&action=edit&redlink=1) - [Queen of the South](/mw/index.php?title=Queen_of_the_South_F.C.&action=edit&redlink=1) - [Stenhousemuir](/mw/index.php?title=Stenhousemuir_F.C.&action=edit&redlink=1) ### Scottish League Two [Template:Main](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Main&action=edit&redlink=1) - [Annan Athletic](/mw/index.php?title=Annan_Athletic_F.C.&action=edit&redlink=1) - [Clyde](/mw/index.php?title=Clyde_F.C.&action=edit&redlink=1) - [Dumbarton](/mw/index.php?title=Dumbarton_F.C.&action=edit&redlink=1) - [East Kilbride](/mw/index.php?title=East_Kilbride_F.C.&action=edit&redlink=1) - [Edinburgh City](/mw/index.php?title=Edinburgh_City_F.C.&action=edit&redlink=1) - [Elgin City](/mw/index.php?title=Elgin_City_F.C.&action=edit&redlink=1) - [Forfar Athletic](/mw/index.php?title=Forfar_Athletic_F.C.&action=edit&redlink=1) - [Stirling Albion](/mw/index.php?title=Stirling_Albion_F.C.&action=edit&redlink=1) - [Stranraer](/mw/index.php?title=Stranraer_F.C.&action=edit&redlink=1) - [The Spartans](/mw/index.php?title=The_Spartans_F.C.&action=edit&redlink=1) ## Clubs in membership of the Highland Football League [Template:Main](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Main&action=edit&redlink=1) - [Banks O' Dee](/mw/index.php?title=Banks_O%27_Dee_F.C.&action=edit&redlink=1) - [Brechin City](/mw/index.php?title=Brechin_City_F.C.&action=edit&redlink=1) - [Brora Rangers](/mw/index.php?title=Brora_Rangers_F.C.&action=edit&redlink=1) - [Buckie Thistle](/mw/index.php?title=Buckie_Thistle_F.C.&action=edit&redlink=1) - [Clachnacuddin](/mw/index.php?title=Clachnacuddin_F.C.&action=edit&redlink=1) - [Deveronvale](/mw/index.php?title=Deveronvale_F.C.&action=edit&redlink=1) - [Formartine United](/mw/index.php?title=Formartine_United_F.C.&action=edit&redlink=1) - [Forres Mechanics](/mw/index.php?title=Forres_Mechanics_F.C.&action=edit&redlink=1) - [Fraserburgh](/mw/index.php?title=Fraserburgh_F.C.&action=edit&redlink=1) - [Huntly](/mw/index.php?title=Huntly_F.C.&action=edit&redlink=1) - [Inverurie Loco Works](/mw/index.php?title=Inverurie_Loco_Works_F.C.&action=edit&redlink=1) - [Keith](/mw/index.php?title=Keith_F.C.&action=edit&redlink=1) - [Lossiemouth](/mw/index.php?title=Lossiemouth_F.C.&action=edit&redlink=1) - [Nairn County](/mw/index.php?title=Nairn_County_F.C.&action=edit&redlink=1) - [Rothes](/mw/index.php?title=Rothes_F.C.&action=edit&redlink=1) - [Strathspey Thistle](/mw/index.php?title=Strathspey_Thistle_F.C.&action=edit&redlink=1) - [Turriff United](/mw/index.php?title=Turriff_United_F.C.&action=edit&redlink=1) - [Wick Academy](/mw/index.php?title=Wick_Academy_F.C.&action=edit&redlink=1) ## Clubs in membership of the Lowland Football League [Template:Main](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Main&action=edit&redlink=1) - [Albion Rovers](/mw/index.php?title=Albion_Rovers_F.C.&action=edit&redlink=1) - [Berwick Rangers](/mw/index.php?title=Berwick_Rangers_F.C.&action=edit&redlink=1) (located in England) - [Bo'ness United](/mw/index.php?title=Bo%27ness_United_F.C.&action=edit&redlink=1) - [Bonnyrigg Rose](/mw/index.php?title=Bonnyrigg_Rose_F.C.&action=edit&redlink=1) - [Caledonian Braves](/mw/index.php?title=Caledonian_Braves_F.C.&action=edit&redlink=1) - [Celtic B](/mw/index.php?title=Celtic_F.C.&action=edit&redlink=1) - [Civil Service Strollers](/mw/index.php?title=Civil_Service_Strollers_F.C.&action=edit&redlink=1) - [Clydebank](/mw/index.php?title=Clydebank_F.C.&action=edit&redlink=1) - [Cowdenbeath](/mw/index.php?title=Cowdenbeath_F.C.&action=edit&redlink=1) - [Cumbernauld Colts](/mw/index.php?title=Cumbernauld_Colts_F.C.&action=edit&redlink=1) - [East Stirlingshire](/mw/index.php?title=East_Stirlingshire_F.C.&action=edit&redlink=1) - [Edinburgh University](/mw/index.php?title=Edinburgh_University_A.F.C.&action=edit&redlink=1) - [Gala Fairydean Rovers](/mw/index.php?title=Gala_Fairydean_Rovers_F.C.&action=edit&redlink=1) - [Gretna 2008](/mw/index.php?title=Gretna_F.C._2008&action=edit&redlink=1) - [Heart of Midlothian B](/mw/index.php?title=Heart_of_Midlothian_F.C.&action=edit&redlink=1) - [Linlithgow Rose](/mw/index.php?title=Linlithgow_Rose_F.C.&action=edit&redlink=1) - [Tranent](/mw/index.php?title=Tranent_F.C.&action=edit&redlink=1) - [University of Stirling](/mw/index.php?title=University_of_Stirling_F.C.&action=edit&redlink=1) ## Clubs in membership of the East of Scotland Football League [Template:Main](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Main&action=edit&redlink=1) ### Premier Division [Template:Columns-list](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Columns-list&action=edit&redlink=1) ### First Division [Template:Columns-list](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Columns-list&action=edit&redlink=1) ### Second Division [Template:Columns-list](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Columns-list&action=edit&redlink=1) ### Third Division [Template:Columns-list](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Columns-list&action=edit&redlink=1) ## Clubs in membership of the South of Scotland Football League [Template:Main](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Main&action=edit&redlink=1) - [Abbey Vale](/mw/index.php?title=Abbey_Vale_F.C.&action=edit&redlink=1) - [Creetown](/mw/index.php?title=Creetown_F.C.&action=edit&redlink=1) - [Dalbeattie Star](/mw/index.php?title=Dalbeattie_Star_F.C.&action=edit&redlink=1) - [Lochar Thistle](/mw/index.php?title=Lochar_Thistle_F.C.&action=edit&redlink=1) - [Lochmaben](/mw/index.php?title=Crichton_F.C.&action=edit&redlink=1) - [Mid-Annandale](/mw/index.php?title=Mid-Annandale_F.C.&action=edit&redlink=1) - [Newton Stewart](/mw/index.php?title=Newton_Stewart_F.C.&action=edit&redlink=1) - [Nithsdale Wanderers](/mw/index.php?title=Nithsdale_Wanderers_F.C.&action=edit&redlink=1) - [St Cuthbert Wanderers](/mw/index.php?title=St_Cuthbert_Wanderers_F.C.&action=edit&redlink=1) - [Stranraer](/mw/index.php?title=Stranraer_F.C.&action=edit&redlink=1) Reserves - [Upper Annandale](/mw/index.php?title=Upper_Annandale_F.C.&action=edit&redlink=1) - [Wigtown & Bladnoch](/mw/index.php?title=Wigtown_%26_Bladnoch_F.C.&action=edit&redlink=1) ## Clubs in membership of the West of Scotland Football League [Template:Main](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Main&action=edit&redlink=1) ### Premier Division [Template:Columns-list](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Columns-list&action=edit&redlink=1) ### First Division [Template:Columns-list](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Columns-list&action=edit&redlink=1) ### Second Division [Template:Columns-list](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Columns-list&action=edit&redlink=1) ### Third Division [Template:Columns-list](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Columns-list&action=edit&redlink=1) ### Fourth Division [Template:Columns-list](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Columns-list&action=edit&redlink=1) ## Clubs in membership of the North Caledonian Football League [Template:Main](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Main&action=edit&redlink=1) - [Alness United](/mw/index.php?title=Alness_United_F.C.&action=edit&redlink=1) - [Bonar Bridge](/mw/index.php?title=Bonar_Bridge_F.C.&action=edit&redlink=1) - [Clachnacuddin](/mw/index.php?title=Clachnacuddin_F.C.&action=edit&redlink=1) Reserves - [Fort William](/mw/index.php?title=Fort_William_F.C.&action=edit&redlink=1) - [Golspie Sutherland](/mw/index.php?title=Golspie_Sutherland_F.C.&action=edit&redlink=1) - [Halkirk United](/mw/index.php?title=Halkirk_United_F.C.&action=edit&redlink=1) - [Invergordon](/mw/index.php?title=Invergordon_F.C.&action=edit&redlink=1) - [Inverness Athletic](/mw/index.php?title=Inverness_Athletic_F.C.&action=edit&redlink=1) - [Inverness Thistle](/mw/index.php?title=Inverness_Thistle_F.C._(2024)&action=edit&redlink=1) - [Orkney](/mw/index.php?title=Orkney_F.C.&action=edit&redlink=1) - [St Duthus](/mw/index.php?title=St_Duthus_F.C.&action=edit&redlink=1) - [Thurso](/mw/index.php?title=Thurso_F.C.&action=edit&redlink=1) ## Clubs in membership of the Scottish Junior Football Association ### East Region [Template:Main](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Main&action=edit&redlink=1) #### Midlands League [Template:Columns-list](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Columns-list&action=edit&redlink=1) ### North Region [Template:Main](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Main&action=edit&redlink=1) #### Premier Division [Template:Columns-list](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Columns-list&action=edit&redlink=1) #### North Championship [Template:Columns-list](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Columns-list&action=edit&redlink=1) ## Miscellaneous clubs at amateur level - [Colville Park](/mw/index.php?title=Colville_Park_A.F.C.&action=edit&redlink=1) ([Central Scottish Amateur Football League](/mw/index.php?title=Central_Scottish_Amateur_Football_League&action=edit&redlink=1)) - [Drumchapel Amateur](/mw/index.php?title=Drumchapel_Amateur_F.C.&action=edit&redlink=1) ([Caledonian Amateur Football League](/mw/index.php?title=Caledonian_Amateur_Football_League&action=edit&redlink=1)) - [Dukla Pumpherston](/mw/index.php?title=Dukla_Pumpherston&action=edit&redlink=1) ([charity and exhibition matches](/mw/index.php?title=Exhibition_match&action=edit&redlink=1)) - [East Kilbride YM](/mw/index.php?title=East_Kilbride_YM_FC&action=edit&redlink=1) ([Caledonian Amateur Football League](/mw/index.php?title=Caledonian_Amateur_Football_League&action=edit&redlink=1)) - [Eyemouth United](/mw/index.php?title=Eyemouth_United_F.C.&action=edit&redlink=1) ([Border Amateur Football League](/mw/index.php?title=Border_Amateur_Football_League&action=edit&redlink=1)) - Glasgow Harp ([Caledonian Amateur Football League](/mw/index.php?title=Caledonian_Amateur_Football_League&action=edit&redlink=1)) - [Harestanes](/mw/index.php?title=Harestanes_F.C.&action=edit&redlink=1) ([Central Scottish Amateur Football League](/mw/index.php?title=Central_Scottish_Amateur_Football_League&action=edit&redlink=1)) - Links United ([Caledonian Amateur Football League](/mw/index.php?title=Caledonian_Amateur_Football_League&action=edit&redlink=1)) - [Muir of Ord Rovers](/mw/index.php?title=Muir_of_Ord_Rovers_F.C.&action=edit&redlink=1) ([Inverness and District Football League](/mw/index.php?title=Inverness_and_District_Football_Association&action=edit&redlink=1)) - Oban Saints ([Scottish Amateur Football League](/mw/index.php?title=Scottish_Amateur_Football_League&action=edit&redlink=1)) - [Rothesay Brandane](/mw/index.php?title=Rothesay_Brandane_F.C.&action=edit&redlink=1) ([Caledonian Amateur Football League](/mw/index.php?title=Caledonian_Amateur_Football_League&action=edit&redlink=1)) - Steins Thistle ([Central Scottish Amateur Football League](/mw/index.php?title=Central_Scottish_Amateur_Football_League&action=edit&redlink=1)) - [Tain Thistle](/mw/index.php?title=Tain_Thistle_F.C.&action=edit&redlink=1) (Ross-shire Welfare Football League) - [United Glasgow](/mw/index.php?title=United_Glasgow_F.C.&action=edit&redlink=1) ## Defunct clubs ### Former Scottish Football League members [Template:Main](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Main&action=edit&redlink=1) [Template:Columns-list](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Columns-list&action=edit&redlink=1) ### Selected other senior clubs (including North Caledonian League) [Template:Columns-list](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Columns-list&action=edit&redlink=1) ### Selected junior clubs [Template:Columns-list](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Columns-list&action=edit&redlink=1) ## University clubs Most universities in Scotland have football sides, as do some colleges. Some compete in the [BUSA Football League](/mw/index.php?title=BUSA_Football_League&action=edit&redlink=1). - [Aberdeen University](/mw/index.php?title=Aberdeen_University_F.C.&action=edit&redlink=1) - [Edinburgh University](/mw/index.php?title=Edinburgh_University_A.F.C.&action=edit&redlink=1) - [Glasgow University](/mw/index.php?title=Glasgow_University_F.C.&action=edit&redlink=1) - [Heriot-Watt University](/mw/index.php?title=Heriot-Watt_University_F.C.&action=edit&redlink=1) - [St Andrews University](/mw/index.php?title=University_of_St_Andrews_Football_Club&action=edit&redlink=1) - [University of Stirling](/mw/index.php?title=University_of_Stirling_F.C.&action=edit&redlink=1) ## See also - [List of minor Scottish Cup entrants (1873–1894)](/mw/index.php?title=List_of_minor_Scottish_Cup_entrants_(1873%E2%80%931894)&action=edit&redlink=1) ## References [Template:Reflist](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Reflist&action=edit&redlink=1) ## External links - [All-time Scottish Football Club Directory 1829–2009](https://web.archive.org/web/20150706095627/http://scottish-football-historical-archive.com/clublist), Brian McColl, via Scottish Football Historical Archive (archived version, 2015) [Template:Football in Scotland](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Football_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1) [Template:List of football clubs in Europe](/mw/index.php?title=Template:List_of_football_clubs_in_Europe&action=edit&redlink=1) # Cary Lewis Long URL: https://mediated.wiki/wiki/page_0059 Last updated: 2026-07-13T06:18:23.584Z [Template:Short description](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Short_description&action=edit&redlink=1) [Template:Infobox artist](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Infobox_artist&action=edit&redlink=1) **Cary Lewis Long** is an American sculptor, conceptual artist, and former businessman. ## Contents - [1 Early life and education](#Early_life_and_education) - [2 Career](#Career) - [3 Personal life](#Personal_life) - [4 References](#References) ## Early life and education Long was born in 1961 in [Bakersfield, California](/mw/index.php?title=Bakersfield,_California&action=edit&redlink=1).[Template:Citation needed](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Citation_needed&action=edit&redlink=1) He studied art and philosophy at the [University of California, Berkeley](/mw/index.php?title=University_of_California,_Berkeley&action=edit&redlink=1).[Template:Citation needed](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Citation_needed&action=edit&redlink=1) ## Career [File:Nova Express Cafe, interior view.jpg](/mw/index.php/File:Nova_Express_Cafe,_interior_view.jpg) Interior view of [Nova Express Cafe](/mw/index.php?title=Nova_Express_Cafe&action=edit&redlink=1) in [Los Angeles](/mw/index.php?title=Los_Angeles&action=edit&redlink=1), [California](/mw/index.php?title=California&action=edit&redlink=1) Between 1993 and 2008, Long created and operated [Nova Express Café](/mw/index.php?title=Nova_Express_Caf%C3%A9&action=edit&redlink=1), an outer-space and fantasy-themed café and art space in [Los Angeles](/mw/index.php?title=Los_Angeles&action=edit&redlink=1).[1] Much of the decor was fabricated from found objects and second-hand materials.[2] Long described his approach as integrating the direct experience of art with everyday life in order to make art more accessible.[Template:Citation needed](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Citation_needed&action=edit&redlink=1) Each seating area was designed as a themed fantasy zone defined by sculptural art.[3] Many performances by poets, musicians and artists were free to the public.[4] The café, described as a "walk in sculpture that sells pizza",[5] attracted a following during its existence.[6] [File:Table 16.jpg](/mw/index.php/File:Table_16.jpg) E. Pluribus Unum (Out of Many, One) installation at Nova Express Cafe. After the closure of Nova Express Café, he began work at his [Robot Iguana Studio](/mw/index.php?title=Robot_Iguana_Studio&action=edit&redlink=1) to produce new works and sculptures. ## Personal life Long lives in Los Angeles, California.[Template:CN](/mw/index.php?title=Template:CN&action=edit&redlink=1) [File:Ancient Axiom.JPG](/mw/index.php/File:Ancient_Axiom.JPG) Ancient Axiom Conceptual Sculpture ## References [Template:Reflist](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Reflist&action=edit&redlink=1) [Template:Authority control](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Authority_control&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-1) Johnson, Hillary. ["A Funky Sci-Fi Motif Makes a trip to the Nova Express Cafe a Fantastic Voyage"](https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1995-02-26-ls-36149-story.html), "[Los Angeles Times](/mw/index.php?title=Los_Angeles_Times&action=edit&redlink=1)", Los Angeles, 26 February 1995. Retrieved on 26 February 1995. 1. [↑](#cite_ref-2) Galloway, Laura. ["A Decor That's Out of This World"](https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1996-02-11-ls-34664-story.html), "[Los Angeles Times](/mw/index.php?title=Los_Angeles_Times&action=edit&redlink=1)" Los Angeles, 11 February 1996. Retrieved on 11 February 1996. 1. [↑](#cite_ref-3) Ridenour, Al. ["A Fantasy Getaway Right in Town"](http://articles.latimes.com/2002/sep/05/news/wk-town5/2) [Template:Webarchive](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Webarchive&action=edit&redlink=1), "[Los Angeles Times](/mw/index.php?title=Los_Angeles_Times&action=edit&redlink=1)" Los Angeles, 5 September 2002. Retrieved on 5 September 2002. 1. [↑](#cite_ref-4) Mitchell, Kathleen. ["Cafe’s Spoken Word Night Allows for Openminded, Accessible Art"](http://dailybruin.com/2004/02/04/cafes-spoken-word-night-allows/), "[Daily Bruin](/mw/index.php?title=Daily_Bruin&action=edit&redlink=1)" Los Angeles, 4 February 2004. Retrieved on 4 February 2004. 1. [↑](#cite_ref-5) Ridenour, Al. ["A Fantasy Getaway Right in Town"](http://articles.latimes.com/2002/sep/05/news/wk-town5/2) [Template:Webarchive](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Webarchive&action=edit&redlink=1), "[Los Angeles Times](/mw/index.php?title=Los_Angeles_Times&action=edit&redlink=1)" Los Angeles, 5 September 2002. Retrieved on 5 September 2002. 1. [↑](#cite_ref-6) Behrens, Zach. ["Nova Express Cafe to Close This Week"](http://laist.com/2008/03/02/nova_express_closing.php) [Template:Webarchive](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Webarchive&action=edit&redlink=1), "[LAist](/mw/index.php?title=LAist&action=edit&redlink=1)", Los Angeles, 2 March 2008. Retrieved on 2 March 2008. # Slavery in Mexico URL: https://mediated.wiki/wiki/page_0060 Last updated: 2026-07-17T02:54:10.818Z **Slavery in Mexico** developed within colonial New Spain and continued into the first years of the independent republic. Enslaved Africans and their descendants worked in mines, sugar production, ranching, workshops, households, ports, and urban trades. Veracruz connected New Spain to Atlantic trafficking and to intercolonial resale routes. Slavery existed alongside other coercive labor systems, including Indigenous tribute and draft labor. These systems could overlap in practice, but they did not give workers the same legal status: an enslaved person was legally alienable property, while Indigenous communities were subjected through distinct colonial institutions. Free Black and mixed-status communities, manumission, military service, and legal claims also made the social order more varied than a simple division between enslaved and free people. ## Abolition Antislavery measures appeared during the independence struggle and the 1820s, but abolition was not a single event uniformly enforced throughout the territory. President Vicente Guerrero issued a national abolition decree in 1829. Slaveholders in Texas had resisted and attempted to evade Mexican antislavery restrictions, and Guerrero exempted Texas from the decree within months.[1] Legal abolition ended recognized slave status, but it did not end every form of coercive labor. Debt peonage and other rural dependencies had different legal foundations and should not be treated as continuations of chattel slavery without qualification. ## External links - [SlaveVoyages](https://www.slavevoyages.org/) - [Antislavery in Domestic Legislation: Mexico](https://antislaverylaw.ac.uk/country/mexico/) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-1) [Randolph B. Campbell, “Slavery,” *Handbook of Texas*, Texas State Historical Association](https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/entries/slavery). # Slavery in the Kingdom of Dahomey URL: https://mediated.wiki/wiki/page_0061 Last updated: 2026-07-13T13:33:35.848Z **Slavery in the Kingdom of Dahomey** was closely connected to warfare, royal finance, household and agricultural labor, and the Atlantic slave trade. The kingdom, centered at Abomey in present-day Benin, expanded southward under King Agaja by conquering Allada in 1724 and Whydah (Ouidah) in 1727. Control of Ouidah gave the monarchy direct access to one of the Bight of Benin's principal Atlantic ports. ## Contents - [1 Captivity and state power](#Captivity_and_state_power) - [2 Nineteenth-century suppression](#Nineteenth-century_suppression) - [3 Sources](#Sources) - [4 See also](#See_also) ## Captivity and state power Dahomean armies obtained captives through conquest and raiding. The state did not treat all captives in the same way: some were exported through Ouidah, while others became domestic servants, agricultural laborers on royal estates, dependents distributed to officials or soldiers, or victims in royal ceremonies. Slavery therefore supported both overseas commerce and the kingdom's internal political order. Captives could be converted into revenue, labor, rewards, and visible signs of royal authority. European merchants and Dahomean rulers were mutually involved in the trade. Royal officials regulated access to Ouidah and collected customs, while Atlantic merchants supplied goods including firearms, cloth, alcohol, cowries, and prestige objects. This relationship did not make Dahomey merely an agent of European demand: its rulers pursued their own military and fiscal aims. Nor did Dahomean agency remove the central role of Atlantic shipping and plantation demand in sustaining exports. ## Nineteenth-century suppression British naval and diplomatic pressure increased during the reign of Ghezo (1818–1858). A treaty concluded in 1852 was understood by British officials as a commitment to end slave exports, but implementation was disputed and the trade continued. Palm-oil commerce grew, yet it did not immediately replace the political and fiscal uses of captive-taking. The history of suppression was consequently a process rather than a single decisive event, and internal slavery remained distinct from the closing of an export route. ## Sources The evidence includes port records, royal traditions, archaeology, diplomatic papers, and nineteenth-century European accounts. Travel narratives are useful but require caution because their authors wrote within abolitionist, commercial, or imperial controversies. The [UNESCO documentation for the Royal Palaces of Abomey](https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/323/) provides material context for the centralized monarchy, while the [SlaveVoyages database](https://www.slavevoyages.org/) documents the wider Atlantic traffic and its changing scale. ## See also - [Kingdom of Dahomey](/mw/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Dahomey&action=edit&redlink=1) - [Transatlantic slave trade](/mw/index.php/Transatlantic_slave_trade) - [Slavery in Africa](/mw/index.php/Slavery_in_Africa) # Synagogue of Pesaro URL: https://mediated.wiki/wiki/page_0062 Last updated: 2026-07-13T14:16:26.021Z [Template:Short description](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Short_description&action=edit&redlink=1)[Template:Infobox religious building](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Infobox_religious_building&action=edit&redlink=1) The **Synagogue of Pesaro** ([Template:Langx](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Langx&action=edit&redlink=1)) is a [Jewish synagogue](/mw/index.php?title=Jewish_synagogue&action=edit&redlink=1) in [Pesaro](/mw/index.php?title=Pesaro&action=edit&redlink=1), Italy. It is currently preserved as a building, but inactive as a congregation.[1] Its interior is considered one of the most refined examples of architecture for Jewish worship in Italy.[2] ## Contents - [1 History](#History) - [1.1 Italian synagogue](#Italian_synagogue) - [2 Description](#Description) - [3 See also](#See_also) - [4 References](#References) - [5 External links](#External_links) ## History [File:Brockhaus and Efron Jewish Encyclopedia e12 349-0.jpg](/mw/index.php/File:Brockhaus_and_Efron_Jewish_Encyclopedia_e12_349-0.jpg) Illustration of building from the [Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary](/mw/index.php?title=Brockhaus_and_Efron_Encyclopedic_Dictionary&action=edit&redlink=1) The Jewish ghetto in [Pesaro](/mw/index.php?title=Pesaro&action=edit&redlink=1) was established in 1632, and two synagogues were founded in local buildings. One was [Italian rite](/mw/index.php?title=Nusach_Italia&action=edit&redlink=1), and was demolished in 1957 as a result of damage sustained from the [1930 Senigallia earthquake](/mw/index.php?title=1930_Senigallia_earthquake&action=edit&redlink=1). The other was of [Spanish rite](/mw/index.php?title=Nusach_Sefard&action=edit&redlink=1) and is still intact.[3] One additional Italian synagogue existed, which was built in 1367[4] and out of use early on, despite continued taxes held to the community for it. At one point, all congregations were using the Spanish rite synagogue, which was built in 1642.[5] At some point in the 18th or 19th century, the [Torah ark](/mw/index.php?title=Torah_ark&action=edit&redlink=1) became too small to hold all the scrolls of the congregation, so a larger one was put in its place, and the original was moved to the women's section to be protected and preserved.[6] The Jewish community significantly declined in the 20th century due to the [Holocaust](/mw/index.php?title=Holocaust&action=edit&redlink=1) and emigration to other cities. Its period of abandonment led to the loss of some of its original furnishings. The gilded wooden Torah ark of 1708, created by cabinetmaker Angelo Scoccianti di Cupramontana, was moved to the [Synagogue of Livorno](/mw/index.php?title=Synagogue_of_Livorno&action=edit&redlink=1) in 1970.[7] The balcony of the [bema](/mw/index.php?title=Bema&action=edit&redlink=1) is located in the [Twin synagogues of Ancona](/mw/index.php?title=Twin_synagogues_of_Ancona&action=edit&redlink=1), and the original grates of the women's gallery were moved to [Talpiot](/mw/index.php?title=Talpiot&action=edit&redlink=1).[3] Since 1999, the synagogue has been managed by the [Template:Interlanguage link](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Interlanguage_link&action=edit&redlink=1), which was granted the synagogue on loan by the Pesaro municipal government. Since 2003, the city has done major restoration work on the building that has touched on the decorations, the paintings, the furnishings, and the interior. ### Italian synagogue The Torah ark of the Italian rite synagogue, which dates to 1646, was not transferred to the surviving Spanish congregation, but was instead brought to [Jerusalem](/mw/index.php?title=Jerusalem&action=edit&redlink=1)[8] and may be currently located at the Central Synagogue of [Kiryat Sanz, Netanya](/mw/index.php?title=Kiryat_Sanz,_Netanya&action=edit&redlink=1).[9] Its original curtain, which survives with it, was embroidered in 1620 or 1630 by Rachel Olivetti Montefiore to honor her husband, Yehuda Montefiore.[10] It was red silk with silver and gold embroidery.[11] Two busts of lions were placed at the foot of the ark during its original period of usage,[12] transferred from a synagogue in [Ascoli](/mw/index.php?title=Ascoli_Piceno&action=edit&redlink=1).[13] It was a somewhat controversial practice at the time, but was well-received in the community.[14] Many responsa were written about their [Kedushah](/mw/index.php?title=Holiness_in_Judaism&action=edit&redlink=1).[15] ## Description Two entrances exist, including a larger one for men (a stone door rebuilt in the 19th century) and a smaller one for women that directly accesses the women's section through a staircase. The ground floor contains a room with a [matzah](/mw/index.php?title=Matzah&action=edit&redlink=1) oven, a room with a [mikveh](/mw/index.php?title=Mikveh&action=edit&redlink=1), and a room for [ritual washing](/mw/index.php?title=Ritual_washing_in_Judaism&action=edit&redlink=1).[3] The synagogue maintains its original structure and has many 17th-century decorations and original furnishings. It has a large, bright rectangular room on the first floor, which is the shul with a high vaulted ceiling. The ceiling is ornamented with white and blue stucco rosettes interspersed with other floral designs. The Torah ark and the bema face each other on the narrower walls of the building,[16] and the tabernacle of the ark is framed by two columns and windows. The wall opposite of the bema forms a raised gallery for the [chazzan](/mw/index.php?title=Chazzan&action=edit&redlink=1) and the chorus. The gallery sides host two large 19th-century [tempera](/mw/index.php?title=Tempera&action=edit&redlink=1) paintings, one depicting the Jews at the foot of [Mount Sinai](/mw/index.php?title=Mount_Sinai&action=edit&redlink=1) and one containing an allegory of the city of Jerusalem, depicted as a woman in a rural landscape. The four walls have high wooden [cladding](/mw/index.php?title=Cladding_(construction)&action=edit&redlink=1) and rows of pews that double on the longer sides of the room. The second row of pews was provided from the Italian rite synagogue that was destroyed. The left side of the ark overlooks the windows of the women's gallery, which was originally closed by wooden grilles inlaid with small [Stars of David](/mw/index.php?title=Stars_of_David&action=edit&redlink=1).[17] ## See also - [List of synagogues in Italy](/mw/index.php?title=List_of_synagogues_in_Italy&action=edit&redlink=1) ## References 1. [↑](#cite_ref-1) [Template:Cite book](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_book&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-2) [Template:Cite book](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_book&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. ↑ [3.0](#cite_ref-:0_3-0) [3.1](#cite_ref-:0_3-1) [3.2](#cite_ref-:0_3-2) [Template:Cite web](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_web&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-4) [Template:Cite book](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_book&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-5) [Template:Cite book](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_book&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-6) [Template:Cite book](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_book&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-7) [Template:Cite web](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_web&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-8) [Template:Cite book](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_book&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-9) [Template:Cite book](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_book&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-10) [Template:Cite book](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_book&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-11) [Template:Cite book](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_book&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-12) [Template:Cite book](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_book&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-13) [Template:Cite book](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_book&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-14) [Template:Cite book](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_book&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-15) [Template:Cite book](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_book&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-16) [Template:Cite book](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_book&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-17) [Template:Cite book](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_book&action=edit&redlink=1) ## External links - [360 degree view of intact interior of the synagogue | Synagogues 360](https://synagogues-360.anumuseum.org.il/gallery/sephardic-synagogue/) [Template:Synagogues in Italy](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Synagogues_in_Italy&action=edit&redlink=1) [Template:Authority control](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Authority_control&action=edit&redlink=1) # Primetime Propaganda URL: https://mediated.wiki/source/Primetime_Propaganda Last updated: 2026-07-13T14:18:50.915Z **Primetime Propaganda: The True Hollywood Story of How the Left Took Over Your TV** is a nonfiction book by American conservative commentator [Ben Shapiro](/mw/index.php/Ben_Shapiro), published by HarperCollins imprint Broadside Books. A hardcover edition was reviewed by *Publishers Weekly* in April 2011 ahead of its June release; HarperCollins lists a paperback edition released on June 26, 2012.[1][2] ## Argument and method Shapiro argues that American entertainment television has generally reflected liberal social and political values and that those values influenced how programs portrayed contested issues. To support the argument, he surveys broadcasting history and draws on interviews with television writers and producers, including Larry Gelbart, Susan Harris, George Schlatter, Leonard Stern, and Peter Mehlman.[3] The book extends the institutional and cultural criticism of Shapiro's earlier works, shifting his focus from universities and sexual culture to the entertainment industry. ## Reception *Publishers Weekly* described the book as a history of what Shapiro considered the leftward political orientation of American television. The review noted the range of industry interviews and historical material while treating the claim of a coordinated ideological project as Shapiro's conclusion; it added that readers who disagreed with him could still find the book useful for drawing attention to the people and assumptions behind television programming.[4] ## References [Template:Reflist](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Reflist&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-1) [Template:Cite web](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_web&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-2) [Template:Cite web](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_web&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-3) [Template:Cite web](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_web&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-4) [Template:Cite web](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_web&action=edit&redlink=1) # Norris von Schirach URL: https://mediated.wiki/wiki/page_0064 Last updated: 2026-07-13T22:16:04.222Z [Template:Short description](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Short_description&action=edit&redlink=1) **Norris Benedikt von Schirach** (born 1963) pseudonym **Arthur Isarin**,[1] is a [German](/mw/index.php?title=Germans&action=edit&redlink=1) businessman and [writer](/mw/index.php?title=Writer&action=edit&redlink=1), who worked for several years as a commodities expert and copper specialist in [Russia](/mw/index.php?title=Russia&action=edit&redlink=1) and elsewhere. [File:Norris von Schirach (2021) ©Maxim von Schirach.jpg](/mw/index.php/File:Norris_von_Schirach_(2021)_%C2%A9Maxim_von_Schirach.jpg) Schirach in 2021 ## Contents - [1 Life](#Life) - [2 Quote](#Quote) - [3 Works](#Works) - [4 References](#References) - [5 External links](#External_links) ## Life Norris Benedikt von Schirach was born in Munich in 1963. By his own admission, he attended seven or "more" boarding schools. After training in Munich, he initially worked for insurance companies in London and New York before studying administrative sciences at the [University of Konstanz](/mw/index.php?title=University_of_Konstanz&action=edit&redlink=1) and then working in Russia, Kazakhstan and Australia. He published his first novel *Pale Heroes* (Blasse Helden) in spring 2018 with Knaus Verlag (Germany) under the pseudonym Arthur Isarin so that his well-known surname would not overshadow the work and readers as well as critics would receive it without bias; his authorship was only revealed six months after publication. In his literary work he processed his experiences of the [Yeltsin](/mw/index.php?title=Boris_Yeltsin&action=edit&redlink=1)-years in [Moscow](/mw/index.php?title=Moscow&action=edit&redlink=1), which were characterized by "privatization and the accompanying strengthening of the oligarchs as well as the slipping of large parts of the population below the poverty line" and which made [Vladimir Putin](/mw/index.php?title=Vladimir_Putin&action=edit&redlink=1)'s system possible in the first place.[2] "I wanted to capture the mood of those years",[2] Norris von Schirach said in an interview with journalist Kerstin Holm. [Viktor Yerofeyev](/mw/index.php?title=Viktor_Yerofeyev&action=edit&redlink=1) judged *Pale Heroes*: "Anyone who wants to understand Russia today should read Norris von Schirach - a bold literary adventure."[3] New Books in German Fiction (US Jury Pick) mentions his "stark, moving and strangely beautiful prose".[4] *Pale Heroes* is the first volume of a planned trilogy and was on the SWR best list for June 2018. In 2022, the novel *Looting Time (Beutezeit*), published by Penguin (Germany), followed. It is about a commodities trader who is tasked with building a steel company in post-Soviet Kazakhstan[5] after "President Nazarbayev [...] transferred the bankruptcy assets of the Soviets into a kind of personal feudal system".[6] While Nicole Köster mentioned *Looting Time* "reads in part like James Bond on [Dostoyevsky](/mw/index.php?title=Fyodor_Dostoevsky&action=edit&redlink=1)",[5] Sigrid Löffler wrote that "it is above all this subtle criticism of the West that makes Norris von Schirach's *Looting Time* worth reading."[7] His younger brother is the well-known lawyer and author [Ferdinand von Schirach](/mw/index.php?title=Ferdinand_von_Schirach&action=edit&redlink=1) (* 1964); his grandfather [Baldur von Schirach](/mw/index.php?title=Baldur_von_Schirach&action=edit&redlink=1) (1907–1974) was [Reich Youth Leader](/mw/index.php?title=Reichsjugendf%C3%BChrer&action=edit&redlink=1) of the [NSDAP](/mw/index.php?title=Nazi_Party&action=edit&redlink=1) during the National Socialist era. Today Norris von Schirach lives in seclusion in the Romanian Carpathians. He has one son. ## Quote [Template:Blockquote](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Blockquote&action=edit&redlink=1) ## Works - [Template:Citation](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Citation&action=edit&redlink=1) ISBN 978-442-31115-6 - *Looting Time (Beutezeit).* Roman. Penguin, München 2022, ISBN 978-3-328-60125-8.[8] ## References 1. [↑](#cite_ref-:0_1-0) [Template:Cite web](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_web&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. ↑ [2.0](#cite_ref-:1_2-0) [2.1](#cite_ref-:1_2-1) [Rächen sich die schönen Russinnen? In: Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung 12 March 2018.](https://www.faz.net/aktuell/feuilleton/debatten/schriftsteller-arthur-isarin-im-interview-zu-putin-und-russland-15488263.html) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-3) [Blasse Helden. In: Penguin.de. Retrieved 28 September 2022](https://www.penguin.de/buecher/norris-von-schirach-blasse-helden/taschenbuch/9783328109389) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-4) "From Russia with love" in: New Books in German Fiction (2018), page 7 1. ↑ [5.0](#cite_ref-:2_5-0) [5.1](#cite_ref-:2_5-1) [Buchtipps - Norris von Schirach: Beutezeit. In: SWR.de. Retrieved 28 September 202](https://www.swr.de/swr1/bw/programm/lesetag-januar-2023-buchtipps-swr1-baden-wuerttemberg-liest-100.html#Beutezeit) 2 1. [↑](#cite_ref-6) [Gier hat viele Gesichter. In: Süddeutsche Zeitung 26 November 2022. Retrieved 28 September 2022](https://www.sueddeutsche.de/projekte/artikel/gesellschaft/norris-von-schirach-autor-interview-e506044/?reduced=true) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-7) [Template:Cite web](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_web&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-:3_8-0) [Norris von Schirach: Beutezeit](https://www.sueddeutsche.de/kultur/norris-von-schirach-beutezeit-roman-kasachstan-post-sowjetisch-investment-kritik-1.5695687) ## External links - [Template:Perlentaucher](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Perlentaucher&action=edit&redlink=1) - [Norris von Schirach](https://www.penguinrandomhouse.de/Autor/Norris-von-Schirach/p680852.rhd) – randomhouse.de - [Norris von Schirach »Beutezeit«](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NLQsOCdSGf8) – Geistesblüten - [9th international literature festival Odesa: Norris von Schirach in conversation with Gabriel Horatiu Decuble. 25.2.2024](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mqDiv4AFRU4) - [Korrupt in Kasachstan von Sigrid Löffler - DLF Kultur. 19.11.2022](https://www.deutschlandfunkkultur.de/beutezeit-norris-schirach-100.html) [Template:Authority control](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Authority_control&action=edit&redlink=1) # Wilhelm Bugge (barrister) URL: https://mediated.wiki/source/Wilhelm_Bugge_(barrister) Last updated: 2026-07-14T06:14:09.364Z [Template:Short description](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Short_description&action=edit&redlink=1) **Fredrik Wilhelm Bugge** (7 July 1893 – 30 July 1972) was a Norwegian barrister and businessperson. ## Personal life He was born in [Kristiania](/mw/index.php?title=Oslo&action=edit&redlink=1) as a son of barrister [Fredrik Moltke Bugge](/mw/index.php?title=Fredrik_Moltke_Bugge&action=edit&redlink=1) (1865–1938) and Kristine Elisabeth Heuch.[1] He was a grandson of bishop [Frederik Wilhelm Klumpp Bugge](/mw/index.php?title=Wilhelm_Bugge&action=edit&redlink=1), great-grandson of educator [Frederik Moltke Bugge](/mw/index.php?title=Frederik_Moltke_Bugge&action=edit&redlink=1), great-great-grandson of bishop [Peter Olivarius Bugge](/mw/index.php?title=Peter_Olivarius_Bugge&action=edit&redlink=1) and great-grandnephew of [Søren Bruun Bugge](/mw/index.php?title=S%C3%B8ren_Bruun_Bugge&action=edit&redlink=1).[2] On the maternal side he was a grandson of bishop [Johan Christian Heuch](/mw/index.php?title=Johan_Christian_Heuch&action=edit&redlink=1).[3] In 1922 he married barrister's daughter Gudrun Gundersen.[1] They had the sons [Frederik Moltke Bugge](/mw/index.php?title=Frederik_Moltke_Bugge_(barrister)&action=edit&redlink=1), barrister, and [Jens Bugge](/mw/index.php?title=Jens_Bugge&action=edit&redlink=1), Supreme Court Justice.[2] ## Career After [finishing](/mw/index.php?title=Examen_artium&action=edit&redlink=1) his secondary education in 1911, he graduated from the [Royal Frederick University](/mw/index.php?title=University_of_Oslo&action=edit&redlink=1) with the [cand.jur.](/mw/index.php?title=Cand.jur.&action=edit&redlink=1) degree in 1915. He was a deputy judge in [Lillehammer](/mw/index.php?title=S%C3%B8r-Gudbrandsdal_District_Court&action=edit&redlink=1) and [Fredrikstad](/mw/index.php?title=Fredrikstad_District_Court&action=edit&redlink=1) from 1916 to 1917, junior solicitor from 1917 to 1922, and barrister with access to [Supreme Court](/mw/index.php?title=Supreme_Court_of_Norway&action=edit&redlink=1) cases from 1922. From 1923 he was a law firm partner with barrister [Herman Christiansen](/mw/index.php?title=Herman_Christiansen&action=edit&redlink=1).[1][4] He was a board member of [Sauda Smelteverk](/mw/index.php?title=Sauda_Smelteverk&action=edit&redlink=1) from 1920, [Meråker Smelteverk](/mw/index.php?title=Mer%C3%A5ker_Smelteverk&action=edit&redlink=1) from 1928, [Høyanger Aluminiumsverk](/mw/index.php?title=H%C3%B8yanger_Aluminiumsverk&action=edit&redlink=1) and [Nordisk Aluminiumsindustri, Holmestrand](/mw/index.php?title=Nordisk_Aluminiumsindustri&action=edit&redlink=1) from 1939, [Norsk Elektrisk & Brown Boveri](/mw/index.php?title=Norsk_Elektrisk_%26_Brown_Boveri&action=edit&redlink=1) from 1941, [Det Norske Nitrid](/mw/index.php?title=Det_Norske_Nitrid&action=edit&redlink=1) from 1947,[1] [Den norske Creditbank](/mw/index.php?title=Den_norske_Creditbank&action=edit&redlink=1)[5] and [Forsikringsselskapet Norden](/mw/index.php?title=Forsikringsselskapet_Norden&action=edit&redlink=1).[6] He was a supervisory council member of [Arendal Smelteverk](/mw/index.php?title=Arendal_Smelteverk&action=edit&redlink=1), [Det Norske Garantiselskap](/mw/index.php?title=Det_Norske_Garantiselskap&action=edit&redlink=1), [Borregaard](/mw/index.php?title=Borregaard&action=edit&redlink=1) and *[Morgenbladet](/mw/index.php?title=Morgenbladet&action=edit&redlink=1)*.[1] He died in July 1972.[7] [Template:External media](/mw/index.php?title=Template:External_media&action=edit&redlink=1) ## References [Template:Reflist](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Reflist&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. ↑ [1.0](#cite_ref-hvem48_1-0) [1.1](#cite_ref-hvem48_1-1) [1.2](#cite_ref-hvem48_1-2) [1.3](#cite_ref-hvem48_1-3) [1.4](#cite_ref-hvem48_1-4) [Template:Cite encyclopedia](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_encyclopedia&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. ↑ [2.0](#cite_ref-snl2_2-0) [2.1](#cite_ref-snl2_2-1) [Template:Cite encyclopedia](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_encyclopedia&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-hvem12_3-0) [*Hvem er hvem?* 1912](https://runeberg.org/hvemerhvem/1912/0048.html) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-merkbio_4-0) [Template:Cite encyclopedia](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_encyclopedia&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-obit_5-0) [Template:Cite news](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_news&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-6) [Template:Cite news](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_news&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-7) [Template:Cite encyclopedia](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_encyclopedia&action=edit&redlink=1) # Slavery in Egypt URL: https://mediated.wiki/source/Slavery_in_Egypt Last updated: 2026-07-14T13:31:50.229Z **Slavery in Egypt** connected the Nile valley to trans-Saharan, Red Sea, and northeastern African routes. Enslaved people came especially from Sudan and the Horn of Africa and were used in households, military and court service, agriculture, and sexual servitude. These forms were diverse: the power of some military or palace servants did not remove the coercion of capture, sale, forced movement, or dependence. The end of slavery was a gradual process rather than a single abolition date. Anglo-Egyptian conventions in 1877, 1884, and 1895 chiefly attacked importation and trafficking. Administrative policing, manumission, changing labor markets, and actions by enslaved people then weakened slaveholding unevenly into the early twentieth century. Trade suppression should therefore be distinguished from the later disappearance of legally and socially enforceable master–slave relations. This phased interpretation is developed in Ahmad Alawad Sikainga's [*Routes to Emancipation in Egypt and the Sudan*](https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.013.940); the wider Ottoman setting is treated in Ehud R. Toledano's [*Slavery and Abolition in the Ottoman Middle East*](https://doi.org/10.1515/9780295802428). ## See also - [Slavery in the Ottoman Empire](/mw/index.php/Slavery_in_the_Ottoman_Empire) - [Slavery in Africa](/mw/index.php/Slavery_in_Africa) - [Abolition of slavery](/mw/index.php/Abolition_of_slavery) # Slavery in Mauritania URL: https://mediated.wiki/source/Slavery_in_Mauritania Last updated: 2026-07-14T13:32:14.377Z **Slavery in Mauritania** includes the history of legally recognized slavery and the persistence of descent-based servitude after formal abolition. Inherited social status, dependence on land and livestock, domestic and herding labor, and barriers to leaving could sustain coercive relationships even when the state no longer recognized ownership of people. ## Abolition and criminalization Mauritania formally abolished slavery in 1981. That measure ended legal recognition but did not itself establish criminal penalties sufficient to prosecute slaveholding. A 2007 law criminalized slavery, and legislation adopted in 2015 strengthened the framework, treated slavery as a crime against humanity, and created specialized courts. The sequence illustrates the difference between abolition as a declaration of legal status and abolition as enforceable protection. Descent-based dependency, landlessness, social stigma, and weak enforcement can restrict a person's practical ability to leave or seek a remedy after ownership has formally ceased to be lawful. These conditions should be distinguished from a claim that slavery remains legally permitted. ## External links - [Antislavery in Domestic Legislation: Mauritania](https://antislaverylaw.ac.uk/country/mauritania/) - [Forced labour, modern slavery and human trafficking — International Labour Organization](https://www.ilo.org/global/topics/forced-labour/) # Evie Templeton URL: https://mediated.wiki/wiki/page_0068 Last updated: 2026-07-14T14:14:30.983Z [Template:Short description](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Short_description&action=edit&redlink=1) [Template:Use British English](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Use_British_English&action=edit&redlink=1) [Template:Use dmy dates](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Use_dmy_dates&action=edit&redlink=1) [Template:Infobox person](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Infobox_person&action=edit&redlink=1) **Evie Jayne Templeton** (born 31 December 2008) is an English actress. She is best known for playing [Laura](/mw/index.php?title=Characters_of_the_Silent_Hill_series&action=edit&redlink=1) in the movie *[Return to Silent Hill](/mw/index.php?title=Return_to_Silent_Hill&action=edit&redlink=1)* (2026) and Agnes DeMille in the [Netflix](/mw/index.php?title=Netflix&action=edit&redlink=1) series *[Wednesday](/mw/index.php?title=Wednesday_(TV_series)&action=edit&redlink=1)* (2025). ## Contents - [1 Early life](#Early_life) - [2 Career](#Career) - [3 Filmography](#Filmography) - [3.1 Film](#Film) - [3.2 Television](#Television) - [3.3 Video games](#Video_games) - [4 References](#References) - [5 External links](#External_links) ## Early life Evie Jayne Templeton was born in [Barbados](/mw/index.php?title=Barbados&action=edit&redlink=1) on 31 December 2008,[1] the daughter of English parents.[2] She has one sister, who is six years older and a professional ballet dancer.[1] When Templeton was seven years old, she and her family returned to England and settled in an undisclosed town near [London](/mw/index.php?title=London&action=edit&redlink=1),[1] where she attended [Tring Park School for the Performing Arts](/mw/index.php?title=Tring_Park_School_for_the_Performing_Arts&action=edit&redlink=1).[3] ## Career Templeton made her acting debut in 2022, landing minor roles in [BBC](/mw/index.php?title=BBC&action=edit&redlink=1) drama *[Life After Life](/mw/index.php?title=Life_After_Life_(TV_series)&action=edit&redlink=1)* and [Disney](/mw/index.php?title=Walt_Disney_Pictures&action=edit&redlink=1) film *[Pinocchio](/mw/index.php?title=Pinocchio_(2022_live-action_film)&action=edit&redlink=1)*. Before this, she had appeared in *Nativity* on the UK tour and *Les Misérables* on the West End. In 2023, Templeton landed her first major role in the horror film *[Lord of Misrule](/mw/index.php?title=Lord_of_Misrule_(film)&action=edit&redlink=1)*.[4] In 2024, she voiced Laura in the video game remake *[Silent Hill 2](/mw/index.php?title=Silent_Hill_2_(2024_video_game)&action=edit&redlink=1)*,[5] a role she reprised in the horror film *[Return to Silent Hill](/mw/index.php?title=Return_to_Silent_Hill&action=edit&redlink=1)*.[6] In 2025, she portrayed Agnes DeMille in the second season of the [Netflix](/mw/index.php?title=Netflix&action=edit&redlink=1) comedy horror series *[Wednesday](/mw/index.php?title=Wednesday_(TV_series)&action=edit&redlink=1)*.[7] ## Filmography ### Film Year Title Role Notes 2022 Pinocchio Pleasure Island Troupe 2023 Lord of Misrule Grace Holland 2026 Return to Silent Hill Laura Victorian Psycho Drusilla Pounds ### Television Year Title Role Notes 2022 Life After Life Frieda (Age 10) Episode: #1.4 2024 Criminal Record Lisa Hegarty (Age 10) Episode: "The Sixty-Twos" 2025–present Wednesday Agnes DeMille Main role; seasons 2–present ### Video games Year Title Role Notes 2024 Silent Hill 2 Laura ## References [Template:Reflist](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Reflist&action=edit&redlink=1) ## External links - [Template:IMDb name](/mw/index.php?title=Template:IMDb_name&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. ↑ [1.0](#cite_ref-birthdate_1-0) [1.1](#cite_ref-birthdate_1-1) [1.2](#cite_ref-birthdate_1-2) [Template:Cite web](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_web&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-spotlight_2-0) [Template:Cite web](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_web&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-3) [Template:Cite web](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_web&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-LOM_4-0) [Template:Cite web](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_web&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-5) [Template:Cite web](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_web&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-SH2_6-0) [Template:Cite web](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_web&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-7) [Template:Cite web](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_web&action=edit&redlink=1) # Slavery in Saudi Arabia URL: https://mediated.wiki/source/Slavery_in_Saudi_Arabia Last updated: 2026-07-15T13:32:47.705Z **Slavery in Saudi Arabia** formed part of wider Red Sea and Arabian systems of enslavement. Captives and enslaved people reached the Arabian Peninsula from northeastern and eastern Africa and other regions through maritime, pilgrimage, and overland routes. They were employed in households, agriculture, transport, military service, and sexual-domestic roles. These uses varied over time and should not be treated as a single uniform institution. Saudi Arabia formally abolished legal slavery by royal action in 1962. The late date places abolition within a twentieth-century Arabian and Gulf sequence shaped by state consolidation and international pressure. It is important to distinguish this revocation of legally recognized slave status from later controversies involving migrant labor, passport retention, domestic work, or the *kafala* sponsorship system: those may involve severe coercion, but they are governed by different legal categories and evidence. ## Sources - [Antislavery in Domestic Legislation](https://antislaverylaw.ac.uk/), country legislation and historical materials. - [Slavery Convention (1926)](https://www.ohchr.org/en/instruments-mechanisms/instruments/slavery-convention), Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights. ## See also - [History of slavery](/mw/index.php/History_of_slavery) - [Abolition of slavery](/mw/index.php/Abolition_of_slavery) - [Slavery in the Ottoman Empire](/mw/index.php/Slavery_in_the_Ottoman_Empire) - [Slavery in Zanzibar](/mw/index.php/Slavery_in_Zanzibar) # Club International URL: https://mediated.wiki/wiki/page_0070 Last updated: 2026-07-15T22:18:39.456Z [Template:Short description](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Short_description&action=edit&redlink=1) [Template:Infobox Magazine](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Infobox_Magazine&action=edit&redlink=1) ***Club International*** is a British [adult magazine](/mw/index.php?title=Pornographic_magazine&action=edit&redlink=1) published every four weeks by [Paul Raymond Publications](/mw/index.php?title=Paul_Raymond_Publications&action=edit&redlink=1) that features [softcore](/mw/index.php?title=Softcore_pornography&action=edit&redlink=1) pictures of nude women.[1] It is a sister magazine of the American magazine *[Club](/mw/index.php?title=Club_(magazine)&action=edit&redlink=1)*. ## Contents - [1 History and profile](#History_and_profile) - [2 Content](#Content) - [2.1 Models](#Models) - [2.2 Features](#Features) - [2.3 Online edition](#Online_edition) - [3 See also](#See_also) - [4 References](#References) - [5 External links](#External_links) ## History and profile *Club International* was founded in 1972[1][2][3] and is published every four weeks, making thirteen issues per year. Each edition consists of one hundred printed pages and is staple-bound, with the exception of the slightly larger "special edition", published at the start of each new volume, which has some 120 pages and flat glued binding.[Template:Citation needed](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Citation_needed&action=edit&redlink=1) *Club International* is published by [Paul Raymond Publications](/mw/index.php?title=Paul_Raymond_Publications&action=edit&redlink=1), which, according to a 2001 report, published eight of the UK's ten top adult magazines.[4] Along with *[Mayfair](/mw/index.php?title=Mayfair_(magazine)&action=edit&redlink=1)* magazine, *Club International* is considered one of Raymond's most [upmarket](/mw/index.php?title=Upmarket&action=edit&redlink=1) top shelf productions, with the photo spreads generally featuring more glamorous photosets shot by experienced photographers.[1] ## Content Each edition of *Club International* features ten photosets, with the exception of the slightly larger "special edition" which features between twelve and thirteen sets. The photosets are usually single-model shoots but there are also [lesbian](/mw/index.php?title=Lesbian&action=edit&redlink=1) scenes. The shoots are generally [softcore](/mw/index.php?title=Softcore_pornography&action=edit&redlink=1), and as such do not feature any sort of penetration or oral-genital contact. However, some photoshoots feature the occasional "pink" shot, where a model exposes her vaginal lips. During the early to mid-1980s, a regular feature was "Club Event", a picture sequence involving a group of models (usually about half a dozen) performing a form of striptease around a central theme such as a Christmas party, or while wearing (and removing) various types of uniforms.[Template:Citation needed](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Citation_needed&action=edit&redlink=1) ### Models The magazine once offered the British TV newsreader [Anna Ford](/mw/index.php?title=Anna_Ford&action=edit&redlink=1) a fee of £75,000 to appear naked in its pages, but she declined.[5] It has, however, featured a number of well-known models and [pornstars](/mw/index.php?title=Pornographic_actor&action=edit&redlink=1), such as Lexi Lowe, [Tanya Tate](/mw/index.php?title=Tanya_Tate&action=edit&redlink=1), Monica Sweet, Zsanett Égerházi, Sandra Shine, Peaches, [Silvia Saint](/mw/index.php?title=Silvia_Saint&action=edit&redlink=1), Stephanie Swift, and Hungarian model Sophie Moone (often credited as 'Stella').[Template:Citation needed](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Citation_needed&action=edit&redlink=1) Also among the women featured is the "Reader's Girlfriend", presented as an amateur model who is the girlfriend of a *Club International* reader.[Template:Citation needed](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Citation_needed&action=edit&redlink=1) ### Features Long-running features in *Club International* include its regular readers' letters page, "Talkin' Blue", where 'readers' share tales of their sexual experiences, and "Peaches", a feature that covers anal sex (although the writing is far more explicit than the images that accompany the feature). As with a number of similar [men's magazines](/mw/index.php?title=List_of_men%27s_magazines&action=edit&redlink=1), there are the regular automotive features, editorials, video and book reviews, as well as a jokes page. Starting in 2008, a free [DVD](/mw/index.php?title=DVD&action=edit&redlink=1) has been included with every issue.[6] ### Online edition *Club International* is also sold in digital format. Initially this was via the Paul Raymond [digital newsstand](/mw/index.php?title=Digital_newsstand&action=edit&redlink=1) from 2013 until that website closed. Subsequently it has been available digitally from the publisher's main website.[7] ## See also - [Outline of British pornography](/mw/index.php?title=Outline_of_British_pornography&action=edit&redlink=1) - [Pornography in the United Kingdom](/mw/index.php?title=Pornography_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&redlink=1) ## References [Template:Reflist](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Reflist&action=edit&redlink=1) ## External links - [Official website of *Club International* publishers Paul Raymond Publications](http://www.paulraymond.xxx) - [Official digital newsstand of Paul Raymond Publications](http://www.digitalmagazines.xxx) – now closed [Template:British pornography](/mw/index.php?title=Template:British_pornography&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. ↑ [1.0](#cite_ref-C4TRPR_1-0) [1.1](#cite_ref-C4TRPR_1-1) [1.2](#cite_ref-C4TRPR_1-2) [Template:Cite web](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_web&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-2) [Template:Cite journal](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_journal&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-3) Marcus Collins, "The Pornography of Permissiveness", *[History Workshop Journal](/mw/index.php?title=History_Workshop_Journal&action=edit&redlink=1)* 1999(47):99-120 [Template:Doi](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Doi&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-observer_4-0) [Template:Cite news](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_news&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-5) [Template:Cite news](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_news&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-mediapack_6-0) [Template:Cite web](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_web&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-7) [Template:Cite web](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_web&action=edit&redlink=1) # Mia Scerri URL: https://mediated.wiki/wiki/page_0071 Last updated: 2026-07-16T06:17:42.503Z [Template:Short description](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Short_description&action=edit&redlink=1) [Template:Infobox sportsperson](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Infobox_sportsperson&action=edit&redlink=1) **Mia Scerri** (born 26 March 2005) is an Australian multi-event athlete. She won the [heptathlon](/mw/index.php?title=Heptathlon&action=edit&redlink=1) title at the [Australian Athletics Championships](/mw/index.php?title=Australian_Athletics_Championships&action=edit&redlink=1) in 2026.[1] ## Biography From Victoria, Scerri won Australian age-group combined events titles at under-15 level in 2019 and under-16 level in 2020.[2] A student at [Monash University](/mw/index.php?title=Monash_University&action=edit&redlink=1) in Melbourne, Scerri set a personal best in the [heptathlon](/mw/index.php?title=Heptathlon&action=edit&redlink=1) of 5537 points in April 2023. She placed twelfth overall in the heptathlon at the delayed [2021 Summer World University Games](/mw/index.php?title=2021_Summer_World_University_Games&action=edit&redlink=1) held in August 2023 in [Chengdu](/mw/index.php?title=Chengdu&action=edit&redlink=1), China, with 5531 points.[3] Scerri won the heptathlon at the [2023 Pacific Games](/mw/index.php?title=2023_Pacific_Games&action=edit&redlink=1), setting a new championship record and personal best of 5624 points.[4][5] The following year, as an 18-year-old, Scerri won the Australian under-20 heptathlon title with a score of 5429 points.[6] She was selected to compete for Australia at the [2024 World Athletics U20 Championships](/mw/index.php?title=2024_World_Athletics_U20_Championships&action=edit&redlink=1) in [Lima](/mw/index.php?title=Lima&action=edit&redlink=1), Peru, and was lying third overall with one event to go, before ultimately placing fourth overall, 51 points behind the bronze medal on 5550 points.[7][8][9] In July 2025, she competed for Australia at the [2025 Summer World University Games](/mw/index.php?title=2025_Summer_World_University_Games&action=edit&redlink=1), finishing ninth overall with 5651 points.[10][11] In April 2026, Scerri produced her biggest day-one score to lead compatriots [Tori West](/mw/index.php?title=Tori_West&action=edit&redlink=1) and [Camryn Newton-Smith](/mw/index.php?title=Camryn_Newton-Smith&action=edit&redlink=1) after four events at the senior Australian Athletics Championships, jumping a career-best 1.81m in the high jump and setting a personal best 14.69m in the shot put to finish the day on 3783 points, a lead of 114 points. The following day she was crowned senior Australian champion for the first time, scoring 6175 points and setting personal bests in five of the seven events.[12][13][14] ## References [Template:Reflist](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Reflist&action=edit&redlink=1) [Template:Authority control](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Authority_control&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-1) [Template:Cite web](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_web&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-2) [Template:Cite web](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_web&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-3) [Template:Cite web](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_web&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-4) [Template:Cite web](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_web&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-5) [Template:Cite web](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_web&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-6) [Template:Cite web](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_web&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-7) [Template:Cite web](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_web&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-8) [Template:Cite web](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_web&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-9) [Template:Cite web](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_web&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-10) [Template:Cite web](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_web&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-11) [Template:Cite web](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_web&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-12) [Template:Cite web](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_web&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-13) [Template:Cite web](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_web&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-14) [Template:Cite web](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_web&action=edit&redlink=1) # Piang Luang URL: https://mediated.wiki/wiki/page_0072 Last updated: 2026-07-16T14:13:12.853Z [Template:Infobox settlement](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Infobox_settlement&action=edit&redlink=1) **Piang Luang** ([Template:Langx](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Langx&action=edit&redlink=1)) is a *[tambon](/mw/index.php?title=Tambon&action=edit&redlink=1)* (subdistrict) of [Wiang Haeng District](/mw/index.php?title=Wiang_Haeng_District&action=edit&redlink=1), in [Chiang Mai Province](/mw/index.php?title=Chiang_Mai_Province&action=edit&redlink=1), [Thailand](/mw/index.php?title=Thailand&action=edit&redlink=1).[1][Template:Failed verification](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Failed_verification&action=edit&redlink=1) In 2005 it had a population of 16,757 people. The *tambon* contains nine villages. The town lies near the border with [Shan State](/mw/index.php?title=Shan_State&action=edit&redlink=1), [Burma](/mw/index.php?title=Burma&action=edit&redlink=1).[2] From the 1960s to the 1980s, it was the headquarters of the [Shan United Revolutionary Army](/mw/index.php?title=Shan_United_Revolutionary_Army&action=edit&redlink=1). ## References [Template:Reflist](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Reflist&action=edit&redlink=1) [Template:ChiangMai-geo-stub](/mw/index.php?title=Template:ChiangMai-geo-stub&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-1) [Thaitambon.com](http://www.thaitambon.com/) [Template:Webarchive](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Webarchive&action=edit&redlink=1), Accessed April 30, 2010 [Template:In lang](/mw/index.php?title=Template:In_lang&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-Walker2009_2-0) [Template:Cite book](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_book&action=edit&redlink=1) # Slavery in India URL: https://mediated.wiki/source/Slavery_in_India Last updated: 2026-07-16T14:21:08.946Z **Slavery in India** has included changing forms of captivity, sale, household servitude, agricultural dependence, and coerced labor across different regions and periods. Sanskrit, Persian, Arabic, and vernacular sources used terms whose meanings did not always correspond to Atlantic chattel slavery. War captivity, debt, famine, birth, punishment, and household dependence could all produce unfree status. Enslaved people also moved through Indian Ocean networks into and out of South Asia. Caste and slavery were not identical institutions. Caste organized inherited social rank, occupation, marriage, and exclusion in highly varied ways, while slavery generally involved a more direct claim over a person's labor, movement, or legal status. The two could nevertheless intersect: inherited stigma, lack of land, and debt could make some communities particularly vulnerable to compulsory or bonded labor. Under British rule, Act V of 1843—often called the Indian Slavery Act—ended official recognition and court enforcement of many claims treating people as property. It did not amount to a single, immediate emancipation of every dependent laborer across the subcontinent. Bonded labor, caste-bound service, household dependency, and agrarian attachment continued under other legal and social categories. This distinction is important when using 1843 as an abolition date. Modern Indian law separately prohibits trafficking and forced labor. The [Constitution of India](https://legislative.gov.in/constitution-of-india/) prohibits traffic in human beings and *begar* or similar forced labor in Article 23, while the [Bonded Labour System (Abolition) Act, 1976](https://www.indiacode.nic.in/handle/123456789/1491?view_type=browse) abolished bonded labor obligations. India has also ratified the International Labour Organization's [Forced Labour Convention](https://normlex.ilo.org/dyn/nrmlx_en/f?p=NORMLEXPUB:12100:0::NO::P12100_ILO_CODE:C029). These later measures address forms of coercion that should not be treated as simple continuations of every earlier slave status. # Slavery in Ghana URL: https://mediated.wiki/wiki/page_0074 Last updated: 2026-07-16T14:24:03.200Z **Slavery in Ghana** refers to systems of enslavement in the societies of the Gold Coast and to their legal abolition under colonial rule. It included both the export of captives through the Atlantic trade and the use of enslaved people within African states and households. ## Atlantic and internal systems From the seventeenth through the nineteenth centuries, warfare, tribute, judicial enslavement, debt, and kidnapping made people vulnerable to sale. Coastal forts connected some captives to the [Transatlantic slave trade](/mw/index.php/Transatlantic_slave_trade), while others remained in the region. In the Asante state, enslaved people performed agricultural, household, craft, transport, military, and state work. Their circumstances varied: some were incorporated into households or gained influence, while others remained exposed to resale, inherited stigma, or ritual killing. This variety did not remove the central fact that enslavers controlled their labor and ability to leave. ## Abolition British colonial ordinances abolished the legal status of slavery in the coastal Gold Coast colony in 1874. Abolition was not simply an idea imposed on a silent population: Fante newspapers, political associations, and intellectuals had debated domestic slavery, compensation, land, and labor before the ordinance. Nor did one law instantly end dependency. Colonial jurisdiction expanded unevenly into protectorate and northern territories, and former slaves often had to turn formal freedom into practical exit themselves. Ghana's history therefore illustrates the difference between ending legal ownership and ending coercive social relations. Later forced labor, trafficking, and domestic servitude should be studied as related forms of exploitation without assuming that each was legally identical to chattel slavery. ## External links - [SlaveVoyages: databases on the Atlantic slave trades](https://www.slavevoyages.org/) - [Antislavery in Domestic Legislation: Ghana](https://antislaverylaw.ac.uk/country/ghana/) - [1926 Slavery Convention, Office of the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights](https://www.ohchr.org/en/instruments-mechanisms/instruments/slavery-convention) # Nino Žugelj URL: https://mediated.wiki/wiki/page_0075 Last updated: 2026-07-18T06:11:28.454Z [Template:Short description](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Short_description&action=edit&redlink=1) [Template:Use dmy dates](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Use_dmy_dates&action=edit&redlink=1) [Template:Infobox football biography](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Infobox_football_biography&action=edit&redlink=1) **Nino Žugelj** (born 23 May 2000) is a Slovenian professional [footballer](/mw/index.php?title=Association_football&action=edit&redlink=1) who plays as a [winger](/mw/index.php?title=Winger_(association_football)&action=edit&redlink=1) for [Allsvenskan](/mw/index.php?title=Allsvenskan&action=edit&redlink=1) side [Djurgårdens IF](/mw/index.php?title=Djurg%C3%A5rdens_IF_Fotboll&action=edit&redlink=1) and the [Slovenia national team](/mw/index.php?title=Slovenia_national_football_team&action=edit&redlink=1). ## Contents - [1 Club career](#Club_career) - [2 Career statistics](#Career_statistics) - [3 Honours](#Honours) - [4 References](#References) - [5 External links](#External_links) ## Club career Žugelj made his senior debut for [Maribor](/mw/index.php?title=NK_Maribor&action=edit&redlink=1) on 23 February 2019 in the [Slovenian PrvaLiga](/mw/index.php?title=Slovenian_PrvaLiga&action=edit&redlink=1) match against [Mura](/mw/index.php?title=N%C5%A0_Mura&action=edit&redlink=1),[1] before spending time on loan at [Drava Ptuj](/mw/index.php?title=NK_Drava_Ptuj_(2004)&action=edit&redlink=1) and [Bravo](/mw/index.php?title=NK_Bravo&action=edit&redlink=1). He scored his first goal for Maribor on 8 July 2021 against [Urartu](/mw/index.php?title=FC_Urartu&action=edit&redlink=1) in the [UEFA Europa Conference League qualifiers](/mw/index.php?title=2021%E2%80%9322_UEFA_Europa_Conference_League_qualifying_phase_and_play-off_round_(Main_Path)&action=edit&redlink=1).[2] On 1 August 2022, Žugelj joined [Eliteserien](/mw/index.php?title=Eliteserien&action=edit&redlink=1) side [Bodø/Glimt](/mw/index.php?title=FK_Bod%C3%B8/Glimt&action=edit&redlink=1) for a reported transfer fee of around €700,000.[3] On 5 February 2025, he joined [Allsvenskan](/mw/index.php?title=Allsvenskan&action=edit&redlink=1) team [Djurgårdens IF](/mw/index.php?title=Djurg%C3%A5rdens_IF_Fotboll&action=edit&redlink=1) on a four-year contract.[4] ## Career statistics [Template:Updated](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Updated&action=edit&redlink=1)[5][6] Appearances and goals by club, season and competition Club Season League National cup Continental Total Division Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Maribor 2018–19 Slovenian PrvaLiga 3 0 0 0 — 3 0 2019–20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2021–22 29 4 1 0 4 2 34 6 2022–23 1 1 0 0 4 0 5 1 Total 33 5 1 0 8 2 42 7 Drava Ptuj (loan) 2019–20 Slovenian Second League 1 0 — — 1 0 Bravo (loan) 2020–21 Slovenian PrvaLiga 18 0 1 0 — 19 0 Bodø/Glimt 2022 Eliteserien 7 1 0 0 1 1 8 2 2023 12 2 6 5 7 0 25 7 2024 14 3 2 0 3 0 19 3 2025 0 0 0 0 2 0 2 0 Total 33 6 8 5 13 1 54 12 Djurgården 2025 Allsvenskan 7 1 3 1 3 0 13 2 2026 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Total 7 1 3 1 3 0 13 2 Career total 92 12 13 6 24 3 129 21 ## Honours **Maribor** - [Slovenian PrvaLiga](/mw/index.php?title=Slovenian_PrvaLiga&action=edit&redlink=1): [2018–19](/mw/index.php?title=2018%E2%80%9319_Slovenian_PrvaLiga&action=edit&redlink=1), [2021–22](/mw/index.php?title=2021%E2%80%9322_Slovenian_PrvaLiga&action=edit&redlink=1)[5] **Bodø/Glimt** - [Eliteserien](/mw/index.php?title=Eliteserien&action=edit&redlink=1): [2023](/mw/index.php?title=2023_Eliteserien&action=edit&redlink=1), [2024](/mw/index.php?title=2024_Eliteserien&action=edit&redlink=1)[5] ## References [Template:Reflist](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Reflist&action=edit&redlink=1) ## External links - [Nino Žugelj](https://www.nzs.si/tekmovanja/?action=igralecStat&id_igralca=74626) at [NZS](/mw/index.php?title=Football_Association_of_Slovenia&action=edit&redlink=1) [Template:In lang](/mw/index.php?title=Template:In_lang&action=edit&redlink=1) [Template:Djurgårdens IF Fotboll squad](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Djurg%C3%A5rdens_IF_Fotboll_squad&action=edit&redlink=1) [Template:Slovenia squad UEFA Euro 2024](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Slovenia_squad_UEFA_Euro_2024&action=edit&redlink=1) [Template:Slovenia-footy-bio-stub](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Slovenia-footy-bio-stub&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-1) [Template:Cite web](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_web&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-2) [Template:Cite web](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_web&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-3) [Template:Cite web](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_web&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-4) [Template:Cite web](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_web&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. ↑ [5.0](#cite_ref-soccerway_5-0) [5.1](#cite_ref-soccerway_5-1) [5.2](#cite_ref-soccerway_5-2) [Template:Cite web](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_web&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-6) [Template:Cite web](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_web&action=edit&redlink=1) # Slavery in Nigeria URL: https://mediated.wiki/source/Slavery_in_Nigeria Last updated: 2026-07-18T13:33:00.975Z **Slavery in Nigeria** included several distinct systems rather than a single national institution. Before colonial rule, captives and people of inherited servile status worked in households, agriculture, trade, administration, and other roles across the region. In the nineteenth-century [Sokoto Caliphate](/mw/index.php?title=Sokoto_Caliphate&action=edit&redlink=1), slavery became especially important to agrarian production and elite households. Estimates of the enslaved population vary substantially, and local status and living conditions were not uniform. The end of legal slavery was also uneven. In southern Nigeria, colonial legislation in 1901 weakened slave status partly by reclassifying people as members of a household. In Northern Nigeria, Frederick Lugard's 1901 proclamation withdrew legal recognition from slave ownership and declared children born after 1 April 1901 free. British conquest of Sokoto in 1903 extended colonial authority over a major slaveholding society, but officials avoided immediate universal emancipation because they prioritized political order, taxation, and cooperation with existing elites. As a result, legal change did not instantly dissolve household and agrarian dependency. Enslaved people used flight, negotiation, and the weakening of owners' legal claims to pursue freedom, while some relationships of dependence persisted. The Nigerian case therefore illustrates the difference between abolishing a legal property claim and making practical exit possible. ## Further reading - Paul E. Lovejoy and Jan S. Hogendorn, *Slow Death for Slavery: The Course of Abolition in Northern Nigeria, 1897–1936* (Cambridge University Press, 1993). - [Antislavery in Domestic Legislation: Nigeria](https://antislaverylaw.ac.uk/country/nigeria/), University of Nottingham. # Bruce Squires URL: https://mediated.wiki/source/Bruce_Squires Last updated: 2026-07-18T14:15:49.379Z [Template:Short description](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Short_description&action=edit&redlink=1) **Bruce Willmarth Squires** (January 21, 1910, [Berkeley, California](/mw/index.php?title=Berkeley,_California&action=edit&redlink=1) – May 8, 1981, [North Hollywood, California](/mw/index.php?title=North_Hollywood,_California&action=edit&redlink=1)) was an American swing jazz trombonist.[1] From 1935 to 1937 he was a member of the [Ben Pollack](/mw/index.php?title=Ben_Pollack&action=edit&redlink=1) band.[1] As Dean and His Kids, they recorded "Spreadin' Knowledge Around/Zoom Zoom Zoom" ([Vocalion](/mw/index.php?title=Vocalion_Records&action=edit&redlink=1) 1936).[1] Following this he worked with [Jimmy Dorsey](/mw/index.php?title=Jimmy_Dorsey&action=edit&redlink=1) (1937–38), [Gene Krupa](/mw/index.php?title=Gene_Krupa&action=edit&redlink=1) (1938–39), [Benny Goodman](/mw/index.php?title=Benny_Goodman&action=edit&redlink=1) (1939), [Harry James](/mw/index.php?title=Harry_James&action=edit&redlink=1) (1939–40), [Freddie Slack](/mw/index.php?title=Freddie_Slack&action=edit&redlink=1) (1940–41), and [Bob Crosby](/mw/index.php?title=Bob_Crosby&action=edit&redlink=1) (1942).[1] He was a studio musician after World War II and worked in music for the next three decades.[1] ## References **Footnotes** [Template:Reflist](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Reflist&action=edit&redlink=1) **General references** - [John Chilton](/mw/index.php?title=John_Chilton&action=edit&redlink=1), *Who's Who of Jazz*. Da Capo Press, 1985. [Template:Authority control](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Authority_control&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. ↑ [1.0](#cite_ref-New_Grove_1-0) [1.1](#cite_ref-New_Grove_1-1) [1.2](#cite_ref-New_Grove_1-2) [1.3](#cite_ref-New_Grove_1-3) [1.4](#cite_ref-New_Grove_1-4) [Template:Cite book](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_book&action=edit&redlink=1) # Nancy Hopkins (aviator) URL: https://mediated.wiki/wiki/page_0078 Last updated: 2026-07-18T22:20:37.554Z [Template:Short description](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Short_description&action=edit&redlink=1) [Template:More citations needed](/mw/index.php?title=Template:More_citations_needed&action=edit&redlink=1) [Template:Infobox person](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Infobox_person&action=edit&redlink=1) **Nancy Hopkins Tier** (May 16, 1909 – January 15, 1997) was an American aviator. She was the president of the [International Women's Air and Space Museum](/mw/index.php?title=International_Women%27s_Air_%26_Space_Museum&action=edit&redlink=1) and a member of [United Flying Octogenarians](/mw/index.php?title=United_Flying_Octogenarians&action=edit&redlink=1). ## Contents - [1 Early life](#Early_life) - [2 Career](#Career) - [3 Personal life](#Personal_life) - [4 Timeline](#Timeline) - [5 References](#References) - [6 Further reading](#Further_reading) - [7 External links](#External_links) ## Early life She was born as **Nancy Hopkins** on May 16, 1909 in [Washington, D.C.](/mw/index.php?title=Washington,_D.C.&action=edit&redlink=1) Her father was Alfred Francis Hopkins I (1879–1955), who was born in [Wayne, Pennsylvania](/mw/index.php?title=Wayne,_Pennsylvania&action=edit&redlink=1) and worked as an antique salesman. Alfred was said to be related to the Hopkins family that founded [Johns Hopkins University](/mw/index.php?title=Johns_Hopkins_University&action=edit&redlink=1); Alfred's father was from Maryland, and his mother from Maine. Nancy's mother was Anne DeWolf Gibson (1877–1963). Nancy had a brother, Alfred Francis Hopkins II (1914–1988), an illustrator, and two sisters, Frances and Betty. She was a niece of Lady [Nancy Astor](/mw/index.php?title=Nancy_Astor&action=edit&redlink=1), and her uncle, [Charles Dana Gibson](/mw/index.php?title=Charles_Dana_Gibson&action=edit&redlink=1) (1867–1944), was the creator of the [Gibson Girl](/mw/index.php?title=Gibson_Girl&action=edit&redlink=1). ## Career In November 1927 she had her first flight from [Hoover Field](/mw/index.php?title=Hoover_Field&action=edit&redlink=1) in [Arlington, Virginia](/mw/index.php?title=Arlington,_Virginia&action=edit&redlink=1), and in 1929 she received limited commercial license #5889 at Roosevelt Field in New York. In 1930 she listed her occupation as "aviation air pilot". That same year her father was working as an "antique salesman", and her mother was not listed as living in the household. In 1930, she entered the [Women's Dixie Derby](/mw/index.php?title=Women%27s_Dixie_Derby&action=edit&redlink=1), a 2,000-mile air race from [Washington, District of Columbia](/mw/index.php?title=Washington,_D.C.&action=edit&redlink=1), to [Chicago, Illinois](/mw/index.php?title=Chicago,_Illinois&action=edit&redlink=1). She flew her Viking Kitty Hawk B4 biplane, NC30V. That same year she was one of four women in the 5,000-mile [Ford National Reliability Air Tour](/mw/index.php?title=Ford_National_Reliability_Air_Tour&action=edit&redlink=1), and the only woman pilot. During a flight in the winter of 1931, her plane entered a [flat spin](/mw/index.php?title=Flat_spin_(aviation)&action=edit&redlink=1) and nearly crashed. She climbed out of the cockpit preparing to parachute, but her weight on the wing tilted the aircraft enough to take her out of the spin. She climbed back into the cockpit and regained control at 200 feet.[Template:Citation needed](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Citation_needed&action=edit&redlink=1)[1] This led to a job at Viking as a spokeswoman. In 1931 she also received her transport license. She participated in several air races including: - 1930 Ford Reliability Tour - 1930 Women's Dixie Derby - 1932 Meridien Aviation Pylon Race - 1971 New England Air Race Hopkins joined the Connecticut [Civil Air Patrol](/mw/index.php?title=Civil_Air_Patrol&action=edit&redlink=1) in 1942 and rose to the rank of Colonel. ## Personal life She married Irving Vanderroest Tier (1902–1978) on February 24, 1931 in Connecticut.[2] Hopkins died in [Sharon, Connecticut](/mw/index.php?title=Sharon,_Connecticut&action=edit&redlink=1) on January 15, 1997. ## Timeline [Template:Prose](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Prose&action=edit&redlink=1) [Template:Div col](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Div_col&action=edit&redlink=1) - 1909 Birth - 1927 First flight from Hoover Field in Arlington, Virginia - 1929 Limited commercial license #5889 at Roosevelt Field, New York - 1929 Charter member of [Ninety-Nines](/mw/index.php?title=Ninety-Nines&action=edit&redlink=1) - 1930 [Ford National Reliability Air Tour](/mw/index.php?title=Ford_National_Reliability_Air_Tour&action=edit&redlink=1) - 1930 Women's Dixie Derby - 1931 Transport license - 1931 Marriage - 1931 Plane in a spin - 1931 Connecticut Speed Champion - 1932 Meridien Aviation Pylon Race - 1933 Flew coast to coast - 1942 [Civil Air Patrol](/mw/index.php?title=Civil_Air_Patrol&action=edit&redlink=1) - 1963 Flew the first day covers for the Amelia Earhart stamp from Atchison to New York City - 1971 New England Air Race - 1976 C.W. Post University award - 1983 [Wings Club](/mw/index.php?title=Wings_Club&action=edit&redlink=1) award - 1986 President of the [International Women's Air and Space Museum](/mw/index.php?title=International_Women%27s_Air_and_Space_Museum&action=edit&redlink=1) - 1992 Pioneer Women in Aviation Hall of Fame - 1992 (circa) Honorary member of US Air Force's 38th Strategic Missile Wing - 1994 resigns as president of the [International Women's Air and Space Museum](/mw/index.php?title=International_Women%27s_Air_and_Space_Museum&action=edit&redlink=1) - 1997 Death [Template:Div col end](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Div_col_end&action=edit&redlink=1) ## References [Template:Reflist](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Reflist&action=edit&redlink=1) ## Further reading - George Vecsey and George C. Dade; *Getting off the Ground* - New York Times; August 29, 1930, page 03; "Lindberghs hailed by air race crowd" ## External links - [Nancy Hopkins](http://www.earlyaviators.com/etier.htm) at Early Aviators - [National Air Tour website](http://www.nationalairtour.org) [Template:Authority control](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Authority_control&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-1) [Template:Cite news](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_news&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-2) [Template:Cite news](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_news&action=edit&redlink=1) # Ev'ry Heart Should Have One URL: https://mediated.wiki/source/Ev'ry_Heart_Should_Have_One Last updated: 2026-07-19T06:12:50.093Z [Template:Infobox song](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Infobox_song&action=edit&redlink=1) "**Ev'ry Heart Should Have One**" is a song written by Bill Shore and [Byron Gallimore](/mw/index.php?title=Byron_Gallimore&action=edit&redlink=1), and recorded by American [country music](/mw/index.php?title=Country_music&action=edit&redlink=1) artist [Charley Pride](/mw/index.php?title=Charley_Pride&action=edit&redlink=1). It was released in September 1983 as the second single from his album *[Night Games](/mw/index.php?title=Night_Games_(album)&action=edit&redlink=1)*. The song peaked at number 2 on the *[Billboard](/mw/index.php?title=Billboard_(magazine)&action=edit&redlink=1)* [Hot Country Singles](/mw/index.php?title=Hot_Country_Songs&action=edit&redlink=1) chart.[1] ## Contents - [1 Music video](#Music_video) - [2 Chart performance](#Chart_performance) - [3 See also](#See_also) - [4 References](#References) ## Music video A video was produced for the song and was directed by [Robert Small](/mw/index.php?title=Robert_Small_(producer)&action=edit&redlink=1).[2] ## Chart performance [Template:Singlechart](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Singlechart&action=edit&redlink=1) Chart (1983–1984) Peak position Canadian RPM Country Tracks 7 ## See also - [Charley Pride](/mw/index.php?title=Charley_Pride&action=edit&redlink=1) ## References [Template:Reflist](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Reflist&action=edit&redlink=1) [Template:Charley Pride singles](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Charley_Pride_singles&action=edit&redlink=1) [Template:Authority control](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Authority_control&action=edit&redlink=1) [Template:1983-country-song-stub](/mw/index.php?title=Template:1983-country-song-stub&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-1) [Template:Cite web](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_web&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-2) [Template:Cite magazine](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_magazine&action=edit&redlink=1) # Watt (disambiguation) URL: https://mediated.wiki/source/Watt_(disambiguation) Last updated: 2026-07-19T14:17:49.878Z [Template:Wiktionary](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Wiktionary&action=edit&redlink=1) The **[watt](/mw/index.php?title=Watt&action=edit&redlink=1)** is a unit of power named after Scottish engineer James Watt. **Watt** or **WATT** may also refer to: [Template:TOC right](/mw/index.php?title=Template:TOC_right&action=edit&redlink=1) ## Contents - [1 People](#People) - [2 Places](#Places) - [3 Arts and entertainment](#Arts_and_entertainment) - [4 Other uses](#Other_uses) - [5 See also](#See_also) ## People - [Watt (surname)](/mw/index.php?title=Watt_(surname)&action=edit&redlink=1), a surname (including a list of people with the name) - [Watt of Sussex](/mw/index.php?title=Watt_of_Sussex&action=edit&redlink=1), Anglo-Saxon king of Sussex who ruled between about AD 692 and 725 - [Watt Hobt](/mw/index.php?title=Watt_Hobt&action=edit&redlink=1) (1893–1963), American college football and basketball coach - [Watt Sam](/mw/index.php?title=Watt_Sam&action=edit&redlink=1) (1876–1944), Native American/Natchez storyteller and cultural historian - [Watt W. Webb](/mw/index.php?title=Watt_W._Webb&action=edit&redlink=1) (1927–2020), American biophysicist - [Watt Key](/mw/index.php?title=Watt_Key&action=edit&redlink=1), a pen name of American fiction author Albert Watkins Key, Jr. (born 1970) ## Places - [Watt, California](/mw/index.php?title=Watt,_California&action=edit&redlink=1), US, a former town in Madera County - [Morne Watt](/mw/index.php?title=Morne_Watt&action=edit&redlink=1) or Watt Mountain, Dominica - [Mount Watt](/mw/index.php?title=Mount_Watt&action=edit&redlink=1), Victoria Land, Antarctica - [Watt Bay](/mw/index.php?title=Watt_Bay&action=edit&redlink=1), George V Land, Antarctica - [Watt (crater)](/mw/index.php?title=Watt_(crater)&action=edit&redlink=1), a crater on the Moon ## Arts and entertainment - [*Watt* (album)](/mw/index.php?title=Watt_(album)&action=edit&redlink=1), an album by the English blues rock band Ten Years After - [*Watt* (novel)](/mw/index.php?title=Watt_(novel)&action=edit&redlink=1), a book by Samuel Beckett ## Other uses - [WATT System](/mw/index.php?title=WATT_System&action=edit&redlink=1), technology for charging electric vehicles - [Watt Library](/mw/index.php?title=Watt_Library&action=edit&redlink=1), Greenock, Scotland - [El Tari International Airport](/mw/index.php?title=El_Tari_International_Airport&action=edit&redlink=1) (ICAO code: WATT), East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia - [WATT](/mw/index.php?title=WATT&action=edit&redlink=1), an AM radio station in Cadillac, Michigan, US - [Template:Ship](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Ship&action=edit&redlink=1), a French Navy submarine commissioned in 1910 and stricken in 1919 ## See also - [Watt balance](/mw/index.php?title=Watt_balance&action=edit&redlink=1), the former name of the Kibble balance, an electromechanical device for measuring weight - [Watt & Shand](/mw/index.php?title=Watt_%26_Shand&action=edit&redlink=1), a former department store in Lancaster, Pennsylvania, US - [WAT (disambiguation)](/mw/index.php?title=WAT_(disambiguation)&action=edit&redlink=1) - [WATS (disambiguation)](/mw/index.php?title=WATS_(disambiguation)&action=edit&redlink=1) - [Watts (disambiguation)](/mw/index.php?title=Watts_(disambiguation)&action=edit&redlink=1) - [What (disambiguation)](/mw/index.php?title=What_(disambiguation)&action=edit&redlink=1) - [Wot (disambiguation)](/mw/index.php?title=Wot_(disambiguation)&action=edit&redlink=1) [Template:Disambiguation](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Disambiguation&action=edit&redlink=1) # UPP1 URL: https://mediated.wiki/source/UPP1 Last updated: 2026-07-19T22:12:51.855Z [Template:Short description](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Short_description&action=edit&redlink=1) [Template:Infobox gene](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Infobox_gene&action=edit&redlink=1) **Uridine phosphorylase 1** is an [enzyme](/mw/index.php?title=Enzyme&action=edit&redlink=1) that in humans is encoded by the *UPP1* [gene](/mw/index.php?title=Gene&action=edit&redlink=1).[1][2][3] It belongs to the [uridine phosphorylase](/mw/index.php?title=Uridine_phosphorylase&action=edit&redlink=1) enzyme family. ## Contents - [1 Interactions](#Interactions) - [2 Interactive pathway map](#Interactive_pathway_map) - [3 References](#References) - [4 Further reading](#Further_reading) - [5 External links](#External_links) ## Interactions UPP1 has been shown to [interact](/mw/index.php?title=Protein-protein_interaction&action=edit&redlink=1) with [Vimentin](/mw/index.php?title=Vimentin&action=edit&redlink=1).[4] ## Interactive pathway map [Template:FluoropyrimidineActivity WP1601](/mw/index.php?title=Template:FluoropyrimidineActivity_WP1601&action=edit&redlink=1) ## References [Template:Reflist](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Reflist&action=edit&redlink=1) ## Further reading [Template:Refbegin](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Refbegin&action=edit&redlink=1) - [Template:Cite journal](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_journal&action=edit&redlink=1) - [Template:Cite journal](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_journal&action=edit&redlink=1) - [Template:Cite journal](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_journal&action=edit&redlink=1) - [Template:Cite journal](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_journal&action=edit&redlink=1) - [Template:Cite journal](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_journal&action=edit&redlink=1) - [Template:Cite journal](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_journal&action=edit&redlink=1) - [Template:Cite journal](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_journal&action=edit&redlink=1) - [Template:Cite journal](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_journal&action=edit&redlink=1) [Template:Refend](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Refend&action=edit&redlink=1) ## External links - [PDBe-KB](https://www.ebi.ac.uk/pdbe/pdbe-kb/proteins/Q16831) provides an overview of all the structure information available in the PDB for Human Uridine phosphorylase 1 (UPP1) [Template:Gene-7-stub](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Gene-7-stub&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-pmid752472_1-0) [Template:Cite journal](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_journal&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-pmid11807789_2-0) [Template:Cite journal](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_journal&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-entrez_3-0) [Template:Cite web](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_web&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-pmid11278417_4-0) [Template:Cite journal](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_journal&action=edit&redlink=1) # Sperm motility URL: https://mediated.wiki/wiki/page_0082 Last updated: 2026-07-20T06:14:14.787Z [Template:Short description](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Short_description&action=edit&redlink=1) [File:Human sperm under microscope.webm](/mw/index.php/File:Human_sperm_under_microscope.webm) Video of human sperm cells moving under a microscope **Sperm motility** describes the ability of [sperm](/mw/index.php?title=Sperm&action=edit&redlink=1) to move properly through the female reproductive tract ([internal fertilization](/mw/index.php?title=Internal_fertilization&action=edit&redlink=1)) or through water ([external fertilization](/mw/index.php?title=External_fertilization&action=edit&redlink=1)) to reach the [egg](/mw/index.php?title=Ovum&action=edit&redlink=1). Sperm motility can also be thought of as the *[quality](/mw/index.php?title=Semen_quality&action=edit&redlink=1)*, which is a factor in successful [conception](/mw/index.php?title=Fertilisation&action=edit&redlink=1); sperm that do not "swim" properly will not reach the egg in order to [fertilize](/mw/index.php?title=Fertilisation&action=edit&redlink=1) it. Sperm motility in mammals also facilitates the passage of the sperm through the [cumulus oophorus](/mw/index.php?title=Cumulus_oophorus&action=edit&redlink=1) (a layer of cells) and the [zona pellucida](/mw/index.php?title=Zona_pellucida&action=edit&redlink=1) (a layer of [extracellular matrix](/mw/index.php?title=Extracellular_matrix&action=edit&redlink=1)), which surround the mammalian [oocyte](/mw/index.php?title=Oocyte&action=edit&redlink=1). In the wood mouse *Apodemus sylvaticus*, sperm aggregate in 'trains' that are better able to fertilize eggs because they are more capable of navigating the viscous environment of the female reproductive tract. The trains move in a sinusoidal motion. Sperm motility is also affected by certain factors released by eggs.[1] Sperm movement is activated by changes in intracellular ion concentration.[2] The changes in ion concentration that provoke motility differ among species. In [marine invertebrates](/mw/index.php?title=Marine_invertebrates&action=edit&redlink=1) and [sea urchins](/mw/index.php?title=Sea_urchin&action=edit&redlink=1), the rise in pH to about 7.2\u20137.6 activates [ATPase](/mw/index.php?title=ATPase&action=edit&redlink=1), which leads to a decrease in intracellular potassium and thus induces membrane [hyperpolarization](/mw/index.php?title=Hyperpolarization_(biology)&action=edit&redlink=1). As a result, sperm movement is activated.[3] The change in cell volume that alters intracellular ion concentration can also contribute to the activation of sperm motility. In some [mammals](/mw/index.php?title=Mammals&action=edit&redlink=1), sperm motility is activated by an increase in pH, calcium ion and [cAMP](/mw/index.php?title=Cyclic_adenosine_monophosphate&action=edit&redlink=1), yet it is suppressed by low pH in the [epididymis](/mw/index.php?title=Epididymis&action=edit&redlink=1). The tail of the sperm - the [flagellum](/mw/index.php?title=Flagellum&action=edit&redlink=1) - confers motility upon the sperm, and has three principal components: 1. a central skeleton constructed of 11 [microtubules](/mw/index.php?title=Microtubule&action=edit&redlink=1) collectively termed the [axoneme](/mw/index.php?title=Axoneme&action=edit&redlink=1) and similar to the equivalent structure found in [cilia](/mw/index.php?title=Cilium&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. a thin cell membrane covering the axoneme 1. mitochondria arranged spirally around the axoneme at the middle-piece Back and forth movement of the tail results from a rhythmical longitudinal sliding motion between the anterior and posterior tubules that make up the axoneme. The energy for this process is supplied by [ATP](/mw/index.php?title=Adenosine_triphosphate&action=edit&redlink=1) produced by mitochondria. The velocity of a sperm in fluid medium is usually 1\u20134 mm/min. This allows the sperm to move towards an [ovum](/mw/index.php?title=Ovum&action=edit&redlink=1) in order to fertilize it. The axoneme is attached at its base to a [centriole](/mw/index.php?title=Centriole&action=edit&redlink=1) known as the distal centriole and acts as a [basal body](/mw/index.php?title=Basal_body&action=edit&redlink=1).[4] In most animals, this distal centriole acts as a shock absorber, preventing the [microtubule](/mw/index.php?title=Microtubule&action=edit&redlink=1) filaments from moving at the axoneme base. In contrast, in mammals, the distal centriole evolved an atypical structure, known as the atypical distal centriole.[5] The atypical centriole is made of splayed [microtubules](/mw/index.php?title=Microtubule&action=edit&redlink=1) organized into left and right sides. During sperm movement, the two sides move relative to each other, helping to shape the waveform of the sperm tail.[5] In mammals, [spermatozoa](/mw/index.php?title=Spermatozoa&action=edit&redlink=1) mature functionally through a process which is known as [capacitation](/mw/index.php?title=Capacitation&action=edit&redlink=1). When spermatozoa reach the isthmic [oviduct](/mw/index.php?title=Oviduct&action=edit&redlink=1), their motility has been reported to be reduced as they attach to epithelium. Near the time of ovulation, hyperactivation occurs. During this process, the flagella move with high curvature and long wavelength.[6] Hyperactivation is initiated by extracellular calcium; however, the factors that regulate the calcium level are unknown.[7] Without technological intervention, a non-motile or abnormally motile sperm will not fertilize an egg. Therefore, the fraction of a sperm population that is motile is widely used as a measure of semen quality. Insufficient sperm motility is a common cause of [subfertility](/mw/index.php?title=Subfertility&action=edit&redlink=1) or [infertility](/mw/index.php?title=Infertility&action=edit&redlink=1). Several measures are available to improve sperm quality. ## Contents - [1 Axoneme movement](#Axoneme_movement) - [2 Sperm DNA damage](#Sperm_DNA_damage) - [3 Sperm Motility and Age](#Sperm_Motility_and_Age) - [4 Classifications of motility](#Classifications_of_motility) - [5 References](#References) - [6 External links](#External_links) ## Axoneme movement Sperm motility is dependent on several metabolic pathways and regulatory mechanisms. The axonemal bend movement is based on the active sliding of axonemal doublet microtubules by the molecular motor dynein, which is divided into an outer and an inner arm. The outer and inner arms play different roles in the production and regulation of flagellar motility: the outer arm increases the beat frequency, while the inner arm is involved in the propulsion and propagation of flagellar bending. The bending of the flagellum is due to subsequent cycles of dynein arm attachment, generation of force and detachment on the B subunit. The binding of the axoneme is the result of a resistance to the microtubule sliding generated by dynein. Dyneins on the two sides of the central pair apparatus are regulated in an opposite way by an activation/deactivation process carried out by the radial spoke\u2013central pair apparatus, which regulates the flagellar bending. Sperm motility is regulated by several pathways, the most important of which are the calcium pathway and the PKA pathway. These pathways involve ions, adenylyl cyclase, cAMP, membrane channels and phosphorylations. The first event is the activation of a *Na*+/HCO3 \u2212 (NBC) co-transporter and the regulation of HCO3 \u2212 /Cl\u2212 by SLC26 transporters, which leads to an increase in HCO3 \u2212 levels. The second event is the activation of an *Na*+/H+ exchanger and of the proton channel Hv-1, which leads to an increase in pH levels. These increases in HCO3 \u2212 and pH levels lead to the activation of the CatSper channel, a sperm-membrane-specific calcium channel. CatSper can also be activated by progesterone and albumin. CatSper, once activated, opens and allows free calcium to enter the cell, with a global increase in intracellular calcium levels. Together, the increase in HCO3 \u2212 , pH and calcium leads to the activation of a soluble adenylyl cyclase (SAC or SACY), which increases the production of cAMP and leads to the activation of PKA, a protein kinase that phosphorylates several tyrosine kinases and produces a phosphorylation cascade that ends with the phosphorylation of the axonemal dynein and the start of flagellar movement.[8] ## Sperm DNA damage Sperm [DNA damage](/mw/index.php?title=DNA_damage_(naturally_occurring)&action=edit&redlink=1) is common in [infertile men](/mw/index.php?title=Male_infertility&action=edit&redlink=1).[9] About 31% of men with sperm motility defects have high levels of sperm [DNA fragmentation](/mw/index.php?title=DNA_fragmentation&action=edit&redlink=1).[10] ## Sperm Motility and Age Sperm motility increases from puberty through one's mid-thirties. Research shows that from the age of 36 onwards, sperm motility decreases from 40% Grade A+B to 31% in one's 50s. The effects of aging on semen quality are summarized below based on a study of 1,219 subjects:[11] Age group (years) Number of subjects (n) Motility (% Grade A+B) [Min-Max] 21-28 57 47.5 \u00b1 25.4 [0-88] 29-35 450 48.1 \u00b1 30.4 [0-95] 36-42 532 40.0 \u00b1 27.1 [0-83] 43-49 165 33.1 \u00b1 25.1 [0-84] 50-60 15 31.3 \u00b1 23.9 [0-59] ## Classifications of motility 1. Rapid progressive motility(\u2265 25 \u03bcm/s) 1. Slow progressive motility(5-25 \u03bcm/s) 1. Non-progressive motility(<5 \u03bcm/s) 1. Non-motile ## References [Template:Reflist](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Reflist&action=edit&redlink=1) ## External links [Template:Commons category](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Commons_category&action=edit&redlink=1) - [Sperm motility, Colorado State University](http://www.vivo.colostate.edu/hbooks/pathphys/reprod/semeneval/motility.html) - [Semen analysis - how to interpret a semen analysis report, Malpani Infertility Clinic](http://drmalpani.com/book/chapter4b.html) - [Sperm count analysis](http://fertilitylistings.com/articles/tests/sperm-count) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-1) [Template:Cite book](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_book&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-2) [Template:Cite journal](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_journal&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-3) [Template:Cite journal](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_journal&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-4) [Template:Cite journal](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_journal&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. ↑ [5.0](#cite_ref-Fishman_et_al_2018_5-0) [5.1](#cite_ref-Fishman_et_al_2018_5-1) [Template:Cite journal](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_journal&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-6) [Template:Cite journal](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_journal&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-7) [Template:Cite book](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_book&action=edit&redlink=1)[Template:ISBN missing](/mw/index.php?title=Template:ISBN_missing&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-8) [Template:Cite journal](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_journal&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-pmid20864101_9-0) [Template:Cite journal](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_journal&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-pmid24566945_10-0) [Template:Cite journal](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_journal&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-11) [Template:Cite journal](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_journal&action=edit&redlink=1) # Slavery in Tunisia URL: https://mediated.wiki/source/Slavery_in_Tunisia Last updated: 2026-07-20T11:28:06.546Z **Slavery in Tunisia** included trans-Saharan and Mediterranean systems of enslavement as well as household and agricultural labor. Enslaved people brought into the Husainid regency included people from sub-Saharan Africa and the Caucasus. Their legal position and lived conditions varied, and manumission coexisted with continuing claims of ownership. ## Abolition Tunisia's abolition was a staged state reform under Ahmad Bey. His government closed the slave market in 1841, ended state fiscal support for slave sales, and adopted additional measures before a decree of January 1846 abolished slavery. The decree made the Regency of Tunis the first polity in the modern Islamic world to formally abolish slavery.[1] The 1846 decree withdrew legal recognition from slaveholding, but it did not immediately erase household dependency or racial and status hierarchies. Tunisia therefore illustrates the distinction between closing a market, abolishing legal status, and making freedom effective in social practice. ## References 1. [↑](#cite_ref-1) [Ismael Musah Montana, “Ahmad Bey's 1846 Istiftāʾ: Its Dual Legislative Framework and Religio-Political Context,” *Law and History Review* 42, no. 1 (2024), pp. 31–48.](https://doi.org/10.1017/S0738248023000573) ## External links - [Antislavery in Domestic Legislation: Tunisia](https://antislaverylaw.ac.uk/country/tunisia/) # Slavery in Senegal URL: https://mediated.wiki/wiki/page_0084 Last updated: 2026-07-20T13:31:52.021Z **Slavery in Senegal** formed part of wider systems of bondage and slave trading in Senegambia and the western Sudan. Captives and people of inherited servile status could be incorporated into households, agriculture, military and political institutions, or commerce. These arrangements varied by place and period and should not be treated as a single uniform institution. France abolished slavery in its colonies in 1848, including the older French settlements in Senegal. That decree did not, however, produce one simultaneous emancipation across the territory of the modern country. During later French expansion into the interior, colonial officials encountered societies in which slavery remained embedded in households and local hierarchies. A 1905 decree for French West Africa attacked the slave trade and withdrew legal recognition from slavery more broadly. Implementation remained uneven. Officials sometimes subordinated antislavery policy to political stability and cooperation with local authorities, while enslaved people pursued freedom through flight, relocation, negotiation, and appeals to the new legal order. Senegal's history therefore illustrates the distinction between metropolitan abolition, the extension of colonial jurisdiction, and practical freedom. It also requires separating slavery from later colonial forced labor, which was coercive but rested on a different legal framework. ## Further reading - Martin A. Klein, *Slavery and Colonial Rule in French West Africa* (Cambridge University Press, 1998). - [Antislavery in Domestic Legislation: Senegal](https://antislaverylaw.ac.uk/country/senegal/), University of Nottingham. # E. Claiborne Robins URL: https://mediated.wiki/wiki/page_0085 Last updated: 2026-07-20T14:14:15.713Z [Template:Short description](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Short_description&action=edit&redlink=1) [Template:Infobox person](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Infobox_person&action=edit&redlink=1) **Edwin Claiborne Robins Sr.** (July 8, 1910 – July 6, 1995) was chief executive of [A.H. Robins](/mw/index.php?title=Wyeth&action=edit&redlink=1) pharmaceutical company and a philanthropist.[1] ## Contents - [1 Early life and education](#Early_life_and_education) - [2 Career](#Career) - [2.1 A.H. Robins](#A.H._Robins) - [2.2 Philanthropy](#Philanthropy) - [3 Death](#Death) - [4 References](#References) - [5 External links](#External_links) ## Early life and education Edwin Claiborne Robins was born July 8, 1910 in [Richmond, Virginia](/mw/index.php?title=Richmond,_Virginia&action=edit&redlink=1). He completed his undergraduate studies at the [University of Richmond](/mw/index.php?title=University_of_Richmond&action=edit&redlink=1) and earned a pharmacy degree from the [Medical College of Virginia](/mw/index.php?title=Medical_College_of_Virginia&action=edit&redlink=1) in 1933.[1] ## Career ### A.H. Robins Robins' grandfather, Albert Hartley Robins, started a drug store in Richmond, Virginia in 1866. Robins joined the family business and expanded A.H. Robins into a Richmond-based multinational that produced products such as [Robitussin](/mw/index.php?title=Robitussin&action=edit&redlink=1) cough syrup and ChapStick lip balm. ### Philanthropy Robins served as a trustee at the [University of Richmond](/mw/index.php?title=University_of_Richmond&action=edit&redlink=1) beginning in 1951. In 1969, when the university faced financial difficulty, he donated $50 million in company stock and $10 million in cash as a challenge grant—then the largest gift ever made to an American university.[2][3][4] The university's executives, headed by then-president [E. Bruce Heilman](/mw/index.php?title=E._Bruce_Heilman&action=edit&redlink=1) and vice president [H. Gerald Quigg](/mw/index.php?title=H._Gerald_Quigg&action=edit&redlink=1), directed the effort,[5] ultimately leading to a $60 million addition to the university's endowment.[6] His support is commemorated through named landmarks such as the [Robins Center](/mw/index.php?title=Robins_Center&action=edit&redlink=1) arena and the E. Claiborne Robins School of Business. Robins and his wife also made contributions to the [Medical College of Virginia](/mw/index.php?title=Medical_College_of_Virginia&action=edit&redlink=1), including nearly $3 million for a health professions building, and funded scholarships at [Virginia Union University](/mw/index.php?title=Virginia_Union_University&action=edit&redlink=1).[1] ## Death Robins died on July 6, 1995 at the age of 84.[1] ## References [Template:Reflist](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Reflist&action=edit&redlink=1) ## External links - [Template:Commons category-inline](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Commons_category-inline&action=edit&redlink=1) [Template:Authority control](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Authority_control&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. ↑ [1.0](#cite_ref-nyt_1-0) [1.1](#cite_ref-nyt_1-1) [1.2](#cite_ref-nyt_1-2) [1.3](#cite_ref-nyt_1-3) [Template:Cite news](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_news&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-2) [Template:Cite web](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_web&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-3) Reuben E. History of the University of Richmond, 1830-1971. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1977. p. 160. 1. [↑](#cite_ref-4) [Template:Cite news](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_news&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-5) E. Bruce Heilman, *An Interruption That Lasted a Lifetime: My First Eighty Years*, AuthorHouse, 2008. 1. [↑](#cite_ref-chron_6-0) [Template:Cite news](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_news&action=edit&redlink=1) # No. 109 Squadron RAF URL: https://mediated.wiki/wiki/page_0086 Last updated: 2026-07-20T22:13:34.067Z [Template:Short description](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Short_description&action=edit&redlink=1) [Template:Use dmy dates](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Use_dmy_dates&action=edit&redlink=1) [Template:Use British English](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Use_British_English&action=edit&redlink=1) [Template:Infobox military unit](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Infobox_military_unit&action=edit&redlink=1) **No. 109 Squadron RAF** was an aircraft squadron of the [Royal Air Force](/mw/index.php?title=Royal_Air_Force&action=edit&redlink=1). ## History The squadron first formed on 1 November 1917 as 109 Squadron Royal Flying Corps at South Carlton and began training on the [de Havilland DH.9](/mw/index.php?title=De_Havilland_DH.9&action=edit&redlink=1) bomber but was disbanded on 19 August 1918 without becoming operational.[1] It was reformed on 10 December 1940 from the **Wireless Intelligence Development Unit** at [RAF Boscombe Down](/mw/index.php?title=RAF_Boscombe_Down&action=edit&redlink=1), operating a variety of aircraft. The main task was to identify German radio beams and to develop methods to jam them; its secondary role was to develop wireless and radar navigation aids for Bomber Command.[2] In 1942 the squadron moved to [RAF Stradishall](/mw/index.php?title=RAF_Stradishall&action=edit&redlink=1) with the twin-engined [de Havilland Mosquito](/mw/index.php?title=De_Havilland_Mosquito&action=edit&redlink=1) light bomber fitted with [Oboe](/mw/index.php?title=Oboe_(navigation)&action=edit&redlink=1) and then, soon after, to [RAF Wyton](/mw/index.php?title=RAF_Wyton&action=edit&redlink=1) where it operated as part of the Pathfinder Force. The use of Oboe was worked out using Mosquitos of 109 Squadron. After four months' work the device was put into service to mark the bomb aim point against Düsseldorf on 1 January 1943.[2] The use of Oboe-equipped Mosquitos to mark targets was crucial to the success of the RAF's campaign against the Ruhr. The squadron continued performing marking duties until the end of the war, including the last raid on Berlin on 21 April 1945. As the war finished it used its accurate navigation equipment to help drop supplies in the Netherlands. The squadron was disbanded on 30 September 1945 at [RAF Little Staughton](/mw/index.php?title=RAF_Little_Staughton&action=edit&redlink=1). It had carried out 5,421 operational sorties with the Mosquito, with the loss of 18 aircraft. On 1 October 1945 it was reformed at [RAF Woodhall Spa](/mw/index.php?title=RAF_Woodhall_Spa&action=edit&redlink=1) still as a Mosquito unit and provided a light bomber force for Bomber Command in the post-war years. It eventually re-equipped with [Canberras](/mw/index.php?title=English_Electric_Canberra&action=edit&redlink=1) and saw action in the [Suez campaign](/mw/index.php?title=Suez_Crisis&action=edit&redlink=1). With the increase of the [V bomber](/mw/index.php?title=V_bomber&action=edit&redlink=1) force the squadron was no longer needed and was finally disbanded on 1 February 1957 at [RAF Binbrook](/mw/index.php?title=RAF_Binbrook&action=edit&redlink=1). ## Aircraft operated Aircraft and dates operated[3] Dates Aircraft Variant Notes 1917–1918 de Havilland DH.9 Single-engined piston biplane bomber 1940–1941 Armstrong Whitworth Whitley V Twin-engined medium bomber 1940–1942 Avro Anson I Twin-engined transport and trainer 1940–1942 Vickers Wellington I Twin-engined medium bomber 1941–1942 Vickers Wellington IC 1942 Avro Lancaster I Four-engined heavy bomber 1942–1945 de Havilland Mosquito IV, IX and XVI Twin-engined light bomber 1945–1948 de Havilland Mosquito XVI 1948–1952 de Havilland Mosquito B35 1952–1954 English Electric Canberra B2 Twin-engined jet light bomber 1954–1957 English Electric Canberra B6 ## References **Notes** [Template:Reflist](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Reflist&action=edit&redlink=1) **Bibliography** [Template:Refbegin](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Refbegin&action=edit&redlink=1) - [Template:Cite book](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_book&action=edit&redlink=1) - [Template:Cite book](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_book&action=edit&redlink=1) - [Template:Cite book](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_book&action=edit&redlink=1) [Template:Refend](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Refend&action=edit&redlink=1) [Template:RAF squadrons](/mw/index.php?title=Template:RAF_squadrons&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-1) [Template:Cite web](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_web&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. ↑ [2.0](#cite_ref-Orbis3876_2-0) [2.1](#cite_ref-Orbis3876_2-1) Orbis (1985), p.2876 1. [↑](#cite_ref-3) Jefford (1988), p.55 # Villaseca URL: https://mediated.wiki/wiki/page_0087 Last updated: 2026-07-21T06:16:03.467Z **Villaseca** may refer to: - [Daniel Villaseca](/mw/index.php?title=Daniel_Villaseca&action=edit&redlink=1) (born 2003), Czech footballer[Template:Citation needed](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Citation_needed&action=edit&redlink=1) - [Marco Villaseca](/mw/index.php?title=Marco_Villaseca&action=edit&redlink=1) (born 1975), Chilean footballer - [Villaseca de Arciel](/mw/index.php?title=Villaseca_de_Arciel&action=edit&redlink=1), a municipality in Castile and León, Spain - [Villaseca de Henares](/mw/index.php?title=Villaseca_de_Henares&action=edit&redlink=1), a municipality in Castile-La Mancha, Spain - [Villaseca de la Sagra](/mw/index.php?title=Villaseca_de_la_Sagra&action=edit&redlink=1), a municipality in Castile-La Mancha, Spain - [Villaseca de Uceda](/mw/index.php?title=Villaseca_de_Uceda&action=edit&redlink=1), a municipality in Castile-La Mancha, Spain ## See also - [Vila-seca](/mw/index.php?title=Vila-seca&action=edit&redlink=1), a municipality of the comarca of Tarragonès, Catalonia, Spain [Template:Disambiguation](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Disambiguation&action=edit&redlink=1) # Knutbühren URL: https://mediated.wiki/wiki/page_0088 Last updated: 2026-07-21T14:15:19.180Z [Template:Multiple issues](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Multiple_issues&action=edit&redlink=1) [Template:Infobox settlement](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Infobox_settlement&action=edit&redlink=1) **Knutbühren** ([Template:IPA](/mw/index.php?title=Template:IPA&action=edit&redlink=1)) is a village in southern [Lower Saxony](/mw/index.php?title=Lower_Saxony&action=edit&redlink=1), [Germany](/mw/index.php?title=Germany&action=edit&redlink=1). It is a western borough of [Göttingen](/mw/index.php?title=G%C3%B6ttingen&action=edit&redlink=1). Administratively, it forms a unit (here, *Ortschaft*) with [Groß Ellershausen](/mw/index.php?title=Gro%C3%9F_Ellershausen&action=edit&redlink=1) and [Hetjershausen](/mw/index.php?title=Hetjershausen&action=edit&redlink=1). There were 129 residents in 2006.[Template:Citation needed](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Citation_needed&action=edit&redlink=1) ## References [Template:Reflist](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Reflist&action=edit&redlink=1) [Template:Coord](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Coord&action=edit&redlink=1) [Template:Authority control](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Authority_control&action=edit&redlink=1) [Template:LowerSaxony-geo-stub](/mw/index.php?title=Template:LowerSaxony-geo-stub&action=edit&redlink=1) # Ilsede URL: https://mediated.wiki/wiki/page_0089 Last updated: 2026-07-21T22:14:25.432Z [Template:Infobox German place](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Infobox_German_place&action=edit&redlink=1) **Ilsede** ([Template:IPA](/mw/index.php?title=Template:IPA&action=edit&redlink=1)) is a [municipality](/mw/index.php?title=Municipalities_of_Germany&action=edit&redlink=1) in the [district of Peine](/mw/index.php?title=Peine_(district)&action=edit&redlink=1), in [Lower Saxony](/mw/index.php?title=Lower_Saxony&action=edit&redlink=1), [Germany](/mw/index.php?title=Germany&action=edit&redlink=1). It is situated on the river [Fuhse](/mw/index.php?title=Fuhse&action=edit&redlink=1), approx. 7 km south of [Peine](/mw/index.php?title=Peine&action=edit&redlink=1), and 20 km west of [Braunschweig](/mw/index.php?title=Braunschweig&action=edit&redlink=1). Ilsede in its present borders was formed in 2015 by merging the municipality of [Lahstedt](/mw/index.php?title=Lahstedt&action=edit&redlink=1) and the former municipality of Ilsede. ## Contents - [1 History](#History) - [2 Municipal subdivisions](#Municipal_subdivisions) - [3 Personalities](#Personalities) - [4 References](#References) - [5 External links](#External_links) ## History In the area of the municipality of Ilsede are the most accessible burial mounds in the southwest area of the Bülten wood. They are just a few steps away from the path that leads from Groß Bülten to Rosenthal. A small forest path leads directly to the old grave field. Although mighty trees have grown on the burial mounds in the meantime, the graves are still clearly visible. At the edge of the forest, an erratic boulder with the inscription "Grave field of the Bronze Age, approx. 1000 BC" marks the historic cemetery. The site is one of the protected archaeological cultural monuments in the district of Peine, located in the Heers (the neighbouring, northwest forest section) and in Gräwig (northeast of the village of Klein Ilsede). During the witch persecutions, from 1564 to 1621, 22 people from the Ilsede municipality were subjected to witch trials, 17 of them from Gadenstedt (nine were burned and four died under torture).[Template:Citation needed](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Citation_needed&action=edit&redlink=1) Three people from Groß Ilsede were burned and a woman from Lafferde died under torture. The fate of a girl from Lahstedt is unknown. The start of operations at the [Ilseder Hütte](/mw/index.php?title=Ilseder_H%C3%BCtte&action=edit&redlink=1) ironworks in 1858 began a new, industrial chapter in the history of the Ilsede region. Until then, the communities in this area had been purely rural. From then on, iron ore mining and blast furnace operations shaped the world of work and the economy. Nevertheless, agriculture remained an important economic factor. According to local accounts, the raw-material mining and the Ilseder Hütte were among the predecessor companies of today's [Salzgitter AG](/mw/index.php?title=Salzgitter_AG&action=edit&redlink=1) and [TUI AG](/mw/index.php?title=TUI_Group&action=edit&redlink=1).[Template:Citation needed](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Citation_needed&action=edit&redlink=1) The municipality of Ilsede has existed as a local authority since February 1, 1971. Even before the regional reform in Lower Saxony, the municipalities of Bülten, Groß Bülten, Groß Ilsede, Klein Ilsede, Ölsburg and Solschen merged through their own initiative to form the newly created unitary community of Ilsede. The communities that had been independent up to this point were largely regarded as belonging together, due to the many similarities regarding iron ore mining and the Ilseder Hütte, even before the merger. In 2006 Ilsede hosted the cultural festival Day of the Brunswick Landscape. On July 10, 2014, the members of both municipal councils decided on the merger of the municipalities of Ilsede and Lahstedt, which had already been considered in 1971 but was not realized at the time. Ilsede was also chosen as the name of the new municipality. Since January 1, 2015, the new community of Ilsede includes the areas and districts of the former communities of Ilsede and Lahstedt. Adenstedt, Gadenstedt, Groß Lafferde, Münstedt and Oberg have been part of the municipality of Ilsede since then. As a result of the merger, the municipal area increased from 28.45 km2 (as of 2014) to 72.09 km2, and the population rose from 11,366 (as of September 30, 2014) to 21,308 (as of January 1, 2015). ## Municipal subdivisions Adenstedt Bülten Gadenstedt Groß Bülten Groß Ilsede Groß Lafferde Klein Ilsede Münstedt Oberg Ölsburg Solschen ## Personalities Erkanbald (before 982–1021), Abbot of Fulda and Archbishop of Mainz, probably born in Ölsburg Joachim Vinzelberg, pastor in Münstedt (1654) and hymn writer Ernst Christoph Böttcher (1697–1766), merchant, founder of the royal school teacher seminar and patron, was born in Groß Lafferde Johann Peter Hundeniker (1751–1836), educator and ducal [Brunswick](/mw/index.php?title=Braunschweig&action=edit&redlink=1) school board member, born in Groß Lafferde Julius Hundeniker (1784–1854), Lutheran clergyman and novelist, born in Groß Lafferde Wilhelm Theodor Hundeniker (1786–1828), educator and philologist, born in Groß Lafferde Fritz Behrens (1836–1920), industrialist and philanthropist, born in Groß Lafferde Friedrich Cramm (1874–1942), farmer, politician [(DVP)](/mw/index.php?title=German_People%27s_Party&action=edit&redlink=1) and Member of the Reichstag, born in Groß Lafferde Wilhelm Kleemann (1885–1956), educator, politician [(SPD)](/mw/index.php?title=Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany&action=edit&redlink=1) and senator in Bremen, born in Groß Lafferde Paul Steegemann (1894–1956), publisher, born in Groß Lafferde [Bruno Brandes](/mw/index.php?title=Bruno_Brandes&action=edit&redlink=1) (1910–1985), politician [(CDU)](/mw/index.php?title=CDU/CSU&action=edit&redlink=1) Wilhelm Baumgarten (1913–1996), politician ([SPD](/mw/index.php?title=Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany&action=edit&redlink=1)), born in Groß Lafferde Will Brandes (1928–1990), pop singer, born in Münstedt Gerhard Ahrens (* 1932), football player, born in Oberg Dieter Warzecha (1934–2005), artist, lived and worked in Groß Ilsede Klaus G. Troitzsch (* 1946), sociologist, born in Oberg Hartmut Möllring (* 1951), politician [(CDU)](/mw/index.php?title=CDU/CSU&action=edit&redlink=1), born in Groß Ilsede Annette Sabban (1953–2019), language and translation scientist, born in Klein Bülten Uwe Schrader (* 1954), director and professor of artistic film at the University of Hildesheim, was born in Groß Bülten Erwin Skamrahl (* 1958), athlete and Olympic athlete, born in Oberg **Personalities related to the city** Friedrich Brandis (1775–1854), Lutheran theologian, consistorial councilor and general superintendent Luise Rosendorf (1821–1890), cookbook author Ewald Hecker (entrepreneur) (1879–1954), chairman of the Ilseder Hütte supervisory board and [SS brigade leader](/mw/index.php?title=Brigadef%C3%BChrer&action=edit&redlink=1) Wolfgang Marzahn (1911–1988), Lutheran theologian and author Rosemarie Tinius (* 1945), businesswoman, teacher in Ilsede (1970–1994), politician [(SPD)](/mw/index.php?title=Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany&action=edit&redlink=1) [Caren Miosga](/mw/index.php?title=Caren_Miosga&action=edit&redlink=1) (* 1969), TV presenter for [ARD](/mw/index.php?title=ARD_(broadcaster)&action=edit&redlink=1) [Tagesthemen](/mw/index.php?title=Tagesthemen&action=edit&redlink=1) since 2007, grew up in Groß Ilsede Herma Auguste Wittstock (* 1977), performance artist, grew up in Ölsburg ## References [Template:Reflist](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Reflist&action=edit&redlink=1) ## External links [Template:Commons-inline](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Commons-inline&action=edit&redlink=1) [Template:Cities and towns in Peine (district)](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cities_and_towns_in_Peine_(district)&action=edit&redlink=1) [Template:Authority control](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Authority_control&action=edit&redlink=1) # Catherine Weinzaepflen URL: https://mediated.wiki/wiki/page_0090 Last updated: 2026-07-22T06:12:56.730Z [File:Catherine WEINZAEPFLEN.jpg](/mw/index.php/File:Catherine_WEINZAEPFLEN.jpg) Catherine Weinzaepflen [Template:Short description](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Short_description&action=edit&redlink=1) **Catherine Weinzaepflen** (born 1 July 1946, [Strasbourg](/mw/index.php?title=Strasbourg&action=edit&redlink=1)) is a French writer. ## Contents - [1 Biography](#Biography) - [2 Bibliography](#Bibliography) - [3 Literary prizes](#Literary_prizes) - [4 Sources](#Sources) - [5 External links](#External_links) ## Biography Weinzaepflen spent her childhood in Alsace and the Central African Republic, studied literature in Strasbourg, and has lived in Paris since 1977. She made many trips to the Middle East (Turkey, Afghanistan, Iran, Pakistan) which, like Africa, permeate her books. With Christiane Veschambre, she created and co-directed the literary magazine *Land* (1981-1984). In 1986, her daughter Fanny was born; the father is the painter Michel Potage. From 1990 to 2000, she regularly stayed in Los Angeles, and from 2010 to 2014 in Sydney. She is a member of the Reading Committee of [Flammarion](/mw/index.php?title=Groupe_Flammarion&action=edit&redlink=1) (1991-1993), then a member of the Commission Poésie of the [Centre national du livre](/mw/index.php?title=Centre_national_du_livre&action=edit&redlink=1) (2003–2006). She has created writing workshops that she continues to lead (École supérieure des Arts décoratifs de Strasbourg, 1996–2010; École spéciale d'architecture de Paris, since 2004). She regularly collaborates with the *CCP* (*Cahier Critique de Poésie*). ## Bibliography **Poetry** - 1976: *L'Eau jaune*, éditions Traboule - 1977: *Dans le texte*, éditions La Main Bleue - 1977: *La Distance intime*, éditions Coprah - 1980: *Cracher l'Afrique*, Atelier de l'Agneau (Belgium) - 1989: *Les Maisons*, Spectres familiers - 2000: *Les Mains dans le jaune absent*, followed by *York &*, Le Scorff - 2008: *Le Temps du tableau*, Editions Des femmes-[Antoinette Fouque](/mw/index.php?title=Antoinette_Fouque&action=edit&redlink=1) - 2012: *Ode à un kangourou*, Editions de l'Attente - 2013: *Ô l'explosion des poppies,*Editions de l'Attente - 2015: *avec Ingeborg,* Editions Des femmes- Antoinette Fouque **Novels** - 1977: *Isocelles*, Des Femmes - 1978: *La Farnésine, jardins*, Des Femmes - 1983: *Portrait et un rêve*, Flammarion, (Prix France Culture) - 1985: *Am See*, Flammarion; L'Atelier des Brisants; Des femmes-Antoinette Fouque, 2007 (radio drama for [France Culture](/mw/index.php?title=France_Culture&action=edit&redlink=1) broadcast in 1979 under the title *La Parole nomade*) - 1985: *Totem*, Flammarion, (selected for the [prix Médicis](/mw/index.php?title=Prix_M%C3%A9dicis&action=edit&redlink=1)) - 1989: *L'Ampleur du monde*, Flammarion - 1992: *D'où êtes-vous ?*, Flammarion - 2002: *Ismaëla*, L'Atelier des Brisants - 2003: *Allée des Géants*, L'Atelier des Brisants - 2004: *La Place de mon théâtre*, Farrago - 2006: *Orpiment*, Des Femmes–Antoinette Fouque - 2012: *Celle-là*, Des femmes-Antoinette Fouque - 2014: *La Vie sauve,* Des femmes-Antoinette Fouque **Theatre** - 1985: *Danube jaune* (commissioned by the [Comédie-Française](/mw/index.php?title=Com%C3%A9die-Fran%C3%A7aise&action=edit&redlink=1)), mise-en-scène at [Centre Pompidou](/mw/index.php?title=Centre_Pompidou&action=edit&redlink=1) **Texts** - 1975: « Entre ON et OFF », in *Marguerite Duras*, éditions Albatros - 1980: « Fin de repas à China Cafe », in *Manger*, éditions Yellow Now - various articles in the magazines *Minuit, Traverses, Autrement (Paris mode d'emploi), Première Livraison, Anima, Land, Incendits* (Belgium), *Recueil, Jungle, Faire-Part, Murs murs, Temporali* (Italy), *If, Action poétique*, etc. **Translations** - From English - *[A Moon for the Misbegotten](/mw/index.php?title=A_Moon_for_the_Misbegotten&action=edit&redlink=1)* by [Eugene O'Neill](/mw/index.php?title=Eugene_O%27Neill&action=edit&redlink=1), directed by [Template:Ill](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Ill&action=edit&redlink=1) at [Festival d'Avignon](/mw/index.php?title=Festival_d%27Avignon&action=edit&redlink=1) and at [Théâtre national de Chaillot](/mw/index.php?title=Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_national_de_Chaillot&action=edit&redlink=1), 1987 - *Le Filon* by [Tom Raworth](/mw/index.php?title=Tom_Raworth&action=edit&redlink=1), éditions CIPM/Spectres familiers, 1991 - *Poèmes* by [Elizabeth Bishop](/mw/index.php?title=Elizabeth_Bishop&action=edit&redlink=1), *If* n° 22 - *Poèmes* by [Denise Levertov](/mw/index.php?title=Denise_Levertov&action=edit&redlink=1), *Action poétique* n° 173 - From German - *Le Bonheur sur la colline* by [Margret Kreidl](/mw/index.php?title=Margret_Kreidl&action=edit&redlink=1) (collective translation), éditions Al Dante - *Poèmes* by [Rose Ausländer](/mw/index.php?title=Rose_Ausl%C3%A4nder&action=edit&redlink=1), *If* n° 27 - *Poèmes* by [Christine Lavant](/mw/index.php?title=Christine_Lavant&action=edit&redlink=1) and [Ingeborg Bachmann](/mw/index.php?title=Ingeborg_Bachmann&action=edit&redlink=1), *Action poétique* n° 193 and *If* n° 32 **Cinema** - *Avenue of the Giants* (script), adaptation of the novel *Allée des Géants* - Chronique *Cinéma & cinémas* in the magazine *Action poétique* (2003–2005) ## Literary prizes - 1983 : [Prix France Culture](/mw/index.php?title=Prix_France_Culture&action=edit&redlink=1) for *Portrait et un rêve* - 1985 : Bourse de la Fondation [Cino Del Duca](/mw/index.php?title=Cino_Del_Duca&action=edit&redlink=1) - 2006 : Prix Brantôme for *Orpiment* ## Sources - Catherine Weinzaepflen, in *[Template:Ill](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Ill&action=edit&redlink=1)*, vol. 39, p. 4143 - Catherine Weinzaepflen in *Le Dictionnaire universel des Créatrices,*vol. 3, p. 4564 ## External links - [Catherine Weinzaepflen](http://www.desfemmes.fr/auteur/catherine-weinzaepflen/) on Éditions des femmes - [Bio-bibliographie](http://www.cipmarseille.com/auteur_fiche.php?id=203) - [Catherine Weinzaepflen](http://www.esa-paris.fr/Weinzaepflen-Catherine.html) [Template:Webarchive](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Webarchive&action=edit&redlink=1) on École spéciale d'architecture - [*Avec Ingeborg*](http://terresdefemmes.blogs.com/mon_weblog/2015/11/catherine-weinzaepflen-avec-ingeborg-par-ang%C3%A8le-paoli.html) on Terres de femmes - [Catherine Weinzaepflen](https://www.franceculture.fr/personne-catherine-weinzaepflen.html) on France Culture - [Catherine Weinzaepflen](http://www.babelio.com/auteur/Catherine-Weinzaepflen/39888) on Babelio [Template:Authority control](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Authority_control&action=edit&redlink=1) # Slavery in Korea URL: https://mediated.wiki/source/Slavery_in_Korea Last updated: 2026-07-22T13:32:43.199Z **Slavery in Korea** included the hereditary status known as *nobi*, which existed in changing forms during the Goryeo and Joseon periods. Nobi could be attached to the state or to private households. They performed agricultural, domestic, administrative, and other services, but the category was not socially uniform: some lived with those who controlled them, while others maintained separate households and owed labor or payments. Nobi status combined features that historians compare with both slavery and serfdom. It could be inherited under rules that changed over time, recorded in official or household registers, and in some circumstances transferred or sold. At the same time, some nobi held property, formed families, or exercised substantial day-to-day autonomy. For this reason, historians generally retain the Korean term rather than treating every nobi relationship as identical to Atlantic plantation slavery. Reform was layered. The Joseon state emancipated many government nobi and destroyed their registers in 1801. The Gabo reforms of 1894 abolished the remaining hereditary legal status. These measures ended a local status order; later forced labor under Japanese colonial rule belongs to a distinct legal and historical setting. ## Further reading - [Kim, *Nobi: A Korean System of Slavery*, *Slavery & Abolition*](https://doi.org/10.1080/01440390308559162) - [Kye, *Slavery in Medieval Korea*, in *The Cambridge World History of Slavery*](https://doi.org/10.1017/9781139024723.012) # Slavery in Sudan URL: https://mediated.wiki/source/Slavery_in_Sudan Last updated: 2026-07-22T13:33:11.995Z **Slavery in Sudan** developed through overlapping Nile Valley, Red Sea, and inland systems rather than a single institution. Captives from the Sudanese borderlands and interior were moved toward Egypt, the Red Sea, and Arabia, while others were retained as domestic servants, agricultural laborers, soldiers, porters, or concubines. The categories recorded by traders and officials were often unstable, and labels based on origin, religion, or supposed ethnicity could obscure individual histories. Slavery survived the collapse of Ottoman-Egyptian rule and continued under the Mahdist state. After the Anglo-Egyptian conquest of 1898, the colonial government concentrated first on suppressing slave trading and raiding rather than immediately emancipating every enslaved person. Administrators also feared disrupting households and labor supplies, so legal non-recognition of slavery did not by itself create a single, decisive abolition date. Emancipation therefore unfolded unevenly into the twentieth century. Wage labor, international antislavery pressure, and tighter restrictions on sale and movement weakened slaveholding, but enslaved people were also active participants: flight, negotiation, relocation, and claims to new legal protections helped turn formal policy into practical exit. Historians consequently describe Sudanese abolition as a process extending into the interwar period, while treating later forced labor, civil-war abduction, and modern trafficking as related but analytically distinct forms of coercion. ## Further reading - Ahmad Alawad Sikainga, ["Routes to Emancipation in Egypt and the Sudan"](https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.013.940), *Oxford Research Encyclopedia of African History* (2022). - M. W. Daly, *Empire on the Nile: The Anglo-Egyptian Sudan, 1898–1934* (Cambridge University Press, 1986). - International Labour Organization, ["What is forced labour, modern slavery and human trafficking?"](https://www.ilo.org/resource/other/what-forced-labour-modern-slavery-and-human-trafficking) (for distinctions among modern coercive-labor categories). # NWChem URL: https://mediated.wiki/source/NWChem Last updated: 2026-07-22T14:19:50.973Z [Template:Infobox software](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Infobox_software&action=edit&redlink=1) **NWChem** is an [ab initio](/mw/index.php?title=Ab_initio_quantum_chemistry_methods&action=edit&redlink=1) [computational chemistry](/mw/index.php?title=Computational_chemistry&action=edit&redlink=1) software package which includes quantum chemical and molecular dynamics functionality.[1][2][3][4] It was designed to run on high-performance parallel supercomputers as well as conventional workstation clusters. It aims to be scalable both in its ability to treat large problems efficiently, and in its usage of available [parallel computing](/mw/index.php?title=Parallel_computing&action=edit&redlink=1) resources. NWChem has been developed by the Molecular Sciences Software group of the Theory, Modeling & Simulation program of the [Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory](/mw/index.php?title=Environmental_Molecular_Sciences_Laboratory&action=edit&redlink=1) (EMSL) at the [Pacific Northwest National Laboratory](/mw/index.php?title=Pacific_Northwest_National_Laboratory&action=edit&redlink=1) (PNNL). The early implementation was funded by the EMSL Construction Project. NWChem is currently being redesigned and reimplemented for [exascale computing](/mw/index.php?title=Exascale_computing&action=edit&redlink=1) platforms (**NWChemEx**[5]). ## Contents - [1 Capabilities](#Capabilities) - [2 References](#References) - [3 External links](#External_links) - [3.1 Graphical shells](#Graphical_shells) ## Capabilities - [Molecular mechanics](/mw/index.php?title=Molecular_mechanics&action=edit&redlink=1) - [Molecular dynamics](/mw/index.php?title=Molecular_dynamics&action=edit&redlink=1) - [Hartree–Fock](/mw/index.php?title=Hartree%E2%80%93Fock&action=edit&redlink=1) (self-consistent field method) - [Density functional theory](/mw/index.php?title=Density_functional_theory&action=edit&redlink=1) - [Time-dependent density functional theory](/mw/index.php?title=Time-dependent_density_functional_theory&action=edit&redlink=1) - [Post-Hartree–Fock](/mw/index.php?title=Post-Hartree%E2%80%93Fock&action=edit&redlink=1) methods, including MP2 in the resolution of identity approximation (RI-MP2[6]), multiconfigurational self-consistent-field (MCSCF) theory, selected configuration interaction (CI), [Møller–Plesset perturbation theory](/mw/index.php?title=M%C3%B8ller%E2%80%93Plesset_perturbation_theory&action=edit&redlink=1) (MP2, MP3, MP4), [configuration interaction](/mw/index.php?title=Configuration_interaction&action=edit&redlink=1) (CISD, CISDT, CISDTQ), and [coupled cluster](/mw/index.php?title=Coupled_cluster&action=edit&redlink=1) theory (CCSD, CCSDT, CCSDTQ, EOMCCSD, EOMCCSDT, EOMCCSDTQ). The Tensor Contraction Engine, or TCE, provides most of the functionality for the correlated methods, and can be used to develop additional many-body methods using a Python interface. A full list of approximate coupled-cluster methods is available on the website. - [QM/MM](/mw/index.php?title=QM/MM&action=edit&redlink=1) - [ONIOM](/mw/index.php?title=ONIOM&action=edit&redlink=1) ## References [Template:Reflist](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Reflist&action=edit&redlink=1) ## External links - [Template:Official website](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Official_website&action=edit&redlink=1) - [NWChem Github repository](https://github.com/nwchemgit/nwchem) ### Graphical shells - [ECCE](/mw/index.php?title=Extensible_Computational_Chemistry_Environment&action=edit&redlink=1) (official GUI for NWChem), supports input generation, remote submission, analysis, extensive visualization - [Ascalaph Designer](/mw/index.php?title=Ascalaph_Designer&action=edit&redlink=1), a free and open source software package for model construction - [Chemcraft](https://www.chemcraftprog.com/), a proprietary software for visualization and analysis of results 1. [↑](#cite_ref-1) [Template:Cite journal](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_journal&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-2) [Template:Cite journal](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_journal&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-3) [Template:Cite journal](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_journal&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-4) Authors and Contributors listed in version 6.5: E. Apra, E. J. Bylaska, W. A. de Jong, N. Govind, K. Kowalski, T. P. Straatsma, M. Valiev, H. J. J. van Dam, D. Wang, [T. L. Windus](/mw/index.php?title=Theresa_Windus&action=edit&redlink=1), J. Hammond, J. Autschbach, K. Bhaskaran-Nair, J. Brabec, K. Lopata, S. Krishnamoorthy, W. Ma, M. Klemm, O. Villa, Y. Chen, V. Anisimov, F. Aquino, S. Hirata, M. T. Hackler, T. Risthaus, M. Malagoli, A. Marenich, A. Otero-de-la-Roza, J. Mullin, P. Nichols, R. Peverati, J. Pittner, Y. Zhao, P.-D. Fan, A. Fonari, R. J. Harrison, M. Dupuis, D. Silverstein, D. M. A. Smith, J. Nieplocha, V. Tipparaju, M. Krishnan, B. E. Van Kuiken, A. Vazquez-Mayagoitia, L. Jensen, M. Swart, Q. Wu, T. Van Voorhis, A. A. Auer, M. Nooijen, L. D. Crosby, E. Brown, G. Cisneros, G. I. Fann, H. Fruchtl, J. Garza, K. Hirao, R. A. Kendall, J. A. Nichols, K. Tsemekhman, K. Wolinski, J. Anchell, D. E. Bernholdt, P. Borowski, T. Clark, D. Clerc, H. Dachsel, M. J. O. Deegan, K. Dyall, D. Elwood, E. Glendening, M. Gutowski, A. C. Hess, J. Jaffe, B. G. Johnson, J. Ju, R. Kobayashi, R. Kutteh, Z. Lin, R. Littlefield, X. Long, B. Meng, T. Nakajima, S. Niu, L. Pollack, M. Rosing, K. Glaesemann, G. Sandrone, M. Stave, H. Taylor, G. Thomas, J. H. van Lenthe, A. T. Wong, Z. Zhang. [https://nwchemgit.github.io/Developer_Team.html#authors-and-contributors](https://nwchemgit.github.io/Developer_Team.html#authors-and-contributors) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-nwchemex_5-0) [Template:Cite web](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_web&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-6) [Template:Cite journal](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_journal&action=edit&redlink=1) # Dukes Meadows URL: https://mediated.wiki/wiki/page_0094 Last updated: 2026-07-22T22:18:42.220Z [Template:Good article](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Good_article&action=edit&redlink=1) [Template:Short description](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Short_description&action=edit&redlink=1) [Template:Use dmy dates](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Use_dmy_dates&action=edit&redlink=1) [File:Dukes Meadows 20170616 132037 (32750483997).jpg](/mw/index.php/File:Dukes_Meadows_20170616_132037_(32750483997).jpg) Bandstand in Dukes Meadows, with mature trees along the riverside **Dukes Meadows** is a riverside park on [metropolitan open land](/mw/index.php?title=Metropolitan_open_land&action=edit&redlink=1)[1] in [Chiswick](/mw/index.php?title=Chiswick&action=edit&redlink=1), London. The land was bought by the council in 1923, and the park was opened in 1926. It is cared for by the **Dukes Meadows Trust**. The area is home to the Chiswick Farmers' Market, which helps to pay for the park's maintenance. From 2023 the [Dukes Meadows Footbridge](/mw/index.php?title=Dukes_Meadows_Footbridge&action=edit&redlink=1) forms part of the [Thames Path](/mw/index.php?title=Thames_Path&action=edit&redlink=1). ## Contents - [1 History](#History) - [1.1 Threats](#Threats) - [1.2 Creation](#Creation) - [1.3 Reputation](#Reputation) - [2 Park](#Park) - [2.1 Farmers market, allotments, and sports](#Farmers_market,_allotments,_and_sports) - [2.2 Dukes Meadows Trust](#Dukes_Meadows_Trust) - [2.3 Thames Path](#Thames_Path) - [3 References](#References) ## History [historic map showing geography](/mw/index.php/File:Grove_Park_area_on_Sheet_021,_Ordnance_Survey,_1868-1883.jpg) Grove Park area on [Ordnance Survey](/mw/index.php?title=Ordnance_Survey&action=edit&redlink=1) map, c. 1880. The riverside part of Dukes Meadows is shown as marsh; the strip on the eastern side is shown as orchards and meadows. ### Threats In 1902, the land to the south of Chiswick's [Grove Park district](/mw/index.php?title=Grove_Park,_Chiswick&action=edit&redlink=1) consisted of orchards and meadows with a farmhouse. A plan was made that year to build homes for 40,000 people (more than the population of Chiswick at that time) on the site, in a new town to be called Burlingwick, but they were never built.[2] A second threat arose in 1914, when the [Brentford Gas Company](/mw/index.php?title=Gas_Light_and_Coke_Company&action=edit&redlink=1) introduced a bill in Parliament to build a [gasworks](/mw/index.php?title=Gasworks&action=edit&redlink=1) over [Template:Convert](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Convert&action=edit&redlink=1) of the meadows. Chiswick residents objected to the plan.[2] On 6 February 1914, *The Times* printed an editorial opposing the scheme, stating that "The scheme offends against the modern axiom of town-planning which insists that all amenities of living for workers should be safeguarded in densely populated areas, the new industries should be established as far afield as possible, and that land ripe for building – such as the Chiswick orchard farm – near the heart of the metropolis should be utilized for parks and garden settlement. It is to be hoped that no more will be heard of so unwelcome and unnecessary a proposal".[3] The bill was not passed.[2] In 1926, a third threat emerged, a plan by the London and Home Counties Electricity Authority to build an electricity generating station on the scale of [Battersea Power Station](/mw/index.php?title=Battersea_Power_Station&action=edit&redlink=1), over an area of [Template:Convert](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Convert&action=edit&redlink=1). The authority had bought [Chiswick House and its grounds](/mw/index.php?title=Chiswick_House&action=edit&redlink=1) from the [Duke of Devonshire](/mw/index.php?title=Duke_of_Devonshire&action=edit&redlink=1), and offered to swap these for the Dukes Meadows land. The local Council was keen to get Chiswick House, but the deal was opposed by residents and [rowers](/mw/index.php?title=Rowing_(sport)&action=edit&redlink=1) alike. A private member's bill was brought to Parliament but it was rejected in 1927. In 1928, the new [Central Electricity Board](/mw/index.php?title=Central_Electricity_Board&action=edit&redlink=1) dropped the plan, as other stations including [Fulham Power Station](/mw/index.php?title=Fulham_Power_Station&action=edit&redlink=1) would have sufficient capacity.[2] ### Creation In 1923, [Chiswick Urban District](/mw/index.php?title=Chiswick_Urban_District&action=edit&redlink=1) purchased over [Template:Convert](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Convert&action=edit&redlink=1) of land from the Duke of Devonshire to create a park. To finance the purchase, [gravel extraction](/mw/index.php?title=Gravel_pit&action=edit&redlink=1) took place from 1924 to 1937, at a rate of five acres per year, earning £1500 per acre; the gravel pits were restored and filled in with rubbish from central London after 1948.[2] Paddling pools were constructed on the eastern side of the meadows.[2][4] [Template:Multiple image](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Multiple_image&action=edit&redlink=1) A seaside-type promenade and a bandstand were built alongside the [Thames](/mw/index.php?title=River_Thames&action=edit&redlink=1) riverfront and opened by Prince Albert, [Duke of York](/mw/index.php?title=Duke_of_York&action=edit&redlink=1) (later King [George VI](/mw/index.php?title=George_VI&action=edit&redlink=1)) in 1926.[2][4] [Template:Multiple image](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Multiple_image&action=edit&redlink=1) ### Reputation The murder of Elizabeth Figg, whose body was found on 17 June 1959 in the Meadows, is one of the six unsolved killings of the [Hammersmith nude murders](/mw/index.php?title=Hammersmith_nude_murders&action=edit&redlink=1). At that time, the park had a reputation as a [lovers' lane](/mw/index.php?title=Lovers%27_lane&action=edit&redlink=1), and prostitutes were known to take their clients there.[5][6] ## Park ### Farmers market, allotments, and sports The Chiswick Farmers' Market opened in 2001, and was visited by [Andrew Cavendish, 11th Duke of Devonshire](/mw/index.php?title=Andrew_Cavendish,_11th_Duke_of_Devonshire&action=edit&redlink=1) that year.[7] The market is held every Sunday in the courtyard that once belonged to Grove Park Farmhouse. The stalls sell meat, cheese, vegetables, fruit, juices, and prepared dishes.[8][9] Next to the farmers' market is an area of [allotments](/mw/index.php?title=Allotment_(gardening)&action=edit&redlink=1) run by the [London Borough of Hounslow](/mw/index.php?title=London_Borough_of_Hounslow&action=edit&redlink=1).[10] Much of the rest of the Dukes Meadows area, outside the public park, is covered with sports fields, used for golf, tennis, football, rugby, and other sports.[11][12] A house on the golf course is the main filming location for the pre-recorded tasks in the gameshow *[Taskmaster](/mw/index.php?title=Taskmaster_(TV_series)&action=edit&redlink=1)*.[13][14] - Activities on Dukes Meadows - [Meat from a farm in Leicestershire at Chiswick Farmers' market](/mw/index.php/File:Leicestershire_Meat_stall_Chiswick_Farmers%27_Market.jpg) Meat from a farm in [Leicestershire](/mw/index.php?title=Leicestershire&action=edit&redlink=1) at Chiswick [Farmers' market](/mw/index.php?title=Farmers%27_market&action=edit&redlink=1) - [Allotments run by the London Borough of Hounslow](/mw/index.php/File:Dukes_Meadows_Allotments.jpg) Allotments run by the [London Borough of Hounslow](/mw/index.php?title=London_Borough_of_Hounslow&action=edit&redlink=1) ### Dukes Meadows Trust In 1998, a group of local people formed the Friends of Dukes Meadows to protect the interests of the park; this was registered as a charity in 2001, and in 2006, it became the Dukes Meadows Trust.[15][2] The old [paddling pools](/mw/index.php?title=Paddling_Pool&action=edit&redlink=1), which had fallen into disuse, were replaced with a new water play area and fountain (just to the north), a refreshments kiosk, and a sandpit. Volunteers working for the Trust tidied the whole area, created a community garden, planted hedges and fruit trees, and painted the bandstand. Construction work was paid for with rent from Chiswick Farmers' Market and from the converted farm buildings.[2][16] The approach was cited in CABE Space's "guide for community groups working to improve public space".[17][Template:-](/mw/index.php?title=Template:-&action=edit&redlink=1) - Diversity of land use by the Dukes Meadows Trust - [Water play area and kiosk](/mw/index.php/File:Dukes_Meadows_water_play_area_and_kiosk.jpg) Water play area and kiosk - [Landscaped play area](/mw/index.php/File:Dukes_Meadows_landscaped_play_area.jpg) Landscaped play area - [Apple trees in the orchard](/mw/index.php/File:Dukes_Meadows_apple_trees.jpg) Apple trees in the orchard ### Thames Path [Template:Further](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Further&action=edit&redlink=1) The [Thames Path](/mw/index.php?title=Thames_Path&action=edit&redlink=1) runs beside the river, along the southern edge of Dukes Meadows. At the upstream side, the path was diverted by the railway leading to [Barnes Railway Bridge](/mw/index.php?title=Barnes_Railway_Bridge&action=edit&redlink=1). The [Dukes Meadows Footbridge](/mw/index.php?title=Dukes_Meadows_Footbridge&action=edit&redlink=1) connects the Thames Path on either side of the railway, allowing the path to follow the river without diversion, in the words of the [London Borough of Hounslow](/mw/index.php?title=London_Borough_of_Hounslow&action=edit&redlink=1)'s report *Duke's Meadows Regeneration*, "removing a frustrating dog-leg along the scenic walking and cycling route."[18] - Local enhancements to the Thames Path - [Ceramic way marker with map on the Thames Path. Installed 2002](/mw/index.php/File:Duke%27s_Meadows_way_marker_with_stars_and_map,_2002.jpg) Ceramic way marker with map on the [Thames Path](/mw/index.php?title=Thames_Path&action=edit&redlink=1). Installed 2002 - [Dukes Meadows Footbridge under construction, 2022. The railway is on the left, Dukes Meadows to the right.](/mw/index.php/File:Dukes_Meadows_Footbridge_-_ramp_span_in_place.jpg) [Dukes Meadows Footbridge](/mw/index.php?title=Dukes_Meadows_Footbridge&action=edit&redlink=1) under construction, 2022. The railway is on the left, Dukes Meadows to the right. ## References [Template:Reflist](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Reflist&action=edit&redlink=1) [Template:Chiswick](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Chiswick&action=edit&redlink=1) [Template:LB Hounslow](/mw/index.php?title=Template:LB_Hounslow&action=edit&redlink=1) [Template:Coord](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Coord&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-GLAplanning_1-0) [Template:Cite web](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_web&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. ↑ [2.0](#cite_ref-Clegg_2007_2-0) [2.1](#cite_ref-Clegg_2007_2-1) [2.2](#cite_ref-Clegg_2007_2-2) [2.3](#cite_ref-Clegg_2007_2-3) [2.4](#cite_ref-Clegg_2007_2-4) [2.5](#cite_ref-Clegg_2007_2-5) [2.6](#cite_ref-Clegg_2007_2-6) [2.7](#cite_ref-Clegg_2007_2-7) [2.8](#cite_ref-Clegg_2007_2-8) [Template:Cite journal](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_journal&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-3) [Template:Cite news](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_news&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. ↑ [4.0](#cite_ref-LBH_2011_4-0) [4.1](#cite_ref-LBH_2011_4-1) [Template:Cite web](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_web&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-Seabrook_2007_5-0) [Template:Cite book](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_book&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-6) [Template:Cite news](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_news&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-7) [Template:Cite web](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_web&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-8) [Template:Cite news](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_news&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-9) [Template:Cite web](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_web&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-10) [Template:Cite web](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_web&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-11) [Template:Cite web](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_web&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-12) [Template:Cite web](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_web&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-13) [Template:Cite web](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_web&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-14) [Template:Cite web](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_web&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-DM_Trust_2011_15-0) [Template:Cite web](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_web&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-DM_Trust_2022_16-0) [Template:Cite web](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_web&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-17) [Template:Cite book](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_book&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-LBH_2018_18-0) [Template:Cite web](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_web&action=edit&redlink=1) # Dedicated (Lemar album) URL: https://mediated.wiki/wiki/page_0095 Last updated: 2026-07-23T06:16:20.723Z [Template:Use dmy dates](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Use_dmy_dates&action=edit&redlink=1) [Template:Infobox album](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Infobox_album&action=edit&redlink=1) ***Dedicated*** is the debut album by English singer [Lemar](/mw/index.php?title=Lemar&action=edit&redlink=1). It was released on 24 November 2003 by [RCA Records](/mw/index.php?title=RCA_Records&action=edit&redlink=1). The now defunct girl group [the 411](/mw/index.php?title=The_411&action=edit&redlink=1) provided backing vocals for a number of tracks. ## Contents - [1 Background](#Background) - [2 Critical reception](#Critical_reception) - [3 Commercial performance](#Commercial_performance) - [4 Track listing](#Track_listing) - [5 Personnel](#Personnel) - [6 Charts](#Charts) - [6.1 Weekly charts](#Weekly_charts) - [6.2 Year-end charts](#Year-end_charts) - [7 Certifications](#Certifications) - [8 References](#References) - [9 External links](#External_links) ## Background [Sony Music](/mw/index.php?title=Sony_Music&action=edit&redlink=1) signed Lemar to a five-year record deal after his success on the [BBC Television](/mw/index.php?title=BBC_Television&action=edit&redlink=1) programme *[Fame Academy](/mw/index.php?title=Fame_Academy&action=edit&redlink=1)* in 2002. The album's first single "[Dance (with U)](/mw/index.php?title=Dance_(with_U)&action=edit&redlink=1)" was written with Craig Hardy and Fitzgerald Scott who had previously worked with [Keith Sweat](/mw/index.php?title=Keith_Sweat&action=edit&redlink=1). The second single "50/50" was recorded by the Norwegian [Stargate](/mw/index.php?title=Stargate_(record_producers)&action=edit&redlink=1) production team. Fingaz, who has produced hits by British group [Big Brovaz](/mw/index.php?title=Big_Brovaz&action=edit&redlink=1), also produced the song "What About Love". Lemar also recorded a version of "[Let's Stay Together](/mw/index.php?title=Let%27s_Stay_Together_(Al_Green_song)&action=edit&redlink=1)" by [Al Green](/mw/index.php?title=Al_Green&action=edit&redlink=1) which was one of his featured songs by *Fame Academy*. ## Critical reception [Template:Album ratings](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Album_ratings&action=edit&redlink=1) [BBC Music](/mw/index.php?title=BBC_Music&action=edit&redlink=1) critic Karen Goodchild called *Dedicated* "a great album that is packed full of potential hits that showcase Lemar's amazing vocal ability. That, coupled with the fact that Lemar co-wrote several of these tracks, will surely mean that he'll be around a lot longer than the other over-hyped reality TV stars."[1] Caroline Sullivan from *[The Guardian](/mw/index.php?title=The_Guardian&action=edit&redlink=1)* found that *Dedicated* presented Lemar "as [North London](/mw/index.php?title=North_London&action=edit&redlink=1)'s answer to [Luther Vandross](/mw/index.php?title=Luther_Vandross&action=edit&redlink=1): a romantic of the old school who sells a song with understated sleekness and a hint of chest fur. The contents are all Obika co-writes save for a hip-hoppety version of [Al Green](/mw/index.php?title=Al_Green&action=edit&redlink=1)'s "Let's Stay Together;" the mid-tempo boudoir grooves hardly do justice to the voice, but at least lay the foundations for what could be a substantial future."[2] [AllMusic](/mw/index.php?title=AllMusic&action=edit&redlink=1) rated the album three stars out of five.[3] ## Commercial performance The first single from the album, "Dance with U", reached number 2 on the UK singles chart in 2003. *Dedicated* was released in late 2003 with additional singles "50/50" and "Another Day" also achieving chart success in the UK. Following the success of the album, he commenced his first headlining tour of the UK. *Dedicated* was certified platinum by the [British Phonographic Industry](/mw/index.php?title=British_Phonographic_Industry&action=edit&redlink=1) (BPI) for sales in excess of 300,000 copies.[4] ## Track listing [Template:Track listing](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Track_listing&action=edit&redlink=1) ## Personnel [Template:Div col](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Div_col&action=edit&redlink=1) - Jarl Ivar Andersen – multi instruments - Pete Beachill – trombone - Joe Belmaati – keyboards, programming - Dave Bishop – saxophone - Tim Briley – assistant engineer, mixing assistant - James Cruz – mastering - Snake Davis – saxophone - Joe Fields – engineer - Fingaz – keyboards, producer - The 411 – background vocals - Matt Furmidge – assistant engineer - Carrie Grant – vocal arrangement - Simon Hale – horn arrangements, string arrangements, horn conductor, string conductor - Michael Hansen – percussion - Craig Hardy – producer - Lawrence Johnson – vocals, choir arrangement - Marc Lane – engineer - Vanessa Letocq – production coordination - The London Session Orchestra – strings - Andy Love – producer - Nigel Lowis – producer - Paul Meehan – arranger, programming, producer - Roy Merchant – engineer, mixing - Mikkel SE – multi instruments - Matz Nilsson – mixing - Nicole Nodland – photography - Adam Phillips – guitar - Nick Raphael – A&R - [Brian Rawling](/mw/index.php?title=Brian_Rawling&action=edit&redlink=1) – arranger, producer - Fitzgerald Scott – vocal arrangement, vocal engineer, vocal producer - Alan Simpson – guitar - Alexis Smith – assistant engineer - Stargate – producer - Ren Swan – mixing - [John Themis](/mw/index.php?title=John_Themis&action=edit&redlink=1) – guitar - [Derek Watkins](/mw/index.php?title=Derek_Watkins_(trumpeter)&action=edit&redlink=1) – trumpet - [Gavyn Wright](/mw/index.php?title=Gavyn_Wright&action=edit&redlink=1) – orchestra leader - Jong Uk Yoon – engineer, mixing [Template:Div col end](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Div_col_end&action=edit&redlink=1) ## Charts [Template:Col-start](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Col-start&action=edit&redlink=1) [Template:Col-2](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Col-2&action=edit&redlink=1) ### Weekly charts Weekly chart performance for Dedicated Chart (2004) Peak position scope="row" Template:Album chart scope="row" Template:Album chart [Template:Col-2](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Col-2&action=edit&redlink=1) ### Year-end charts 2003 year-end chart performance for Dedicated Chart (2003) Position UK Albums (OCC)[5] 59 2004 year-end chart performance for Dedicated Chart (2004) Position UK Albums (OCC)[6] 103 [Template:Col-end](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Col-end&action=edit&redlink=1) ## Certifications [Template:Certification Table Top](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Certification_Table_Top&action=edit&redlink=1) [Template:Certification Table Entry](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Certification_Table_Entry&action=edit&redlink=1) [Template:Certification Table Bottom](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Certification_Table_Bottom&action=edit&redlink=1) ## References [Template:Reflist](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Reflist&action=edit&redlink=1) ## External links - [Lemar Online page](http://www.lemar-online.com/lemar/) [Template:Webarchive](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Webarchive&action=edit&redlink=1) - [Lemar Top of The Pops Interview](http://www.bbc.co.uk/totp/artists/l/lemar/underthegrill/page1.shtml/) [Template:Lemar](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Lemar&action=edit&redlink=1) [Template:Authority control](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Authority_control&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-bbcmusic_1-0) [Template:Cite web](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_web&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-theguardian_2-0) Cite error: Invalid tag; no text was provided for refs named theguardian 1. [↑](#cite_ref-AllMusic_3-0) Cite error: Invalid tag; no text was provided for refs named AllMusic 1. [↑](#cite_ref-ukcert_4-0) Cite error: Invalid tag; no text was provided for refs named ukcert 1. [↑](#cite_ref-5) [Template:Cite web](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_web&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-6) [Template:Cite web](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_web&action=edit&redlink=1) # Slavery in Saint-Domingue URL: https://mediated.wiki/wiki/page_0096 Last updated: 2026-07-23T13:31:50.601Z **Slavery in Saint-Domingue** was the labor and property regime that underpinned the French colony's eighteenth-century sugar and coffee economy. The colony, occupying the western part of Hispaniola, became one of the wealthiest plantation societies in the Atlantic world while maintaining an enslaved majority through intensive imports, racialized law, and coercive plantation discipline. ## Contents - [1 Plantation system and scale](#Plantation_system_and_scale) - [2 Revolution and abolition](#Revolution_and_abolition) - [3 See also](#See_also) - [4 External links](#External_links) ## Plantation system and scale Saint-Domingue received about 774,000 enslaved Africans through the transatlantic trade, although totals vary with database coverage and whether voyages or final destinations are counted.[1] On the eve of the Haitian Revolution, estimates commonly place the enslaved population at roughly 465,000 to 500,000. Many were African-born, reflecting high import levels and the severe demographic conditions of plantation labor. Enslaved people worked in sugar, coffee, indigo, domestic service, ports, skilled trades, and urban occupations. Sugar production joined fields, mills, boiling houses, credit, and overseas commerce in a tightly timed system. Wealth depended on owners' power to compel labor and treat people as alienable property; enslaved people nevertheless resisted through flight, community formation, work resistance, and revolt. ## Revolution and abolition The mass uprising that began in 1791 developed into the Haitian Revolution amid conflict among enslaved insurgents, free people of color, white colonists, French officials, and invading Spanish and British forces.[2] Civil commissioners proclaimed emancipation locally in 1793, and the French National Convention abolished slavery throughout the French colonies in 1794. Napoleon restored slavery in colonies where France could impose the reversal in 1802, but French forces failed to re-establish the Saint-Domingue slave regime. Haitian independence in 1804 secured its destruction there. This sequence distinguishes several different events often compressed into one abolition date: insurgent emancipation, a local legal proclamation, metropolitan abolition, attempted imperial restoration, and independence. ## See also - [Haitian Revolution](/mw/index.php?title=Haitian_Revolution&action=edit&redlink=1) - [Transatlantic slave trade](/mw/index.php/Transatlantic_slave_trade) - [Slavery in Haiti](/mw/index.php/Slavery_in_Haiti) - [Slavery in the Caribbean](/mw/index.php/Slavery_in_the_Caribbean) ## External links - [SlaveVoyages](https://www.slavevoyages.org/) - [Haiti: The Haitian Revolution](https://www.britannica.com/place/Haiti/The-Haitian-Revolution), *Encyclopaedia Britannica* 1. [↑](#cite_ref-1) [SlaveVoyages, Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade Database](https://www.slavevoyages.org/), including its estimates and methodology. 1. [↑](#cite_ref-2) [Haitian Revolution](https://www.britannica.com/topic/Haitian-Revolution), *Encyclopaedia Britannica*. # Phonophobia URL: https://mediated.wiki/wiki/page_0097 Last updated: 2026-07-23T14:11:54.766Z [Template:Short description](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Short_description&action=edit&redlink=1) [Template:About](/mw/index.php?title=Template:About&action=edit&redlink=1) [Template:Infobox medical condition (new)](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Infobox_medical_condition_(new)&action=edit&redlink=1) **Phonophobia**, also called **ligyrophobia** or **sonophobia**, is a [fear](/mw/index.php?title=Fear&action=edit&redlink=1) of or aversion to specific [sounds](/mw/index.php?title=Sound&action=edit&redlink=1)—a type of [specific phobia](/mw/index.php?title=Specific_phobia&action=edit&redlink=1) as well as a form of [auditory hypersensitivity](/mw/index.php?title=Auditory_hypersensitivity&action=edit&redlink=1).[1] Occasionally it is called **acousticophobia**.[2] Although some sounds could be feared by most people, such as certain loud sounds or sounds that signal threats, fears of these sounds would not be considered phonophobia unless the amount of fear and anxiety was disproportionate.[3] In phonophobia, the feared sounds may be ones that are soft and non-damaging, such as kitchen sounds or a door closing.[4] Another example is watching someone blow up a balloon beyond its normal capacity. This is often an unsettling, even disturbing thing for a person with phonophobia to observe, as they [anticipate a loud sound when the balloon pops](/mw/index.php?title=Balloon_phobia&action=edit&redlink=1).[2][4] Phonophobia generally leads to anxiety around and avoidance of contexts where individuals might be exposed to feared sounds.[3] Such avoidance could risk making the auditory system more sensitive.[5] ## Contents - [1 Co-occurring conditions and differential diagnosis](#Co-occurring_conditions_and_differential_diagnosis) - [2 Management](#Management) - [3 Terminology and origins of the concept](#Terminology_and_origins_of_the_concept) - [4 See also](#See_also) - [5 References](#References) - [6 External links](#External_links) ## Co-occurring conditions and differential diagnosis Although phonophobia can arise as a secondary consequence of other sound tolerance conditions, this does not make it synonymous with them.[3][5] As phonophobia refers specifically to irrational fears of sounds, not rational ones, phonophobic fear, anxiety, and avoidance would need to exceed the level expected due to the discomfort or pain caused by any other sound tolerance conditions.[6] One other sound tolerance condition that can sometimes be observed alongside phonophobia is [hyperacusis](/mw/index.php?title=Hyperacusis&action=edit&redlink=1), or discomfort or even pain caused by sounds that most people would not consider uncomfortably loud.[3][4] Indeed, phonophobia is sometimes referred to as a specific type of hyperacusis, **fear hyperacusis**,[7] although other authors regard hyperacusis and phonophobia as distinct conditions,[3][5] insofar as hyperacusis involves discomfort caused by a physical sound whereas phonophobia does not.[3] Another type of sound intolerance that can co-occur with phonophobia is [misophonia](/mw/index.php?title=Misophonia&action=edit&redlink=1), or emotional reactions to specific trigger sounds that need not be loud (e.g., anger in response to chewing sounds). Indeed, phonophobia has even been conceptualised as a type of misophonia.[8] However, other sources regard the specific phobia and anticipatory fears and avoidance of phonophobia as being distinct from the emotional reactions characteristic of misophonia.[3][1][5] Moreover, phonophobia may co-occur with [tinnitus](/mw/index.php?title=Tinnitus&action=edit&redlink=1) (perception of sounds, especially ringing sounds, without an external source) or with generic noise sensitivity ([sensory processing sensitivity](/mw/index.php?title=Sensory_processing_sensitivity&action=edit&redlink=1) towards sounds).[5] ## Management To ensure that treatments and supports are directed appropriately, it is important to distinguish phonophobic fears from other sound tolerance conditions.[4][6] For example, [exposure therapies](/mw/index.php?title=Exposure_therapy&action=edit&redlink=1) are commonly used to treat specific phobias,[9] but could be considered to involve unacceptable risk if a patient were at significantly elevated likelihood of experiencing harm compared to other people who can engage in a given activity without incident.[10] As such, while there are specialised therapies for sound tolerance conditions like misophonia and hyperacusis that can involve exposure,[8] exposing people to sounds that cause them discomfort or pain could be harmful,[11] suggesting that exposure therapy – or at least more conventional forms of exposure therapy – may be more appropriate for pure phonophobia without other sound tolerance conditions.[6] Providing information and counselling regarding the benign nature of sounds eliciting phonophobic reactions is also recommended as a phonophobia treatment.[5] ## Terminology and origins of the concept The term *phonophobia* comes from [Greek](/mw/index.php?title=Greek_language&action=edit&redlink=1) φωνή - *phōnē*, "voice" or "sound"[12] and φόβος - *phobos*, "fear".[13] When the word *phonophobia* was first introduced in 1949, it was as a synonym for [hyperacusis](/mw/index.php?title=Hyperacusis&action=edit&redlink=1), due to concern that the term *hyperacusis* might imply the presence of increased [hearing acuity](/mw/index.php?title=Psychophysics&action=edit&redlink=1).[14] As a result, the word phonophobia has been used in [neurology](/mw/index.php?title=Neurology&action=edit&redlink=1) to refer to sound intolerance observed in people who experience [migraine](/mw/index.php?title=Migraine&action=edit&redlink=1) headaches, especially during migraines,[15] which is very distinct from the modern understanding of phonophobia.[3] The presence of such sound intolerance may be used to support the [diagnosis](/mw/index.php?title=Migraine&action=edit&redlink=1) of migraine.[15] Definitions and measures of the sound intolerance that can accompany migraines emphasise that it involves feelings of discomfort and [auditory pain](/mw/index.php?title=Hyperacusis&action=edit&redlink=1),[15][16] implying that the type of sound intolerance described would indeed be hyperacusis and not phonophobia.[5] The contemporary concept of phonophobia was introduced by Margaret and Pawel Jastreboff in 2001.[17] They viewed phonophobia as a type of [misophonia](/mw/index.php?title=Misophonia&action=edit&redlink=1), emotional reactions to specific sounds.[17] Subsequently, phonophobia has generally been recognised as a distinct and separate condition from misophonia.[3][1][5] ## See also - [Astraphobia](/mw/index.php?title=Astraphobia&action=edit&redlink=1) – fear of thunder - [Auditory hypersensitivity](/mw/index.php?title=Auditory_hypersensitivity&action=edit&redlink=1) – hypersensitivity to sounds and sound intolerance in general, including but not limited to phonophobia - [Globophobia](/mw/index.php?title=Balloon_phobia&action=edit&redlink=1) – the fear of balloons, which is commonly linked to phonophobia - [List of phobias](/mw/index.php?title=List_of_phobias&action=edit&redlink=1) - [Misophonia](/mw/index.php?title=Misophonia&action=edit&redlink=1) – excessive or irrational negative emotional reactions, such as anger or disgust, to specific sounds - [Hyperacusis](/mw/index.php?title=Hyperacusis&action=edit&redlink=1) – aversions to loud sounds - [Sensory processing sensitivity](/mw/index.php?title=Sensory_processing_sensitivity&action=edit&redlink=1) – increased susceptibility to sensory overstimulation - [Sensory overload](/mw/index.php?title=Sensory_overload&action=edit&redlink=1) – experiencing overwhelm from sensory stimulation in one's environment ## References [Template:Cs1 config](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cs1_config&action=edit&redlink=1) [Template:Reflist](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Reflist&action=edit&redlink=1) ## External links [Template:Medical resources](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Medical_resources&action=edit&redlink=1) [Template:Diseases of the ear and mastoid process](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Diseases_of_the_ear_and_mastoid_process&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. ↑ [1.0](#cite_ref-Moller_2010_1-0) [1.1](#cite_ref-Moller_2010_1-1) [1.2](#cite_ref-Moller_2010_1-2) [Template:Cite book](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_book&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. ↑ [2.0](#cite_ref-Swerdlow_2-0) [2.1](#cite_ref-Swerdlow_2-1) Cite error: Invalid tag; no text was provided for refs named Swerdlow 1. ↑ [3.0](#cite_ref-Williams_2021_3-0) [3.1](#cite_ref-Williams_2021_3-1) [3.2](#cite_ref-Williams_2021_3-2) [3.3](#cite_ref-Williams_2021_3-3) [3.4](#cite_ref-Williams_2021_3-4) [3.5](#cite_ref-Williams_2021_3-5) [3.6](#cite_ref-Williams_2021_3-6) [3.7](#cite_ref-Williams_2021_3-7) [3.8](#cite_ref-Williams_2021_3-8) [Template:Cite journal](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_journal&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. ↑ [4.0](#cite_ref-Ashaari_2010_4-0) [4.1](#cite_ref-Ashaari_2010_4-1) [4.2](#cite_ref-Ashaari_2010_4-2) [4.3](#cite_ref-Ashaari_2010_4-3) [Template:Cite journal](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_journal&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. ↑ [5.0](#cite_ref-Henry_2022_5-0) [5.1](#cite_ref-Henry_2022_5-1) [5.2](#cite_ref-Henry_2022_5-2) [5.3](#cite_ref-Henry_2022_5-3) [5.4](#cite_ref-Henry_2022_5-4) [5.5](#cite_ref-Henry_2022_5-5) [5.6](#cite_ref-Henry_2022_5-6) [5.7](#cite_ref-Henry_2022_5-7) [Template:Cite journal](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_journal&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. ↑ [6.0](#cite_ref-Scheerer_2024_6-0) [6.1](#cite_ref-Scheerer_2024_6-1) [6.2](#cite_ref-Scheerer_2024_6-2) [Template:Cite journal](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_journal&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-Tyler_2014_7-0) [Template:Cite journal](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_journal&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. ↑ [8.0](#cite_ref-Jastreboff_2015_8-0) [8.1](#cite_ref-Jastreboff_2015_8-1) [Template:Cite book](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_book&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-9) [Template:Cite journal](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_journal&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-10) [Template:Cite book](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_book&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-Scheerer_2022_11-0) [Template:Cite journal](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_journal&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-12) [φωνή](https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Dfwnh%2F), Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott,*A Greek-English Lexicon*, on Perseus 1. [↑](#cite_ref-13) [φόβος](https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Dfo%2Fbos), Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, *A Greek-English Lexicon*, on Perseus 1. [↑](#cite_ref-Tschiassny_1949_14-0) [Template:Cite journal](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_journal&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. ↑ [15.0](#cite_ref-Vingen_1998_15-0) [15.1](#cite_ref-Vingen_1998_15-1) [15.2](#cite_ref-Vingen_1998_15-2) [Template:Cite journal](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_journal&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-Ashkenazi_2009_16-0) [Template:Cite journal](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_journal&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. ↑ [17.0](#cite_ref-Jastreboff_2001_17-0) [17.1](#cite_ref-Jastreboff_2001_17-1) [Template:Citation](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Citation&action=edit&redlink=1) # Michelle Fields–Corey Lewandowski incident URL: https://mediated.wiki/wiki/page_0098 Last updated: 2026-07-23T14:18:00.071Z The **Michelle Fields–Corey Lewandowski incident** was a March 2016 dispute arising from a Donald Trump campaign event in Jupiter, Florida. Breitbart News reporter Michelle Fields said that Trump campaign manager Corey Lewandowski grabbed her arm as she tried to ask Trump a question. The campaign initially denied that Lewandowski had touched her; video footage and a police investigation subsequently became part of the public dispute.[1] Fields and Breitbart editor-at-large Ben Shapiro resigned from Breitbart on March 13, criticizing the organization's response to the allegation.[2] Lewandowski was charged with simple battery, but Palm Beach County prosecutors later declined to prosecute. They said there was probable cause for the arrest while concluding that the evidence was insufficient to prove every element of the offense beyond a reasonable doubt.[3] ## References 1. [↑](#cite_ref-1) [CBS News/AP, "Upheaval at Breitbart over dustup with Trump campaign", March 14, 2016](https://www.cbsnews.com/news/campaign-2016-upheaval-at-news-website-breitbart-over-dustup-with-donald-trump-campaign/) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-2) [The Guardian, "Breitbart reporter and editor-at-large quit over alleged assault at Trump event", March 14, 2016](https://www.theguardian.com/media/2016/mar/14/breitbart-reporter-editor-at-large-quit-alleged-assault-trump-event) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-3) [CBS News, "Florida prosecutors explain why they aren't pursuing charge of Donald Trump's campaign manager", April 14, 2016](https://www.cbsnews.com/news/florida-prosecutors-explain-why-they-arent-pursuing-charge-of-donald-trumps-campaign-manager/) # Tetratoma concolor URL: https://mediated.wiki/source/Tetratoma_concolor Last updated: 2026-07-23T22:17:29.577Z [Template:Short description](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Short_description&action=edit&redlink=1) [Template:Speciesbox](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Speciesbox&action=edit&redlink=1) ***Tetratoma concolor*** is a species of polypore fungus beetle in the family [Tetratomidae](/mw/index.php?title=Tetratomidae&action=edit&redlink=1). It is found in North America.[1][2][3] ## References [Template:Reflist](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Reflist&action=edit&redlink=1) ## Further reading [Template:Refbegin](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Refbegin&action=edit&redlink=1) - [Template:Cite book](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_book&action=edit&redlink=1) - [Template:Cite book](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_book&action=edit&redlink=1) [Template:Refend](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Refend&action=edit&redlink=1) [Template:Taxonbar](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Taxonbar&action=edit&redlink=1) [Template:Tenebrionoidea-stub](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Tenebrionoidea-stub&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-itis_1-0) Cite error: Invalid tag; no text was provided for refs named itis 1. [↑](#cite_ref-gbif_2-0) Cite error: Invalid tag; no text was provided for refs named gbif 1. [↑](#cite_ref-buglink_3-0) Cite error: Invalid tag; no text was provided for refs named buglink # Konstantin Turukin URL: https://mediated.wiki/wiki/page_0100 Last updated: 2026-07-24T06:18:42.484Z [Template:Short description](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Short_description&action=edit&redlink=1) [Template:Use mdy dates](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Use_mdy_dates&action=edit&redlink=1) [Template:Infobox ice hockey player](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Infobox_ice_hockey_player&action=edit&redlink=1) **Konstantin Turukin** (born September 28, 1990) is a Russian professional [ice hockey](/mw/index.php?title=Ice_hockey&action=edit&redlink=1) player. He is currently playing with [Metallurg Novokuznetsk](/mw/index.php?title=Metallurg_Novokuznetsk&action=edit&redlink=1) of the [Kontinental Hockey League](/mw/index.php?title=Kontinental_Hockey_League&action=edit&redlink=1) (KHL). Turukin made his [Kontinental Hockey League](/mw/index.php?title=Kontinental_Hockey_League&action=edit&redlink=1) debut playing with [Metallurg Novokuznetsk](/mw/index.php?title=Metallurg_Novokuznetsk&action=edit&redlink=1) during the [2009–10 KHL season](/mw/index.php?title=2009%E2%80%9310_KHL_season&action=edit&redlink=1).[1] ## References [Template:Reflist](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Reflist&action=edit&redlink=1) ## External links - [Template:Ice hockey stats](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Ice_hockey_stats&action=edit&redlink=1) [Template:Russia-icehockey-player-stub](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Russia-icehockey-player-stub&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-1) [Template:Cite web](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_web&action=edit&redlink=1) # Slavery in Angola URL: https://mediated.wiki/source/Slavery_in_Angola Last updated: 2026-07-24T13:31:36.128Z **Slavery in Angola** encompassed both enslavement within West Central Africa and the forced export of captives through the Atlantic ports of [Luanda](/mw/index.php?title=Luanda&action=edit&redlink=1) and [Benguela](/mw/index.php?title=Benguela&action=edit&redlink=1). It developed through changing relationships among African states and intermediaries, Portuguese officials and settlers, merchants, soldiers, and inland trading networks. War, judicial punishment, debt, kidnapping, and political insecurity could all expose people to sale. Angola was a major source region for the [transatlantic slave trade](/mw/index.php/Transatlantic_slave_trade), especially its South Atlantic branch. Luanda and Benguela were closely linked by shipping, credit, imperial administration, and commerce to ports in [Brazil](/mw/index.php/Slavery_in_Brazil). This was not simply a triangular trade directed through Europe: in some periods, Luso-Brazilian merchants and Brazilian demand shaped traffic directly across the South Atlantic. The scale and routes of this forced migration are documented by the public [SlaveVoyages](https://www.slavevoyages.org/) database. The legal ending of slavery was gradual. Portuguese measures culminated in an empire-wide abolition decree in 1869, followed by a transitional *liberto* status that ended in the late 1870s. Formal abolition did not by itself create free labor. Under later Portuguese colonial rule, coercive recruitment, compulsory labor, and restrictive contract systems continued, so the abolition of legal slave status must be distinguished from the end of forced labor. The history therefore joins two related but distinct processes: the long conversion of captives into exportable property, and the later replacement of legal slavery by other forms of colonial labor coercion. ## External links - [SlaveVoyages: Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade Database](https://www.slavevoyages.org/) # Jorge Recalde (rally driver) URL: https://mediated.wiki/wiki/page_0102 Last updated: 2026-07-24T14:18:36.261Z [Template:Short description](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Short_description&action=edit&redlink=1) [Template:Infobox WRC driver](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Infobox_WRC_driver&action=edit&redlink=1) **Jorge Raúl Recalde** (August 9, 1951 – March 10, 2001) was an [Argentine](/mw/index.php?title=Argentina&action=edit&redlink=1) [rally](/mw/index.php?title=Rallying&action=edit&redlink=1) driver born in [Mina Clavero](/mw/index.php?title=Mina_Clavero&action=edit&redlink=1). ## Biography Recalde had extensive knowledge of the roads of the [Sierras de Córdoba](/mw/index.php?title=Sierras_de_C%C3%B3rdoba&action=edit&redlink=1), and began racing in 1970 in the "Turismo Mejorado" class. He won his first rally in 1971.[Template:Citation needed](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Citation_needed&action=edit&redlink=1) Nicknamed *El [Cóndor](/mw/index.php?title=Condor&action=edit&redlink=1) de [Traslasierra](/mw/index.php?title=Valle_de_Traslasierra&action=edit&redlink=1)*, Recalde promoted motorsport in the [Córdoba](/mw/index.php?title=C%C3%B3rdoba,_Argentina&action=edit&redlink=1) region of Argentina. He was the only Argentine to have won the [Rally Argentina](/mw/index.php?title=Rally_Argentina&action=edit&redlink=1), doing so in a [Lancia Delta Integrale](/mw/index.php?title=Lancia_Delta_Group_A&action=edit&redlink=1) in [1988](/mw/index.php?title=1988_World_Rally_Championship_season&action=edit&redlink=1), also becoming the only Argentine and South American to win a [World Rally Championship](/mw/index.php?title=World_Rally_Championship&action=edit&redlink=1) round. He is also reported to have won the event again in [1995](/mw/index.php?title=1995_World_Rally_Championship_season&action=edit&redlink=1), when it was part of the 2-litre world championship due to the WRC round rotation system.[Template:Citation needed](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Citation_needed&action=edit&redlink=1) Recalde died of [myocardial infarction](/mw/index.php?title=Myocardial_infarction&action=edit&redlink=1) while competing in the ninth edition of the [Villa Dolores](/mw/index.php?title=Villa_Dolores&action=edit&redlink=1) rally. The [Argentine National Congress](/mw/index.php?title=Argentine_National_Congress&action=edit&redlink=1) later passed national law number 26,030 declaring Recalde's home town of Mina Clavero as the national capital of rally, and the date of his death, March 10, as "Día Nacional del Rally Argentino" (National day of Argentine rally) in his honour.[1] ## References [Template:Reflist](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Reflist&action=edit&redlink=1) ## External links - [Biography](https://web.archive.org/web/20080326223103/http://www.minaclavero.gov.ar/minaclavero.asp?id=1.04.02.05) [Template:In lang](/mw/index.php?title=Template:In_lang&action=edit&redlink=1) - [News of his death](http://www.clarin.com/diario/2001/03/11/d-08215.htm) [Template:Webarchive](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Webarchive&action=edit&redlink=1) [Template:In lang](/mw/index.php?title=Template:In_lang&action=edit&redlink=1) - [Sporting profile](https://web.archive.org/web/20080827162347/http://www.theluckyteam.com.ar/recalde.htm) [Template:In lang](/mw/index.php?title=Template:In_lang&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-1) [Template:Cite web](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_web&action=edit&redlink=1) # Unrar URL: https://mediated.wiki/wiki/page_0103 Last updated: 2026-07-24T22:16:08.144Z **UnRAR** is the name of two different command-line applications for extracting [RAR](/mw/index.php?title=RAR_(file_format)&action=edit&redlink=1) file [archives](/mw/index.php?title=Archive_format&action=edit&redlink=1). ## Contents - [1 RARLAB UnRAR](#RARLAB_UnRAR) - [2 UnRAR-free](#UnRAR-free) - [3 See also](#See_also) - [4 References](#References) - [5 External links](#External_links) ## RARLAB UnRAR This [source-available](/mw/index.php?title=Source-available_software&action=edit&redlink=1) [freeware](/mw/index.php?title=Freeware&action=edit&redlink=1)[1] is a command-line version of UnRAR, released by RARLAB, the same company that released the proprietary [WinRAR](/mw/index.php?title=WinRAR&action=edit&redlink=1) software.[2] This software can extract newer RAR 5.0 file archives, which have limited support in free extractors. The source-available license stipulates that users may not use the UnRAR code to create a RAR compressor. ## UnRAR-free This is a [free software](/mw/index.php?title=Free_software&action=edit&redlink=1) version of UnRAR that uses a library based on an old version of RARLAB's UnRAR with permission from author [Eugene Roshal](/mw/index.php?title=Eugene_Roshal&action=edit&redlink=1).[3] It is reportedly licensed under the [GPLv](/mw/index.php?title=GPL&action=edit&redlink=1)2-only, while unrarlib is available under the GPLv2-or-later or a proprietary license.[Template:Citation needed](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Citation_needed&action=edit&redlink=1) Work ended in 2007. Unrarlib only supports the [RAR2](/mw/index.php?title=RAR_(file_format)&action=edit&redlink=1) format.[3] ## See also - [Comparison of file archivers](/mw/index.php?title=Comparison_of_file_archivers&action=edit&redlink=1) - [Comparison of archive formats](/mw/index.php?title=Comparison_of_archive_formats&action=edit&redlink=1) - [List of archive formats](/mw/index.php?title=List_of_archive_formats&action=edit&redlink=1) - [RAR (file format)#Third-party software for extracting RAR files](/mw/index.php?title=RAR_(file_format)&action=edit&redlink=1) ## References [Template:Reflist](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Reflist&action=edit&redlink=1) ## External links - [RARLAB UnRAR](http://www.rarlab.com/rar_add.htm) - [UnRAR-free](https://web.archive.org/web/20080331080828/http://home.gna.org/unrar/) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-1) [Template:Cite web](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_web&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-2) [UnRAR; RARlab.](http://www.rarlab.com/rar_add.htm) 1. ↑ [3.0](#cite_ref-unrarlib_3-0) [3.1](#cite_ref-unrarlib_3-1) [Template:Cite web](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_web&action=edit&redlink=1) # Święte Nowaki URL: https://mediated.wiki/wiki/page_0104 Last updated: 2026-07-25T06:17:08.371Z [Template:Infobox settlement](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Infobox_settlement&action=edit&redlink=1) **Święte Nowaki** ([Template:IPA](/mw/index.php?title=Template:IPA&action=edit&redlink=1)) is a [village](/mw/index.php?title=Village&action=edit&redlink=1) in the administrative district of [Gmina Maków](/mw/index.php?title=Gmina_Mak%C3%B3w&action=edit&redlink=1), within [Skierniewice County](/mw/index.php?title=Skierniewice_County&action=edit&redlink=1), [Łódź Voivodeship](/mw/index.php?title=%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA_Voivodeship&action=edit&redlink=1), in central Poland.[Template:TERYT](/mw/index.php?title=Template:TERYT&action=edit&redlink=1) It lies approximately [Template:Convert](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Convert&action=edit&redlink=1) west of [Maków](/mw/index.php?title=Mak%C3%B3w,_%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA_Voivodeship&action=edit&redlink=1), [Template:Convert](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Convert&action=edit&redlink=1) west of [Skierniewice](/mw/index.php?title=Skierniewice&action=edit&redlink=1), and [Template:Convert](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Convert&action=edit&redlink=1) north-east of the regional capital [Łódź](/mw/index.php?title=%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA&action=edit&redlink=1). ## References [Template:Reflist](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Reflist&action=edit&redlink=1) [Template:Gmina Maków](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Gmina_Mak%C3%B3w&action=edit&redlink=1) [Template:Skierniewice-geo-stub](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Skierniewice-geo-stub&action=edit&redlink=1) # Slavery in Mozambique URL: https://mediated.wiki/wiki/page_0105 Last updated: 2026-07-25T13:31:42.436Z **Slavery in Mozambique** connected systems of enslavement within southeastern Africa to the western Indian Ocean and, especially in the nineteenth century, to Atlantic destinations. Captives moved through coastal ports and islands as well as inland commercial networks. The traffic changed with warfare, merchant credit, plantation demand, and attempts to suppress the slave trade; it was not a single route or institution. Mozambique also became an embarkation region for the [transatlantic slave trade](/mw/index.php/Transatlantic_slave_trade). As suppression made older routes more difficult, traders sent growing numbers of captives from southeastern Africa toward Brazil, Cuba, and other plantation societies. The public [SlaveVoyages](https://www.slavevoyages.org/) database documents these changing routes while distinguishing recorded voyages from broader estimates. The legal end of slavery under Portuguese rule was gradual. An empire-wide decree abolished legal slave status in 1869, but a transitional *liberto* condition continued until the late 1870s. Formal abolition did not end colonial coercion: compulsory recruitment, restrictive labor contracts, and *chibalo* forced labor later supplied plantations, public works, and labor migration. Legal slavery and colonial forced labor were distinct systems, but the latter preserved severe limits on workers' freedom to refuse or leave. This history therefore illustrates the difference between suppressing slave trading, abolishing ownership in people, and ending coercive labor in practice. ## External links - [SlaveVoyages: Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade Database](https://www.slavevoyages.org/) # State Automobile Inspectorate URL: https://mediated.wiki/wiki/page_0106 Last updated: 2026-07-25T14:12:37.015Z [Template:Short description](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Short_description&action=edit&redlink=1) [Template:Infobox law enforcement agency](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Infobox_law_enforcement_agency&action=edit&redlink=1) The **State Automobile Inspectorate** ([Template:Langx](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Langx&action=edit&redlink=1), **GAI**), formerly known as the **Main Directorate for Traffic Safety of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia** ([Template:Langx](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Langx&action=edit&redlink=1), GUOBDD, or [Template:Langx](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Langx&action=edit&redlink=1), ГИБДД, GIBDD) is a federal [law enforcement agency](/mw/index.php?title=Law_enforcement_agency&action=edit&redlink=1) of [Russia](/mw/index.php?title=Russia&action=edit&redlink=1) specializing in [traffic policing](/mw/index.php?title=Traffic_police&action=edit&redlink=1). It is responsible for regulating [traffic](/mw/index.php?title=Traffic&action=edit&redlink=1), investigating [traffic accidents](/mw/index.php?title=Traffic_accidents&action=edit&redlink=1), operating [traffic lights](/mw/index.php?title=Traffic_lights&action=edit&redlink=1), and issuing [driving licenses](/mw/index.php?title=Driving_license_in_Russia&action=edit&redlink=1). The Administration is part of the Public Security Service of the [MVD](/mw/index.php?title=Ministry_of_Internal_Affairs_(Russia)&action=edit&redlink=1). The Administration has [patrol](/mw/index.php?title=Patrol&action=edit&redlink=1) [jurisdiction](/mw/index.php?title=Jurisdiction&action=edit&redlink=1) over all [Russian highways](/mw/index.php?title=Russian_federal_highways&action=edit&redlink=1) and roads. ## Contents - [1 History](#History) - [2 Structure and organisation](#Structure_and_organisation) - [3 Other names](#Other_names) - [4 Heads of Administration](#Heads_of_Administration) - [5 See also](#See_also) - [6 References](#References) - [7 External links](#External_links) ## History The GAI ([Template:Lang-rus](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Lang-rus&action=edit&redlink=1)), short for *State Automobile Inspectorate* ([Template:Langx](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Langx&action=edit&redlink=1)), was formed on July 3, 1936. The GAI was part of the [NKVD](/mw/index.php?title=NKVD&action=edit&redlink=1). Its tasks included preventing accidents, keeping records of them and analyzing their causes, cleaning accident scenes, arraigning individuals responsible for accidents, developing technical standards for the operation of vehicles, supervising the preparation and education of drivers, managing the issuance of license plates, filling data sheets, and searching cars. In 1961 it was merged with the [Road Traffic Control Department](/mw/index.php?title=Road_Traffic_Control_Department&action=edit&redlink=1).[1] During the guerrilla phase of the [Second Chechen War](/mw/index.php?title=Second_Chechen_War&action=edit&redlink=1), as well as during the [Insurgency in the North Caucasus](/mw/index.php?title=Insurgency_in_the_North_Caucasus&action=edit&redlink=1), traffic safety officers were regularly targeted by pro-Ichkerian, and later Jihadist, insurgents. They made up a large portion of the law enforcement and Russian government casualties, in addition to [FSB](/mw/index.php?title=Federal_Security_Service&action=edit&redlink=1), [MVD](/mw/index.php?title=Ministry_of_Internal_Affairs_(Russia)&action=edit&redlink=1), and [GUOOOP](/mw/index.php?title=Main_Directorate_for_Public_Order_Maintenance&action=edit&redlink=1) members who were assassinated or otherwise killed in action.[Template:Citation needed](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Citation_needed&action=edit&redlink=1) After the [dissolution of the USSR](/mw/index.php?title=Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&redlink=1), GAI was renamed GIBDD.[Template:Citation needed](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Citation_needed&action=edit&redlink=1) There were rumors from March 2017 that the GIBDD was about to be dissolved by December 2018, as part of the [Russian police reform](/mw/index.php?title=Russian_police_reform&action=edit&redlink=1), and would be merged into the patrol service of the [police](/mw/index.php?title=Politsiya&action=edit&redlink=1). The Minister of Internal Affairs denied those rumors.[2] On May 28, 2024, GIBDD was renamed back to GAI.[3] ## Structure and organisation [File:Golunov march 474.jpg](/mw/index.php/File:Golunov_march_474.jpg) Traffic police officer in Russia [File:Государственная автомобильная инспекция.jpg](/mw/index.php/File:%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F.jpg) State Automobile Inspectorate patrol in Russia [File:GAZ-24 "Volga" police edition monument.jpg](/mw/index.php/File:GAZ-24_%22Volga%22_police_edition_monument.jpg) A 1970s/80s-vintage [GAZ-24](/mw/index.php?title=GAZ-24&action=edit&redlink=1) Volga, in the period [squad car](/mw/index.php?title=Police_car&action=edit&redlink=1) livery, installed as a monument in front of the [Nizhny Novgorod](/mw/index.php?title=Nizhny_Novgorod&action=edit&redlink=1) General Administration for Traffic Safety headquarters. Roads Patrol Service (Дорожно-патрульная служба) - Roads Inspection and Traffic organisation Service (Служба дорожной инспекции и организации движения) - Inspection and registration (Служба технического осмотра и регистрации) - Investigation Division vehicles (Подразделения розыска автотранспорта) ## Other names - *Department for Ensuring Road Traffic Safety of [MVD](/mw/index.php?title=MVD&action=edit&redlink=1) of Russia* ([Template:Langx](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Langx&action=edit&redlink=1)) abbreviated as **DOBDD**, since 1994 - *State Inspectorate for Road Traffic Safety* ([Template:Langx](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Langx&action=edit&redlink=1)) abbreviated as **GIBDD**, since 2002 - **GAI** ([Template:Lang-rus](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Lang-rus&action=edit&redlink=1)), short for *State Automobile Inspectorate* ([Template:Langx](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Langx&action=edit&redlink=1)), until 2011 - **DPS** ([Template:Langx](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Langx&action=edit&redlink=1)), short for *Road Patrol Service* ([Template:Langx](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Langx&action=edit&redlink=1)) - a part of the GAI/GIBDD directly responsible for patrolling the streets ## Heads of Administration - Vladimir Feodorov (1992–2002) - Viktor Kiryanov (2003–2011) - Vladimir Shvetsov (2011) - Viktor Nilov (2011–2017) - Mikhail Chernikov (2017–) ## See also - [Police of Russia](/mw/index.php?title=Police_of_Russia&action=edit&redlink=1) - [Militsiya](/mw/index.php?title=Militsiya&action=edit&redlink=1) - [MVD](/mw/index.php?title=MVD&action=edit&redlink=1) - [Highway Patrol](/mw/index.php?title=Highway_Patrol&action=edit&redlink=1) - [Traffic Police](/mw/index.php?title=Traffic_Police&action=edit&redlink=1) ## References [Template:Reflist](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Reflist&action=edit&redlink=1) ## External links - [Official page of the General Administration for Traffic Safety](https://en.mvd.ru/structure/Structure/General_Administrations/General_Administration_for_Traffic_Safet) [Template:Law enforcement agencies of Russia](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Law_enforcement_agencies_of_Russia&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-1) [Template:Cite book](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_book&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-2) [Template:Cite web](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_web&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-3) [Template:Cite web](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_web&action=edit&redlink=1) # Kihelkonna St. Michael's Church URL: https://mediated.wiki/source/Kihelkonna_St._Michael's_Church Last updated: 2026-07-25T22:19:50.124Z [Template:Short description](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Short_description&action=edit&redlink=1) [Template:Infobox church](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Infobox_church&action=edit&redlink=1) **Kihelkonna St. Michael's Church**, ([Template:Langx](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Langx&action=edit&redlink=1)) sometimes simply **Kihelkonna Church**, is a medieval [Lutheran](/mw/index.php?title=Lutheran&action=edit&redlink=1) church on [Saaremaa](/mw/index.php?title=Saaremaa&action=edit&redlink=1) island in western [Estonia](/mw/index.php?title=Estonia&action=edit&redlink=1). ## Contents - [1 History](#History) - [2 Architecture](#Architecture) - [3 See also](#See_also) - [4 References](#References) - [5 External links](#External_links) ## History The church was founded sometime around 1250 as a joint undertaking by both the [Livonian Order](/mw/index.php?title=Livonian_Order&action=edit&redlink=1) and the [Bishopric of Ösel-Wiek](/mw/index.php?title=Bishopric_of_%C3%96sel-Wiek&action=edit&redlink=1) as a part of [crusader efforts to Christianise Estonia](/mw/index.php?title=Northern_crusades&action=edit&redlink=1). The church was built at a strategic location, by a harbour of some importance and at a road connecting western Saaremaa with the rest of Estonia. Originally, the church was designed to have a western tower but after a rebellion in 1260–1261, at which time the church was still unfinished, the plans were scrapped. The present-day tower only dates from 1899. Apart from the tower, the building of the church finished sometime in the later 1260s.[1][2] ## Architecture Of the original medieval furnishing, very little remains. The interior is dominated by high, white-washed vaults. The [altarpiece](/mw/index.php?title=Altarpiece&action=edit&redlink=1) dates from 1591, and depicts the [Last Supper](/mw/index.php?title=Last_Supper&action=edit&redlink=1). In addition, the church has a fine organ and a carved epitaph dating from 1650 by a local carpenter, Balthasar Raschky.[2] The exterior of the church is today dominated by the [neo-Gothic](/mw/index.php?title=Gothic_revival_architecture&action=edit&redlink=1) tower, but the church also has an external bell-tower, dating from 1638. Such free-standing belfries were once quite popular in Estonia, but today the one at Kihelkonna church is the only one surviving.[1][2] ## See also - [Architecture of Estonia](/mw/index.php?title=Architecture_of_Estonia&action=edit&redlink=1) ## References [Template:Reflist](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Reflist&action=edit&redlink=1) ## External links - [Template:Commons category-inline](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Commons_category-inline&action=edit&redlink=1) [Template:Churches in Saare County, Estonia](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Churches_in_Saare_County,_Estonia&action=edit&redlink=1) [Template:Authority control](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Authority_control&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. ↑ [1.0](#cite_ref-Viirand_1-0) [1.1](#cite_ref-Viirand_1-1) [Template:Cite book](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_book&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. ↑ [2.0](#cite_ref-Saaremaa_museum_2-0) [2.1](#cite_ref-Saaremaa_museum_2-1) [2.2](#cite_ref-Saaremaa_museum_2-2) [Template:Cite web](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_web&action=edit&redlink=1) # RTS 1 URL: https://mediated.wiki/source/RTS_1 Last updated: 2026-07-26T06:14:50.941Z **RTS 1** may refer to: - [RTS 1 (Senegalese TV channel)](/mw/index.php?title=RTS_1_(Senegalese_TV_channel)&action=edit&redlink=1) - [RTS 1 (Serbian TV channel)](/mw/index.php?title=RTS_1_(Serbian_TV_channel)&action=edit&redlink=1) - [RTS 1 (Swiss TV channel)](/mw/index.php?title=RTS_1_(Swiss_TV_channel)&action=edit&redlink=1) [Template:Disambiguation](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Disambiguation&action=edit&redlink=1) # Slavery in Libya URL: https://mediated.wiki/source/Slavery_in_Libya Last updated: 2026-07-26T13:31:47.761Z **Slavery in Libya** formed part of wider Saharan and Mediterranean systems of captivity and coerced labor. Caravans carried enslaved people north through routes linking the central Sahara with Tripolitania and Cyrenaica. Within the region, enslaved people were used in households, agriculture, military service, and sexual servitude; some were also sold onward across the Mediterranean and into other Ottoman territories. The end of legal slavery was gradual rather than a single event. An Ottoman prohibition on the African slave trade was extended to Tripolitania and Benghazi in 1857, but enforcement varied and did not immediately emancipate everyone already held in slavery. Ottoman officials, foreign diplomatic pressure, local slaveholders, and enslaved people seeking freedom all shaped the uneven decline of the institution through the late Ottoman period and into Italian colonial rule.[1] Because suppression of slave trading, withdrawal of legal recognition, individual emancipation, and the persistence of coercive labor occurred at different times, historians do not assign Libya one uncontested abolition date. This layered chronology also distinguishes slavery from forced colonial labor that followed under Italian rule.[2] ## References 1. [↑](#cite_ref-1) [Ş. Hargal, “Ending slavery in imperial peripheries: Ottoman abolitionist policy in Trablusgarp and Benghazi provinces (1857–1911),” *Middle Eastern Studies* (2024).](https://doi.org/10.1080/00263206.2024.2310688) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-2) [“Tripolitania under Ottoman Rule,” in *The Making of Modern Libya* (2011).](https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230116337_2) # Slavery in Madagascar URL: https://mediated.wiki/wiki/page_0110 Last updated: 2026-07-26T13:31:51.395Z **Slavery in Madagascar** included both internal enslavement and participation in the western Indian Ocean trade. Under the expanding Merina kingdom in the nineteenth century, captives and enslaved people were incorporated into households, agriculture, royal service, and other forms of compelled labor. Status and experience varied, so this history is not reducible to a single plantation model. France abolished legally recognized slavery after conquering and annexing Madagascar in 1896. The date marks a change in legal authority, not an immediate end to labor coercion: colonial rule subsequently imposed compulsory labor and taxation. Slavery, emancipation, and colonial forced labor are therefore related but legally distinct parts of Madagascar's history. ## External links - [Encyclopaedia Britannica: History of Madagascar](https://www.britannica.com/place/Madagascar/History) - [International Labour Organization: Forced Labour Convention, 1930](https://normlex.ilo.org/dyn/nrmlx_en/f?p=NORMLEXPUB:12100:0::NO::P12100_INSTRUMENT_ID:312174) # Atiśa URL: https://mediated.wiki/wiki/page_0111 Last updated: 2026-07-26T14:17:57.952Z [Template:Short description](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Short_description&action=edit&redlink=1) [Template:EngvarB](/mw/index.php?title=Template:EngvarB&action=edit&redlink=1) [Template:Use dmy dates](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Use_dmy_dates&action=edit&redlink=1) [Template:Infobox religious biography](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Infobox_religious_biography&action=edit&redlink=1) [Template:Buddhism](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Buddhism&action=edit&redlink=1) [Template:Tibetan Buddhism](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Tibetan_Buddhism&action=edit&redlink=1) **Atiśa** (c. 982–1054 CE) was a [Buddhist](/mw/index.php?title=Buddhist&action=edit&redlink=1) religious teacher and leader from [Bengal](/mw/index.php?title=Bengal&action=edit&redlink=1).[1] He is generally associated with his body of work authored at [Vikramaśīla](/mw/index.php?title=Vikramashila&action=edit&redlink=1) Monastery in [Bihar](/mw/index.php?title=Bihar&action=edit&redlink=1).[2] He was a major figure in the spread of 11th-century [Mahayana](/mw/index.php?title=Mahayana&action=edit&redlink=1) and [Vajrayana](/mw/index.php?title=Vajrayana&action=edit&redlink=1) Buddhism in Asia and traveled to [Sumatra](/mw/index.php?title=Sumatra&action=edit&redlink=1) and [Tibet](/mw/index.php?title=Tibet&action=edit&redlink=1). Atiśa, along with his chief disciple [Dromtön](/mw/index.php?title=Dromt%C3%B6n&action=edit&redlink=1), is regarded as the founder of the [Kadam school](/mw/index.php?title=Kadam_(Tibetan_Buddhism)&action=edit&redlink=1),[3] one of the [New Translation](/mw/index.php?title=Sarma_(Tibetan_Buddhism)&action=edit&redlink=1) schools of [Tibetan Buddhism](/mw/index.php?title=Tibetan_Buddhism&action=edit&redlink=1). In the 14th century, the Kadam school was supplanted by the [Gelug](/mw/index.php?title=Gelug&action=edit&redlink=1) tradition, which adopted its teachings and absorbed its monasteries.[4] ## Contents - [1 Biography](#Biography) - [1.1 Early life](#Early_life) - [1.2 Studies](#Studies) - [1.3 Vikramaśīla](#Vikramaśīla) - [1.4 Teachings in Sumatra and Tibet](#Teachings_in_Sumatra_and_Tibet) - [2 Legacy](#Legacy) - [3 Writings](#Writings) - [4 See also](#See_also) - [5 References](#References) - [5.1 Bibliography](#Bibliography) - [6 External links](#External_links) ## Biography ### Early life Atiśa was born as Candragarbha in c. 982 CE as the second of three sons to a ruling family in [Bengal](/mw/index.php?title=Bengal&action=edit&redlink=1), most probably in the village of Vajrayogini in [Vikrampura](/mw/index.php?title=Vikrampura&action=edit&redlink=1), which was one of the capitals of the [Pala Empire](/mw/index.php?title=Pala_Empire&action=edit&redlink=1).[5][6][7] His father was a king known as Kalyānaśrī and his mother was Prabhavati Sri.[8][9] The early part of his life was typical of noblemen of the period, and he was trained in various fields, including art.[10] ### Studies As a young man, he began to study [tantra](/mw/index.php?title=Vajrayana&action=edit&redlink=1) in what is now [Rajgir](/mw/index.php?title=Rajgir&action=edit&redlink=1), where he was tutored by a monk named Rāhulaguhyavajra. Under Rāhulaguhyavajra, Atiśa was initiated into [Hevajra](/mw/index.php?title=Hevajra&action=edit&redlink=1) and taught specific meditations. He then studied for seven years under a master named Avadhūtipā, where he focused on [yoga](/mw/index.php?title=Yoga&action=edit&redlink=1) and engaged in tantric feasts known as [ganachakra](/mw/index.php?title=Ganachakra&action=edit&redlink=1).[10] According to Tibetan sources, Atiśa was ordained into the [Mahāsāṃghika](/mw/index.php?title=Mah%C4%81s%C4%81%E1%B9%83ghika&action=edit&redlink=1) lineage at the age of twenty-eight by the Abbot Śīlarakṣita in [Bodh Gaya](/mw/index.php?title=Bodh_Gaya&action=edit&redlink=1) and studied almost all Buddhist and non-Buddhist schools of his time, including teachings from [Vaishnavism](/mw/index.php?title=Vaishnavism&action=edit&redlink=1), [Shaivism](/mw/index.php?title=Shaivism&action=edit&redlink=1), Tantric Hinduism and other practices. He also studied the sixty-four kinds of art, the art of music and the art of logic and accomplished these studies until the age of twenty-two.[Template:Citation needed](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Citation_needed&action=edit&redlink=1) Among the many Buddhist lineages he studied, practised and transmitted, the three main lineages were the *Lineage of the Profound Action* transmitted by [Asaṅga](/mw/index.php?title=Asanga&action=edit&redlink=1) and [Vasubandhu](/mw/index.php?title=Vasubandhu&action=edit&redlink=1), the *Lineage of Profound View* transmitted by [Nagarjuna](/mw/index.php?title=Nagarjuna&action=edit&redlink=1) and [Candrakīrti](/mw/index.php?title=Candrak%C4%ABrti&action=edit&redlink=1), and the *Lineage of Profound Experience* transmitted by [Tilopa](/mw/index.php?title=Tilopa&action=edit&redlink=1) and [Naropa](/mw/index.php?title=Naropa&action=edit&redlink=1).[11][Template:Sfn](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Sfn&action=edit&redlink=1) Atiśa engaged with many notable teachers during this period, including [Ratnākaraśānti](/mw/index.php?title=Ratn%C4%81kara%C5%9B%C4%81nti&action=edit&redlink=1),[12] Naropa and [Jitari](/mw/index.php?title=Jitari&action=edit&redlink=1). He also studied under Dharmarakṣita at the monastery of [Odantapuri](/mw/index.php?title=Odantapuri&action=edit&redlink=1).[10] ### Vikramaśīla Atiśa rose to become a senior scholar at the monastery of [Vikramaśīla](/mw/index.php?title=Vikramashila&action=edit&redlink=1) at a time when it had no more than one hundred ordained monks present. Tibetan hagiographies on his life have a tendency to portray him as one of the greatest scholars to stay at Vikramaśīla, who would be noted for his strict adherence to the ethics of Mahayana Buddhism. It was during this period that the King of the Tibetan polity of [Guge](/mw/index.php?title=Guge&action=edit&redlink=1), Lha bla ma Ye shes 'od, began to send missions to Vikramaśīla to invite scholars to visit Guge so that they could teach the "pure form of Buddhism". Atiśa finally departed Vikramaśīla in 1040 CE. The then abbot of Vikramaśīla, Ratnakara, gave his permission for Atiśa to leave but on the condition that he return in three years.[10] ### Teachings in Sumatra and Tibet [File:Mural of Atisha at Ralung Gompa, 1993.jpg](/mw/index.php/File:Mural_of_Atisha_at_Ralung_Gompa,_1993.jpg) Mural of Atiśa at [Ralung Monastery](/mw/index.php?title=Ralung_Monastery&action=edit&redlink=1), 1993. Tibetan sources record that Atiśa spent 12 years in [Sumatra](/mw/index.php?title=Sumatra&action=edit&redlink=1) of the [Srivijaya](/mw/index.php?title=Srivijaya&action=edit&redlink=1) empire, and he returned to India in 1025 CE, the same year that [Rajendra Chola I](/mw/index.php?title=Rajendra_Chola_I&action=edit&redlink=1) of the [Chola dynasty](/mw/index.php?title=Chola_dynasty&action=edit&redlink=1) invaded Sumatra.[13] Upon his return, he received much attention for his teachings and skills in debate and philosophy. On three separate occasions, Atiśa was acclaimed for defeating non-Buddhist opponents in debate.[Template:Citation needed](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Citation_needed&action=edit&redlink=1) When he came into contact with what he perceived to be a misled or deteriorating form of Buddhism, he would implement reforms. He was subsequently appointed to the position of steward, or abbot, at Vikramaśīla, which was established by [Emperor Dharmapala](/mw/index.php?title=Dharmapala_(emperor)&action=edit&redlink=1).[Template:Citation needed](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Citation_needed&action=edit&redlink=1) He is also said to have "nourished" [Odantapuri](/mw/index.php?title=Odantapuri&action=edit&redlink=1).[14] Atiśa's return from [Suvarnabhumi](/mw/index.php?title=Suvarnabhumi&action=edit&redlink=1), where he had been studying with Dharmakīrtiśrī, and his rise to prominence in India coincided with a flourishing of Buddhist culture and the practice of Buddhism in the region, and in many ways Atiśa's influence contributed to these developments. According to the *[Blue Annals](/mw/index.php?title=Blue_Annals&action=edit&redlink=1)*, a new king of [Guge](/mw/index.php?title=Guge&action=edit&redlink=1) by the name of [Yeshe-Ö](/mw/index.php?title=Yeshe-%C3%96&action=edit&redlink=1) sent his academic followers to learn and translate some of the Sanskrit Buddhist texts.[15] Among these academics was Naktso, who was eventually sent to Vikramaśīla to study Sanskrit and plead with Atiśa to come teach the Dharma in his homeland. Travelling with Naktso and Gya Lōtsawa, Atiśa journeyed through Nepal on his way to Tolung, the capital of the Purang Kingdom. (Gya Lōtsawa died before reaching Tolung.) On his way, he is said to have met Marpa Lōtsawa. He spent three years in Tolung and compiled his teachings into his most influential scholarly work, *[Bodhipathapradīpa](/mw/index.php?title=Bodhipathaprad%C4%ABpa&action=edit&redlink=1)*, or *Lamp for the Path to Enlightenment*. This short text in sixty-seven verses lays out the entire Buddhist path in terms of the three vehicles: Hīnayāna, Mahāyāna, and Vajrayāna, and became the model for subsequent texts in the genre of [Lamrim](/mw/index.php?title=Lamrim&action=edit&redlink=1), or the *Stages of the Path,*[16] and was specifically the basis for [Tsongkhapa](/mw/index.php?title=Tsongkhapa&action=edit&redlink=1)'s Lamrim writings. Here Atiśa met [Dromtön](/mw/index.php?title=Dromt%C3%B6n&action=edit&redlink=1), or Dromtonpa, who would become his primary disciple, regarded as both an enforcer of later propagation ethical standards and a holder of Atiśa's tantric lineage.[17] According to [Jamgon Kongtrul](/mw/index.php?title=Jamgon_Kongtrul&action=edit&redlink=1), when Atiśa discovered the store of Sanskrit texts at Pekar Kordzoling, the library of [Samye](/mw/index.php?title=Samye&action=edit&redlink=1), "he said that the degree to which the Vajrayana had spread in Tibet was unparalleled, even in India. After saying this, he reverently folded his hands and praised the great dharma kings, translators, and panditas of the previous centuries."[Template:Sfn](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Sfn&action=edit&redlink=1) ## Legacy In 2004, Atiśa was ranked 18th in the [BBC](/mw/index.php?title=BBC&action=edit&redlink=1)'s poll of the [greatest Bengalis of all time](/mw/index.php?title=Greatest_Bengali_of_all_time&action=edit&redlink=1).[18][19][20] ## Writings [Template:Unreferenced section](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Unreferenced_section&action=edit&redlink=1) His writings include: - - *[Bodhipathapradīpa](/mw/index.php?title=Bodhipathaprad%C4%ABpa&action=edit&redlink=1)* ([Template:Bo](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Bo&action=edit&redlink=1)) - Bodhipathapradipapanjikanama (his own commentary on *Bodhipathapradīpa* / byang chub lam gyi sgron ma) - *Charyasamgrahapradipa* contains some [kirtan](/mw/index.php?title=Kirtan&action=edit&redlink=1) verses composed by Atiśa. - *Satyadvayavatara* - *Bodhisattvamanyavali* - *Madhyamakaratnapradipa* - *Mahayanapathasadhanasangraha* - *Shiksasamuccaya Abhisamya* - *Prajnaparamitapindarthapradipa* - *Ekavirasadhana* - *Vimalaratnalekha*, a Sanskrit letter to [Nayapala](/mw/index.php?title=Nayapala&action=edit&redlink=1), king of [Gauda](/mw/index.php?title=Gauda_Kingdom&action=edit&redlink=1). ## See also - [Nyethang Drolma Temple](/mw/index.php?title=Nyethang_Drolma_Temple&action=edit&redlink=1) - [Bikrampur Vihara](/mw/index.php?title=Bikrampur_Vihara&action=edit&redlink=1) ## References [Template:Reflist](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Reflist&action=edit&redlink=1) ### Bibliography - [Template:Cite book](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_book&action=edit&redlink=1) - Khenpo Konchog Gyaltsen, *Great Kagyu Masters: The Golden Lineage Treasury*, Snow Lion Publications - Geshe Sonam Rinchen, *Atiśa's Lamp for the Path to Enlightenment*, Snow Lion Publications - [Template:Cite book](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_book&action=edit&redlink=1) - [Template:Cite book](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_book&action=edit&redlink=1) - [Template:Cite book](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_book&action=edit&redlink=1) ## External links [Template:Commons category](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Commons_category&action=edit&redlink=1) - [Template:Internet Archive author](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Internet_Archive_author&action=edit&redlink=1) - [Template:Internet Archive author](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Internet_Archive_author&action=edit&redlink=1) - [Bibliography of Atisha's works, Item 596](http://faculty.washington.edu/kpotter/ckeyt/txt3.htm) [Template:Webarchive](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Webarchive&action=edit&redlink=1), Karl Potter, University of Washington - [Advice from Atiśa's Heart](http://kadampa.org/en/buddhism/advice-from-atisha) - [Atiśa Dipamkara](http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Dipankar_Srijnan,_Atish) on Banglapedia - [English Translation of Lamp to the Path of Enlightenment](http://studybuddhism.com/en/tibetan-buddhism/original-texts/sutra-texts/lamp-for-the-path-to-enlightenment) (by Dr. Alexander Berzin) [Template:Buddhism topics](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Buddhism_topics&action=edit&redlink=1) [Template:Authority control](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Authority_control&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-TBRC_1-0) [Template:Cite web](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_web&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-Westerhoff2018_2-0) [Template:Cite book](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_book&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-3) [Template:Cite web](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_web&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-4) [Template:Cite web](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_web&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-5) [Template:Cite web](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_web&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-6) [Maha Bodhi Society](/mw/index.php?title=Maha_Bodhi_Society&action=edit&redlink=1), *The Maha Bodhi*, Volume 90, p. 238. 1. [↑](#cite_ref-7) [Template:Cite web](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_web&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-8) [Template:Cite web](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_web&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-9) [Template:Cite web](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_web&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. ↑ [10.0](#cite_ref-BrillAtisa_10-0) [10.1](#cite_ref-BrillAtisa_10-1) [10.2](#cite_ref-BrillAtisa_10-2) [10.3](#cite_ref-BrillAtisa_10-3) [Template:Cite journal](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_journal&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-11) Great Kagyu Masters: The Golden Lineage Treasury by Khenpo Konchog Gyaltsen, Snow Lion Publications, pages 154-186 1. [↑](#cite_ref-12) [Template:Cite web](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_web&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-13) Atisa and Tibet: Life and Works of Dipamkara Srijnana by Alaka Chattopadhyaya p.91 1. [↑](#cite_ref-14) [Template:Cite book](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_book&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-15) [Template:Cite book](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_book&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-16) [Template:Cite web](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_web&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-17) [Template:Cite web](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_web&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-18) [Template:Cite news](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_news&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-19) [Template:Cite web](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_web&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-20) [Template:Cite web](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_web&action=edit&redlink=1) # Othman Wok URL: https://mediated.wiki/wiki/page_0112 Last updated: 2026-07-26T22:22:13.446Z [Template:Short description](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Short_description&action=edit&redlink=1) [Template:Malay name](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Malay_name&action=edit&redlink=1) [Template:Use British English](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Use_British_English&action=edit&redlink=1) [Template:Use dmy dates](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Use_dmy_dates&action=edit&redlink=1) [Template:Infobox officeholder](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Infobox_officeholder&action=edit&redlink=1) **Othman bin Wok**[Template:Efn](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Efn&action=edit&redlink=1)[1] (8 October 1924 – 17 April 2017) was a Singaporean statesman and diplomat. He served as [Minister for Social Affairs](/mw/index.php?title=Ministry_of_Digital_Development_and_Information&action=edit&redlink=1) from 1963 to 1977 and concurrently held the portfolio of Minister for Culture between 1965 and 1968. After retiring from politics, he was appointed Singapore's Ambassador to Indonesia and sat on the boards of both the [Singapore Tourism Board](/mw/index.php?title=Singapore_Tourism_Board&action=edit&redlink=1) and the [Sentosa Development Corporation](/mw/index.php?title=Sentosa_Development_Corporation&action=edit&redlink=1). Throughout his entire political career, he represented the constituency of [Pasir Panjang](/mw/index.php?title=Pasir_Panjang_Single_Member_Constituency&action=edit&redlink=1). Othman played a prominent role in Singapore's early post-colonial administration and is regarded as one of the country's founding fathers. He was among the earliest members of the [People's Action Party](/mw/index.php?title=People%27s_Action_Party&action=edit&redlink=1) (PAP) and was instrumental in consolidating support for the party among the [Malay](/mw/index.php?title=Malay_Singaporeans&action=edit&redlink=1)–[Muslim](/mw/index.php?title=Islam_in_Singapore&action=edit&redlink=1) community during a period of political uncertainty following independence. His leadership within the Cabinet and his efforts in promoting social cohesion, particularly in matters of minority representation and intercommunal relations, were viewed as contributing to the development of a multiracial state. For his contributions to national development in the political, economic and social spheres, he was conferred the [Order of Nila Utama](/mw/index.php?title=Order_of_Nila_Utama&action=edit&redlink=1) (Second Class) in 1983 by then [President](/mw/index.php?title=President_of_Singapore&action=edit&redlink=1) [Devan Nair](/mw/index.php?title=Devan_Nair&action=edit&redlink=1). Beyond his ministerial appointments, Othman was known for his long-standing involvement in civil and community affairs. Othman died in 2017 at the age of 92.[2][3][4] ## Contents - [1 Early life](#Early_life) - [2 Early career](#Early_career) - [3 Political career](#Political_career) - [3.1 Minister](#Minister) - [3.2 Ambassador](#Ambassador) - [4 Post–political career](#Post–political_career) - [5 Personal life](#Personal_life) - [5.1 Awards](#Awards) - [6 Notes](#Notes) - [7 References](#References) - [8 External links](#External_links) ## Early life Othman was born on 8 October 1924 in [Singapore](/mw/index.php?title=Singapore_in_the_Straits_Settlements&action=edit&redlink=1), then part of the [Straits Settlements](/mw/index.php?title=Straits_Settlements&action=edit&redlink=1), into a family of indigenous [Orang Laut](/mw/index.php?title=Orang_Laut&action=edit&redlink=1) ancestry.[5] His father, Wok Ahmad, was a school teacher who later became a principal. Othman began his formal education at Telok Blangah Malay School at the age of five, and subsequently attended Radin Mas English School followed by [Raffles Institution](/mw/index.php?title=Raffles_Institution&action=edit&redlink=1) (RI). During the [Japanese occupation of Singapore](/mw/index.php?title=Japanese_occupation_of_Singapore&action=edit&redlink=1) between 1942 and 1945, his father enrolled him in a Japanese-run school, believing that this would protect him from conscription into the [Imperial Japanese Army](/mw/index.php?title=Imperial_Japanese_Army&action=edit&redlink=1) (IJA). This decision enabled Othman to acquire a working knowledge of the [Japanese language](/mw/index.php?title=Japanese_language&action=edit&redlink=1).[6] His grandfather, a religious teacher, expressed strong objections to Wok Ahmad's decision to place Othman in English-medium institutions such as Radin Mas and RI. He feared that exposure to a [secular](/mw/index.php?title=Secular&action=edit&redlink=1) and [Westernised](/mw/index.php?title=Westernised&action=edit&redlink=1) education might lead his grandson away from Islam and towards Christianity. Despite these concerns, Othman remained firmly committed to his faith throughout his life. He would later play a pivotal role in bridging the [Malay](/mw/index.php?title=Malay_Singaporeans&action=edit&redlink=1)–[Muslim](/mw/index.php?title=Islam_in_Singapore&action=edit&redlink=1) community with the newly established [People's Action Party](/mw/index.php?title=People%27s_Action_Party&action=edit&redlink=1) (PAP) government from the 1950s onwards. His example lent support to his father's conviction that proficiency in English and participation in mainstream national education were necessary foundations for progress, both for individuals and for the broader Malay community. Othman himself adopted a similarly pragmatic stance in matters concerning education and religion. He did not share his grandfather's anxieties regarding the influence of English-language or mission schools. He permitted one of his daughters to enrol at the [Catholic school](/mw/index.php?title=Catholic_school&action=edit&redlink=1) [CHIJ Katong Convent](/mw/index.php?title=CHIJ_Katong_Convent&action=edit&redlink=1), confident that such an education would not compromise her religious convictions. In keeping with the family's approach, his daughter continued to receive Islamic religious instruction outside of school and remained a practising Muslim.[7] ## Early career Othman began his professional career with the local Malay-language newspaper, *[Utusan Melayu](/mw/index.php?title=Utusan_Malaysia&action=edit&redlink=1)*, where he was first employed as a clerk following the completion of his education. In 1946, he was offered the position of reporter by [Yusof Ishak](/mw/index.php?title=Yusof_Ishak&action=edit&redlink=1), the newspaper's founder, who would later become Singapore's first [President](/mw/index.php?title=President_of_Singapore&action=edit&redlink=1). In 1950, Othman was awarded a Colonial Development Scholarship to pursue a Diploma in Journalism in [London](/mw/index.php?title=London&action=edit&redlink=1). Upon completing his studies, he returned to Singapore in 1951 and resumed work at *Utusan Melayu*, this time as a news editor. Alongside his journalistic duties, Othman became increasingly involved in labour matters and was elected Honorary Secretary of the Singapore Printing Employees Union (SPEU). The union advocated for improved wages and working conditions within the printing industry. During this period, Othman met [Lee Kuan Yew](/mw/index.php?title=Lee_Kuan_Yew&action=edit&redlink=1), who served as legal adviser to both *Utusan Melayu* and SPEU. This marked the beginning of a close and lasting friendship between the two men, which would later carry over into political life.[8] Othman remained as news editor for six years until he was promoted to deputy editor in 1957. ## Political career Days after the formation of the PAP in 1954, Othman joined the party, as its commitment to a national policy of multiracialism aligned with his own views. He took on the role of producing the party's Petir publication, and was a member of the bulletin's editorial board. In 1959, he was asked by the then legislative assembly member Ahmad Ibrahim to be the elected chairman of the PAP Geylang Serai/Tampines branch. While Othman was unsuccessful in the [1959 Singaporean general election](/mw/index.php?title=1959_Singaporean_general_election&action=edit&redlink=1) when contesting in [Kampong Kembangan](/mw/index.php?title=Kampong_Kembangan_Single_Member_Constituency&action=edit&redlink=1), he later won in [Pasir Panjang](/mw/index.php?title=Pasir_Panjang_Single_Member_Constituency&action=edit&redlink=1) during the [1963 Singaporean general election](/mw/index.php?title=1963_Singaporean_general_election&action=edit&redlink=1). Upon his election, he resigned from *Utusan Melayu* to devote himself fully to politics. ### Minister [File:John Edmund Taylor, Pasar Panjong (1879, Wellcome V0037499).jpg](/mw/index.php/File:John_Edmund_Taylor,_Pasar_Panjong_(1879,_Wellcome_V0037499).jpg) An 1879 watercolour painting of Pasir Panjang by John Edmund Taylor. Othman served as the area's political representative for 17 years from 1963 to 1980. Othman became Singapore's first Minister for Social Affairs following his election in 1963. At the time, he was the sole ethnic Malay member of the Cabinet and concurrently held the role of Director of the Malay Affairs Bureau. During his tenure, he introduced policies that left a lasting imprint on the Malay Singaporean community. Among his most significant contributions was the establishment of the Singapore Pilgrimage Office, which became the first formal system for registering [Hajj](/mw/index.php?title=Hajj&action=edit&redlink=1) pilgrims in the country. This administrative body provided an organised framework for pilgrimage activities and laid the institutional foundation that continues to support Hajj operations in Singapore today. The Singapore Pilgrimage Office would later evolve into the [Majlis Ugama Islam Singapura](/mw/index.php?title=Majlis_Ugama_Islam_Singapura&action=edit&redlink=1) (MUIS), which today regulates Hajj arrangements and other affairs concerning the Muslim community. Othman also presided over the implementation of landmark initiatives such as the Administration of Muslim Law Act (AMLA) and the Mosque Building Fund (MBF), both introduced through the Ministry for Social Affairs. These policies contributed to the formalisation of Muslim personal law and facilitated the construction of mosques in housing estates to serve the needs of an expanding urban population. His leadership reflected a commitment to integrating religious administration within the broader framework of Singapore's civil institutions. Othman's political career faced significant challenges. His alignment with the PAP drew criticism from segments of the Malay community, who at the time were being courted by the [United Malays National Organisation](/mw/index.php?title=United_Malays_National_Organisation&action=edit&redlink=1) (UMNO) in [Kuala Lumpur](/mw/index.php?title=Kuala_Lumpur,_Malaysia&action=edit&redlink=1), which promoted the ideology of *[Ketuanan Melayu](/mw/index.php?title=Ketuanan_Melayu&action=edit&redlink=1)* or "Malay Supremacy". Some even labelled him a "[race traitor](/mw/index.php?title=Race_traitor&action=edit&redlink=1)" for choosing to support a secular and multiracial party.[9] Following [Singapore's merger with Malaysia](/mw/index.php?title=State_of_Singapore_(Malaysia)&action=edit&redlink=1), Othman was nominated to be one of the few MPs to represent Singapore in the [Dewan Rakyat](/mw/index.php?title=Dewan_Rakyat&action=edit&redlink=1), the [lower house](/mw/index.php?title=Lower_house&action=edit&redlink=1) of the [Parliament of Malaysia](/mw/index.php?title=Parliament_of_Malaysia&action=edit&redlink=1), serving from 2 November 1963 to 1 March 1964[10] and from 18 May 1964 to 9 August 1965,[11] when that Parliament voted for Singapore's expulsion in a session from which Singapore's representatives were absent. He was one of nine ministers who signed the [document of separation](/mw/index.php?title=Independence_of_Singapore_Agreement_1965&action=edit&redlink=1), doing so only after expressing concerns in dealing with the [Malayan Communist Party](/mw/index.php?title=Malayan_Communist_Party&action=edit&redlink=1) (MCP) and receiving assurances from [Lee Kuan Yew](/mw/index.php?title=Lee_Kuan_Yew&action=edit&redlink=1).[12] ### Ambassador Having served 14 years as Minister for Social Affairs, Othman was appointed to serve as Singapore's ambassador to Indonesia in 1977, serving for three and a half years, but retained his ministerial rank during his diplomatic posting,[13] and also remained MP for Pasir Panjang.[14] He only retired as MP on 5 December 1980 when Parliament was dissolved on the same day for the [general election held later that month](/mw/index.php?title=1980_Singaporean_general_election&action=edit&redlink=1). His seat was retained by [Abbas Abu Amin](/mw/index.php?title=Abbas_Abu_Amin&action=edit&redlink=1) of the PAP in that election, who held the constituency until it was redistributed in the [1991 general election](/mw/index.php?title=1991_Singaporean_general_election&action=edit&redlink=1). Today, the area generally corresponds to the [West Coast](/mw/index.php?title=West_Coast,_Singapore&action=edit&redlink=1) and [Telok Blangah](/mw/index.php?title=Telok_Blangah&action=edit&redlink=1) divisions of the [West Coast Group Representation Constituency](/mw/index.php?title=West_Coast_Group_Representation_Constituency&action=edit&redlink=1). ## Post–political career Othman continued to be active and served in the Presidential Council of Minority Rights as a permanent member. He was also appointed as a member of several companies' board of directors.[15] Year/Term[6] Appointment and Organisation[6] 1981 Permanent Member, Presidential Council of Minority Rights. 1981–1994 Board Member, Singapore Tourist Promotion. 1981–1987 Board Member, Sentosa Development Corporation. 1981 Director, Overseas Investment Pte Ltd. 1982 Director, Overseas Investment Nominees Pte Ltd. 1983 Director, Bioheath International (S) Pte Ltd. 1987 Director, Autologous Blood Bank (S) Pte Ltd. 1988 Director, Utusan Melayu (S) Pte Ltd. 1989 Director of Sembawang Holdings. 1992 Director, Gainall Pte Ltd. 1993 Director, C. Thru Pte Ltd. 1994 Director, Property Services International. 1995 Director, Hale medical Clinic (Concourse) Pte Ltd. 1996 Director, Mindsets Pte Ltd. 1996 Director, Bright Steel Pte Ltd. 1996 Chairman, Lion Asiapac Ltd. ## Personal life ### Awards - [File:Darjah Utama Nila Utama ribbon (1975–1996).svg](/mw/index.php/File:Darjah_Utama_Nila_Utama_ribbon_(1975%E2%80%931996).svg) [Order of Nila Utama](/mw/index.php?title=Darjah_Utama_Nila_Utama&action=edit&redlink=1) (2nd Class, 1983) Othman grew up in a humble family. In the first four years of his life, Othman lived with his uncle, together with his grandparents and parents in a kampong area dominated by Malays. He recounted that as a boy, different races lived together harmoniously, and he would have Chinese and Indian playmates whom he conversed with in Malay.[7] In his mid-twenties, Othman went to London to receive further education in a polytechnic.[7] Othman was married with four children. His hobbies included reading and writing ghost stories, one of his books being *Malayan Horror: Macabre Tales of Singapore and Malaysia in the 50s*, a compilation of stories written by him. Othman also penned a biography in 2000 titled *Never in my Wildest Dreams*, a memoir of his life experiences. Othman was considered as one of the "Old Guard" – a founding father and the first generation of leaders of post-independent Singapore.[16][17] Othman also completed [military service](/mw/index.php?title=Conscription_in_Singapore&action=edit&redlink=1) (called National Service in Singapore) with the People's Defence Force in 1980, holding the rank of [Major](/mw/index.php?title=Major_(rank)&action=edit&redlink=1).[Template:Citation needed](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Citation_needed&action=edit&redlink=1) He also retired from politics in the same year. On 17 April 2017, he died at 12.22pm local time at the [Singapore General Hospital](/mw/index.php?title=Singapore_General_Hospital&action=edit&redlink=1) due to poor health; he was 92. As per [Islamic religious customs](/mw/index.php?title=Islamic_funeral&action=edit&redlink=1), there was no [state funeral](/mw/index.php?title=State_funeral&action=edit&redlink=1) and he was buried at Choa Chu Kang Muslim Cemetery the next day.[18] ## Notes [Template:Notelist](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Notelist&action=edit&redlink=1) ## References [Template:Reflist](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Reflist&action=edit&redlink=1) ## External links - [Othman Wok](https://web.archive.org/web/20150502022606/http://ourstory.asia1.com.sg/independence/ref/race.html) on ourstory.asia1.com.sg [Template:Portal bar](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Portal_bar&action=edit&redlink=1) [Template:Navboxes](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Navboxes&action=edit&redlink=1) [Template:Authority control](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Authority_control&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-1) [Template:Cite web](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_web&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-2) [Template:Cite book](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_book&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-3) [Template:Cite web](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_web&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-4) [Template:Cite web](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_web&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-5) [Template:Cite news](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_news&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. ↑ [6.0](#cite_ref-Singapore_Infopedia_6-0) [6.1](#cite_ref-Singapore_Infopedia_6-1) [6.2](#cite_ref-Singapore_Infopedia_6-2) [Template:Cite web](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_web&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. ↑ [7.0](#cite_ref-Eyes_of_Othman_Wok_7-0) [7.1](#cite_ref-Eyes_of_Othman_Wok_7-1) [7.2](#cite_ref-Eyes_of_Othman_Wok_7-2) [Template:Cite web](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_web&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-Remembering_Lee_Kuan_Yew_8-0) [Template:Cite news](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_news&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-9) [*Never in My Wildest Dreams*](https://books.google.com/books?id=tthuAAAAMAAJ&q=%22traitor%22+%22Othman+Wok%22), Othman Wok, Raffles, 2000, page 141 1. [↑](#cite_ref-10) [Dewan Ra'ayat, (House of Representatives), Official Report, First Session of the First Dewan Ra'ayat](https://www.parlimen.gov.my/files/hindex/pdf/DR-02111963.pdf), 2nd November, 1963 1. [↑](#cite_ref-11) [Dewan Ra'ayat, (House of Representatives), Official Report, Second Session of the Second Dewan Ra'ayat](https://www.parlimen.gov.my/files/hindex/pdf/DR-09081965.pdf), 9 August 1965 1. [↑](#cite_ref-Othman's_concerns_12-0) [Template:Cite web](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_web&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-13) [Singapore's new ambassador to Indonesia Encik Othman Wok](https://www.nas.gov.sg/archivesonline/photographs/record-details/b7b189d3-1162-11e3-83d5-0050568939ad), [National Archives of Singapore](/mw/index.php?title=National_Archives_of_Singapore&action=edit&redlink=1), 30 June 1977 1. [↑](#cite_ref-14) [MP to open c-centre](https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/digitised/article/straitstimes19800528-1.2.32), *[The Straits Times](/mw/index.php?title=The_Straits_Times&action=edit&redlink=1)*, 28 May 1980, page 7 1. [↑](#cite_ref-15) [Template:Cite web](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_web&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-16) [Template:Cite web](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_web&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-17) [Template:Cite web](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_web&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-18) [Template:Cite web](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_web&action=edit&redlink=1) # Ulmus × hollandica 'Pitteurs' URL: https://mediated.wiki/source/Ulmus_%C3%97_hollandica_'Pitteurs' Last updated: 2026-07-27T06:13:54.533Z [Template:Short description](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Short_description&action=edit&redlink=1) [Template:Infobox Cultivar](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Infobox_Cultivar&action=edit&redlink=1) ***Ulmus* × *hollandica*** '**Pitteurs'** or '**Pitteursii'**, one of a number of [hybrid](/mw/index.php?title=Hybrid_(biology)&action=edit&redlink=1) [cultivars](/mw/index.php?title=Cultivar&action=edit&redlink=1) arising from the crossing of the [Wych Elm](/mw/index.php?title=Wych_Elm&action=edit&redlink=1) *Ulmus glabra* with a variety of [Field Elm](/mw/index.php?title=Field_Elm&action=edit&redlink=1) *Ulmus minor*, was first identified by [Morren](/mw/index.php?title=Charles_Fran%C3%A7ois_Antoine_Morren&action=edit&redlink=1) as *l'orme Pitteurs* (1848).[1] [Elwes](/mw/index.php?title=Henry_John_Elwes&action=edit&redlink=1) and [Henry](/mw/index.php?title=Augustine_Henry&action=edit&redlink=1) (1913) and [Krüssmann](/mw/index.php?title=Johann_Gerd_Kr%C3%BCssmann&action=edit&redlink=1) (1976) listed it as an [*Ulmus* × *hollandica*](/mw/index.php?title=Ulmus_%C3%97_hollandica&action=edit&redlink=1) cultivar.[2] It was named after the landowner Henri Bonaventure Trudon de Pitteurs of [Saint-Trond](/mw/index.php?title=Sint-Truiden&action=edit&redlink=1), near [Liège](/mw/index.php?title=Li%C3%A8ge&action=edit&redlink=1), [Belgium](/mw/index.php?title=Belgium&action=edit&redlink=1), who discovered and first propagated the tree on his estate. ## Contents - [1 Description](#Description) - [2 Cultivation](#Cultivation) - [2.1 Putative specimens](#Putative_specimens) - [3 Accessions](#Accessions) - [4 Hybrid cultivars](#Hybrid_cultivars) - [5 Synonymy](#Synonymy) - [6 References](#References) ## Description 'Pitteurs' was a tall tree, chiefly distinguished by its large, rounded, convex leaves, < 20 cm long by < 19 cm broad, a little attenuate at the apex and with prominent venation.[3] Kirchner[4] and Petzold,[5] describing a tree by that name from the Royal State Tree Nursery at [Sanssouci](/mw/index.php?title=Sanssouci&action=edit&redlink=1), noted (1864) that the slightly glossy dark green leaves were obtuse-toothed, and appeared reddish-brown when they unfolded.[6] Aigret, however, reported (1905) that the specimen in the Jardin Botanique de Liège, planted in Morren's time, did not match Morren's description, having leaves of ordinary *U. montana* [used both for wych and for *Ulmus* × *hollandica*] dimensions, and being more elongated and acuminate than those described.[7] This suggests that Morren's measurements for 'Pitteurs', like his measurements for ['Superba'](/mw/index.php?title=Ulmus_glabra_%27Superba%27&action=edit&redlink=1), may have been based on the largest of long-shoot leaves. - [Long shoots of 'Pitteurs': a playful drawing from Morren,\[8\] also picturing H. B. T de Pitteurs (?), who on the scale of 20-cm leaves would be little over 1 m tall](/mw/index.php/File:Ulmus_%27Pitteurs%27,_Morren_1851.jpg) Long shoots of 'Pitteurs': a playful drawing from [Morren](/mw/index.php?title=Charles_Fran%C3%A7ois_Antoine_Morren&action=edit&redlink=1),[8] also picturing H. B. T de Pitteurs (?), who on the scale of 20-cm leaves would be little over 1 m tall ## Cultivation Reputedly one of two varieties grown from seed obtained in 1845 by Henri de Pitteurs[9] of [Sint-Truiden](/mw/index.php?title=Sint-Truiden&action=edit&redlink=1) or Saint-Trond, near [Liège](/mw/index.php?title=Li%C3%A8ge&action=edit&redlink=1), [Belgium](/mw/index.php?title=Belgium&action=edit&redlink=1), the tree was planted on his estate and along roadsides in the region. (The second variety may have been the *Ulmus hollandica belgica St.Trons* in [The Hague](/mw/index.php?title=The_Hague&action=edit&redlink=1), listed separately from ['Belgica'](/mw/index.php?title=Ulmus_%C3%97_hollandica_%27Belgica%27&action=edit&redlink=1) and 'Pitteurs' by [Christine Buisman](/mw/index.php?title=Christine_Buisman&action=edit&redlink=1) in 1933.[10]) [Gillekens](/mw/index.php?title=L%C3%A9opold_Guillaume_Gillekens&action=edit&redlink=1) noted in 1891 that in the areas of Liège and [Limbourg](/mw/index.php?title=Limbourg&action=edit&redlink=1), 'Pitteurs' was preferred to ['Belgica'](/mw/index.php?title=Ulmus_%C3%97_hollandica_%27Belgica%27&action=edit&redlink=1).[11] [Augustine Henry](/mw/index.php?title=Augustine_Henry&action=edit&redlink=1) (1912) thought the tree, which produced shoots growing almost one metre a year, probably identical with those called *orme Saint-Trond* he saw at Looymans' nursery at [Oudenbosch](/mw/index.php?title=Oudenbosch&action=edit&redlink=1), which he considered perhaps identical when young to a variety of *Ulmus montana* occasionally sold as [var. *macrophylla*](/mw/index.php?title=Ulmus_%27Macrophylla%27&action=edit&redlink=1).[12] An elm said to be similar and also cultivated on the Pitteurs estate was ['Folia Rhomboidea'](/mw/index.php?title=Ulmus_%C3%97_hollandica_%27Folia_Rhomboidea%27&action=edit&redlink=1). 'Pitteurs' was distributed as *Ulmus campestris Pittersii* by the Baudriller nursery, [Angers](/mw/index.php?title=Angers&action=edit&redlink=1).[13] The [Späth nursery](/mw/index.php?title=Sp%C3%A4th_nursery&action=edit&redlink=1) of [Berlin](/mw/index.php?title=Berlin&action=edit&redlink=1) sold an elm which they said went by the name of 'Pitteurs' in some nurseries but which they themselves called *U. hollandica*.[14][15] They continued to distribute it till the late 1930s.[16] A specimen stood in Cantons Park, [Baarn](/mw/index.php?title=Baarn&action=edit&redlink=1), in the interwar period.[17] The Hesse nursery of [Weener](/mw/index.php?title=Weener&action=edit&redlink=1), Germany, marketed 'Pitteurs' in the 1930s as *Ulmus latifolia*, adding " = *U. hollandica* or *U. pitteursi* ",[18][19] and in the 1950s as *U. hollandica pitteursi*.[20] By 1900 there was a regular annual supply from the Netherlands (initially mainly from [Oudenbosch](/mw/index.php?title=Oudenbosch&action=edit&redlink=1), later from [Opheusden](/mw/index.php?title=Opheusden&action=edit&redlink=1)) of several thousand 'Pitteurs' and ['Vegeta'](/mw/index.php?title=Ulmus_%C3%97_hollandica_%27Vegeta%27&action=edit&redlink=1) to the [Duchy of Schleswig](/mw/index.php?title=Duchy_of_Schleswig&action=edit&redlink=1) and to [Schleswig-Holstein](/mw/index.php?title=Schleswig-Holstein&action=edit&redlink=1), for coastal planting. After 1920 the numbers decreased as more elms began to be cultivated locally. With the spread, however, of the first Dutch elm disease epidemic, elm planting ceased in the area around 1930, and tens of thousands of unsellable 'Pitteurs' in nurseries had to be destroyed. They were often dug up for free by the unemployed, for use as firewood.[21] The *Ulmus gras* introduced to the USA c.1871, "a fine pyramidal-growing variety",[22][23] distinguished in catalogues from 'Belgica', may have been *Orme gras* ('Pitteurs'). It was later renamed *Ulmus montana grassei* by some nurseries.[24][25] 'Pitteurs' was present in the [Arnold Arboretum](/mw/index.php?title=Arnold_Arboretum&action=edit&redlink=1), Massachusetts, in the interwar years.[26] In 1998 an unsuccessful search of the de Pitteurs-Hiegaerts Estate (now in the public domain and known as the Speelhof park) was mounted in an attempt to rediscover the elm.[27] It is assumed the cultivar fell victim to Dutch elm disease, as did thousands of other elms in the same district. However, 'Pitteurs' was known to have been marketed (as *U. montana* 'Pitteursi') in Poland in the 19th century by the Ulrich nursery,[28] [Warsaw](/mw/index.php?title=Warsaw&action=edit&redlink=1), and so may still survive in Eastern Europe. Several trees were thought to survive in England, in the [Brighton](/mw/index.php?title=Brighton&action=edit&redlink=1) area.[29] 'Pitteurs' is not known to have been introduced to North America or Australasia. - [Späth's U. hollandica, "known as 'Pitteurs' in some nurseries" (1920).\[14\]\[15\]](/mw/index.php/File:Ulmus_hollandica_(Pitteursii_einiger_Baumschulen)._Hollandischer_Ruster.jpg) Späth's *U. hollandica*, "known as 'Pitteurs' in some nurseries" (1920).[14][15] - [Young 'Pitteurs', Bloemgracht, Amsterdam, c.1900 (photo Benjamin Wilhelmus Stomps)](/mw/index.php/File:Benjamin_Wilhelmus_Stomps,_Afb_010162000349.jpg) Young 'Pitteurs', [Bloemgracht](/mw/index.php?title=Bloemgracht&action=edit&redlink=1), Amsterdam, c.1900 (photo Benjamin Wilhelmus Stomps) ### Putative specimens A pruned *U. × hollandica* with large, rounded, convex leaves, and obtuse teeth, exactly matching Morren's 1848 leaf-drawing of 'Pitteurs', stands in Portland Road, Hove (2016).[30] - [Portland Road tree, Hove (2004)](/mw/index.php/File:BH00043_Ulmus._Portland_Avenue,_Hove._(5).jpg) Portland Road tree, Hove (2004) - [Long-shoot leaves of Portland Road tree](/mw/index.php/File:BH00043_Ulmus._Portland_Avenue,_Hove._(6).jpg) Long-shoot leaves of Portland Road tree - [Long- and short-shoot leaves of Portland Road tree](/mw/index.php/File:BH00043_Ulmus._Portland_Avenue,_Hove._(7).jpg) Long- and short-shoot leaves of Portland Road tree - [Pressed leaves of Portland Road tree](/mw/index.php/File:BH00043_Ulmus._Portland_Avenue,_Hove._(2).jpg) Pressed leaves of Portland Road tree - [Pressed leaves of Portland Road tree](/mw/index.php/File:BH00043_Ulmus._Portland_Avenue,_Hove._(3).jpg) Pressed leaves of Portland Road tree - [Bark of Portland Road tree](/mw/index.php/File:BH00043_Ulmus._Portland_Avenue,_Hove._(8).jpg) Bark of Portland Road tree A second tree, also pruned, in [Hove](/mw/index.php?title=Hove&action=edit&redlink=1) Recreation Ground,[31][32] has leaves matching a [Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh](/mw/index.php?title=Royal_Botanic_Garden_Edinburgh&action=edit&redlink=1) 1903 'Pitteurs' herbarium specimen.[33] - [Hove Recreation Ground tree (2013)](/mw/index.php/File:BH00031_Ulmus._Hove_Recreation_Ground,_Hove._(8).jpg) Hove Recreation Ground tree (2013) - [Pressed leaves of Hove Recreation Ground tree](/mw/index.php/File:BH00031_Ulmus._Hove_Recreation_Ground,_Hove._(2).jpg) Pressed leaves of Hove Recreation Ground tree - [Pressed leaves of Hove Recreation Ground tree](/mw/index.php/File:BH00031_Ulmus._Hove_Recreation_Ground,_Hove._(1).jpg) Pressed leaves of Hove Recreation Ground tree - [Pressed leaves of Hove Recreation Ground tree](/mw/index.php/File:BH00031_Ulmus._Hove_Recreation_Ground,_Hove._(3).jpg) Pressed leaves of Hove Recreation Ground tree - [Bark of Hove Recreation Ground tree](/mw/index.php/File:BH00031_Ulmus._Hove_Recreation_Ground,_Hove._(4).jpg) Bark of Hove Recreation Ground tree - [Extra Mural Cemetery tree, Brighton, blown down in 1987](/mw/index.php/File:Putative_Ulmus_%C3%97_hollandica_%27Pitteurs%27_(before_1987).jpg) Extra Mural Cemetery tree, Brighton, blown down in 1987 A putative specimen in the [Extra Mural Cemetery in Brighton](/mw/index.php?title=Cemeteries_and_crematoria_in_Brighton_and_Hove&action=edit&redlink=1), was blown down in the [Great Storm of 1987](/mw/index.php?title=Great_Storm_of_1987&action=edit&redlink=1) (see gallery). ## Accessions None known. ## Hybrid cultivars 'Pitteurs' was crossed with other *[Ulmus × hollandica](/mw/index.php?title=Ulmus_%C3%97_hollandica&action=edit&redlink=1)* in the Dutch elm breeding programme before [World War II](/mw/index.php?title=World_War_II&action=edit&redlink=1), but none of the progeny were retained.[34] ## Synonymy - l'Orme gras - ?l'Orme St. Trond - *Ulmus campestris latifolia, foliis rotundata*: Morren, *Journal d'agriculture pratique* 4: 509, 511, 1851.[8] - *Ulmus campestris* var *pitteursii*: [Wesmael](/mw/index.php?title=Alfred_Wesmael&action=edit&redlink=1) in *Bulletin de la Fédération des sociétés d'horticulture de Belgique* 1862: 382, 1863. - *Ulmus scabra macrophylla* Hort.: [Dieck](/mw/index.php?title=Georg_Dieck&action=edit&redlink=1), ([Zöschen](/mw/index.php?title=Z%C3%B6schen&action=edit&redlink=1), Germany), *Haupt-catalog der Obst- und gehölzbaumschulen des ritterguts Zöschen bei Merseburg* 1885 p. 82. ## References [Template:Reflist](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Reflist&action=edit&redlink=1) [Template:Elm species, varieties, hybrids, hybrid cultivars and species cultivars](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Elm_species,_varieties,_hybrids,_hybrid_cultivars_and_species_cultivars&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-Morren1848_1-0) [Template:Cite journal](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_journal&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-2) Krüssmann, Johann Gerd, *Handbuch der Laubgehölze* (Vol. 3) (Paul Parey, Berlin and Hamburg, 1976); trans. Michael E. Epp, *Manual of Cultivated Broad-Leaved Trees and Shrubs* (Vol. 3) (Batsford, Timber Press, Beaverton, Oregon, 1984-6), p.410 1. [↑](#cite_ref-3) [Template:Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Royal_Botanic_Garden_Edinburgh&action=edit&redlink=1) Long shoots. Sheet described as *U. montana* With. f. *hollandica* Hort. = *Pitteursii* Ch. Morren; [Template:Naturalis Biodiversity Center](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Naturalis_Biodiversity_Center&action=edit&redlink=1) Short shoots. Sheet described as *U. hollandica pitteursii* / *U. hollandica* Mill. var. *pitteursii* Rehder; [Template:Naturalis Biodiversity Center](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Naturalis_Biodiversity_Center&action=edit&redlink=1) Sheet described as *Ulmus montana* With. f. *hollandica* Hort. = *Pitteursii* Ch. Morren, 1903; ["Herbarium specimen BR0000027730775V"](https://www.botanicalcollections.be/specimen/BR0000027730775V). [Botanic Garden, Meise](/mw/index.php?title=Botanic_Garden_Meise&action=edit&redlink=1). Sheet labelled *Umus pitteursii*, [Liège](/mw/index.php?title=Li%C3%A8ge&action=edit&redlink=1) botanical garden specimen (1904); [Template:Naturalis Biodiversity Center](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Naturalis_Biodiversity_Center&action=edit&redlink=1) Sheet described as *U. Pitteursii gigantea*, renamed *U. hollandica* Mill. var. *pitteursii* Rehder 1. [↑](#cite_ref-4) kiki.huh.harvard.edu/databases/botanist_search.php?id=2793 1. [↑](#cite_ref-5) kiki.huh.harvard.edu/databases/botanist_search.php?id=2792 1. [↑](#cite_ref-arbmusc_6-0) [Template:Cite book](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_book&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-Belg_7-0) [Template:Cite journal](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_journal&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. ↑ [8.0](#cite_ref-Morren1851_8-0) [8.1](#cite_ref-Morren1851_8-1) [Template:Cite journal](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_journal&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-Schelev_9-0) Schelev, A. (1854) *Annuaire statistique et historique belge*, page 325, Brussel - Leipzig 1. [↑](#cite_ref-CB1933_10-0) [Christine Buisman, 'Verslag van de onderzoekingen over de iepenziekte, verricht in het phytopathologisch laboratorium Willie Commelin scholten te Baarn, gedurende 1932 (1)', *Tijdschrift over Planteziekte*, Vol 39 Iss 4, April 1933, p.85](https://archive.org/details/european-journal-of-plant-pathology_1933-04_39_4/page/86/mode/2up) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-11) Gillekens, Léopold Guillaume, *Éléments d'arboriculture forestière* (1891), p.40 1. [↑](#cite_ref-Elwes_12-0) [Template:Cite book](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_book&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-13) [Baudriller Établissement d'Horticulture, *Catalogue général descriptif et raisonné des arbres fruitiers, forestiers & d'ornement cultivés dans l'établissement. Année. 1880*, p.117](https://books.google.com/books?id=HAsDAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA117) 1. ↑ [14.0](#cite_ref-Spathbook1920p263_14-0) [14.1](#cite_ref-Spathbook1920p263_14-1) [Späthbuch 1720-1920, p.263](https://archive.org/stream/spathbuch172019200lspa#page/263/mode/1up/) 1. ↑ [15.0](#cite_ref-spath1903_15-0) [15.1](#cite_ref-spath1903_15-1) [Template:Cite book](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_book&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-16) [Späth, L., *Hauptkatalog der Baumschule 1937* (Berlin 1937), p.109](https://archive.org/details/SpaethL313.1937) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-17) [Template:Naturalis Biodiversity Center](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Naturalis_Biodiversity_Center&action=edit&redlink=1) Sheet labelled *Ulmus pitteursii* Ch. Morren, Baarn, 1931; twig and flowers 1. [↑](#cite_ref-Hesse1932_18-0) [Template:Cite book](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_book&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-Hesse1933_19-0) [Template:Cite book](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_book&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-20) [Hesse, Hermann A., Hauptkatalog 1956/57 (Weener, Ems, 1956); p.141-142](https://archive.org/details/HesseHA1956/page/n163?q=Hesse%2C+Hermann+A.%3A+Hauptkatalog+1956%2F57) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-iepsle1963p176_21-0) [Template:Cite book](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_book&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-22) [*Descriptive Catalogue of Ornamental Trees & Shrubs*, no.2, Mount Hope Nurseries, New York, 1871; p.6](https://archive.org/details/ellwangerbarrysc00ellw_0/page/6) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-23) Ellwanger & Barry, *Descriptive Catalogue of Hardy Ornamental Trees ... at the Mount Hope Nurseries* (Rochester, N.Y., 1875) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-24) [W. T. Smith nursery, Geneva, New York, 1912](https://archive.org/details/CAT31293231/page/8?q=montana+var.+Grassei) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-25) [W. T. Smith nursery, Geneva, New York, 1923](https://archive.org/details/CAT31309837/page/12?q=montana+var.+Grassei) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-26) [*Ulmus hollandica* var. *Pitteursii*, Arnold Arboretum, 1930 bioportal.naturalis.nl, specimen L.1587026](https://bioportal.naturalis.nl/multimedia/L.1587026_588946207/term=Ulmus+pitteursii&from=2) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-Driesen_27-0) Driesen, W. (2008), Stedelijke bibliotheek de Leidrad, Sint-Truiden 1. [↑](#cite_ref-Ulrich_28-0) Ulrich, C. (1894), *Katalog Drzew i Krezewow, C. Ulrich*, Rok 1893–94, Warszawa 1. [↑](#cite_ref-Johnson_29-0) Johnson, Owen (ed.) (2003). *Champion Trees of Britain & Ireland*. Whittet Press, [Template:ISBN](/mw/index.php?title=Template:ISBN&action=edit&redlink=1). 1. [↑](#cite_ref-goog_Goog3_30-0) [Template:Cite web](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_web&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-31) Hove Recreation Ground, west side; one tree north from central path. 1. [↑](#cite_ref-32) ['Rare elms in the spotlight for Sussex Tree Festival', 11 June 2025](https://www.brighton-hove.gov.uk/news/2025/rare-elms-spotlight-sussex-tree-festival) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-33) [data.rbge.org.uk, specimen E00824745](http://data.rbge.org.uk/search/herbarium/?cfg=fulldetails.cfg&specimen_num=838658) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-Went_34-0) Went, J. C. (1954). The Dutch elm disease - Summary of 15 years' hybridisation and selection work (1937–1952). *European Journal of Plant Pathology*, Vol 60, 2, March 1954. # Slavery in Algeria URL: https://mediated.wiki/wiki/page_0114 Last updated: 2026-07-27T14:09:22.291Z **Slavery in Algeria** formed part of overlapping Mediterranean and trans-Saharan systems. Before the French conquest, the Regency of Algiers received captives through corsair warfare and coastal raiding; some Christian captives were ransomed, while others were sold or put to labor. Muslim captives were also enslaved on the Christian side of the Mediterranean, so the sea was a shared zone of capture rather than a boundary between a slave and a free society. Algiers was also connected to Saharan routes that brought enslaved people from sub-Saharan Africa for household, agricultural, military, and sexual labor. French conquest began in 1830 but did not create a single immediate transition from slavery to freedom. France's [decree of 27 April 1848](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decree_of_27_April_1848) abolished slavery throughout its colonies and possessions, including French-ruled Algeria. Military conquest, uneven territorial control, and local practice complicated implementation. Legal abolition should also be distinguished from coercive labor imposed under colonial rule. ## Further reading - [Benjamin Claude Brower, “Rethinking Abolition in Algeria: Slavery and the ‘Indigenous Question’”](https://doi.org/10.4000/etudesafricaines.15654) - [Laurent Dubois, “The Road to 1848: Interpreting French Anti-Slavery”](https://doi.org/10.1080/714005202) # Slavery in the Sokoto Caliphate URL: https://mediated.wiki/wiki/page_0115 Last updated: 2026-07-29T04:19:23.138Z **Slavery in the Sokoto Caliphate** was a major system of internal slavery in nineteenth-century West Africa. The caliphate, founded after the jihad led by [Usman dan Fodio](/mw/index.php?title=Usman_dan_Fodio&action=edit&redlink=1), extended across much of present-day northern Nigeria and neighboring regions. Although its leaders condemned the unlawful enslavement of Muslims, warfare, frontier expansion, disputed religious status, and economic demand supplied a large enslaved population. ## Labor and social roles Slavery in Sokoto was primarily agrarian, household, military, and administrative rather than an Atlantic export system. Enslaved people cultivated estates that supported emirs, scholars, officials, soldiers, and towns. They also worked in compounds, herded animals, transported goods, produced food and textiles, served in armies, and performed domestic labor. Women could be subjected to agricultural and household labor, concubinage, and reproductive control. Some enslaved people held positions of trust, while others lived in labor settlements attached to estates or offices; such variation did not remove owners' power over movement, labor, family life, and status. Published reconstructions commonly place the enslaved population near the end of the nineteenth century in a broad range of roughly one to two-and-a-half million. This is an estimate rather than a census-like total, but it identifies Sokoto as one of the largest documented internal slaveholding societies of the period. ## Abolition under colonial rule British abolition policy in Northern Nigeria was gradual. A 1901 proclamation weakened the legal recognition of slave ownership and declared children born after 1 April 1901 free. British conquest of Sokoto in 1903 extended colonial authority, but officials avoided immediate universal emancipation because they prioritized political order, taxation, and cooperation with existing elites. Enslaved people nevertheless used the weakening of masters' legal claims to flee, negotiate, and assert freedom. Household and agrarian dependency therefore declined through a prolonged process rather than on a single emancipation date. ## Further reading - Paul E. Lovejoy and Jan S. Hogendorn, *[Slow Death for Slavery: The Course of Abolition in Northern Nigeria, 1897–1936](https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511563065)*. # Hill fox URL: https://mediated.wiki/wiki/page_0116 Last updated: 2026-07-27T14:14:17.663Z [Template:Subspeciesbox](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Subspeciesbox&action=edit&redlink=1) The **hill fox**[1] (***Vulpes vulpes montana***),[2] also known as the **hill red fox**,[1] or the **Himalayan red fox**,[3] is a [subspecies](/mw/index.php?title=Subspecies&action=edit&redlink=1) of the [red fox](/mw/index.php?title=Red_fox&action=edit&redlink=1) that is [native](/mw/index.php?title=Native_species&action=edit&redlink=1) to parts of the [Himalayan Mountain Range](/mw/index.php?title=Himalayas&action=edit&redlink=1) and the [Karakoram Mountain Range](/mw/index.php?title=Karakoram&action=edit&redlink=1). It has two noticeable populations: one in [northeastern India](/mw/index.php?title=Northeast_India&action=edit&redlink=1), far southern [Nepal](/mw/index.php?title=Nepal&action=edit&redlink=1), and far northern [Bangladesh](/mw/index.php?title=Bangladesh&action=edit&redlink=1). The other is in portions of far [northwestern India](/mw/index.php?title=North_India&action=edit&redlink=1), and northeastern [Pakistan](/mw/index.php?title=Pakistan&action=edit&redlink=1). Populations may be present in far [southwestern China](/mw/index.php?title=Southwestern_China&action=edit&redlink=1), and in other areas of the [Himalayas](/mw/index.php?title=Himalayas&action=edit&redlink=1).[4] Its natural range is made up of [rocky](/mw/index.php?title=Rock_(geology)&action=edit&redlink=1) [terrain](/mw/index.php?title=Terrain&action=edit&redlink=1), low [grasslands](/mw/index.php?title=Grassland&action=edit&redlink=1), and [tundra](/mw/index.php?title=Tundra&action=edit&redlink=1) within a [temperate climate](/mw/index.php?title=Temperate_climate&action=edit&redlink=1).[5] The hill fox is differentiated from the [nominate subspecies](/mw/index.php?title=Nominate_subspecies&action=edit&redlink=1) by having a smaller body, smaller [skull](/mw/index.php?title=Skull&action=edit&redlink=1), and [teeth](/mw/index.php?title=Tooth&action=edit&redlink=1), and by having rough or coarse hair. Its foot hair is mixed with softer, woolly hair.[6] It is occasionally known to build dens near urbanized human areas.[7] Researchers in the Shigar Valley of the Karakoram Range in Pakistan studied the foxes' habits and den locations. Their study reported that, in the resting state, 83.33% of the foxes had a den in a grass or bare habitat.[7] Many hill foxes are high-altitude animals with adaptations suited to their environment. Studies have shown that many high-altitude animals reduce oxygen demand by suppressing total metabolism to compensate for a reduced cellular oxygen supply in response to hypoxia.[8] Several studies have examined the subspecies' genetic information to understand its evolution and adaptation to high-altitude habitats. One study used blood samples from a wild female red fox captured near Lhasa in Tibet, China; the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau is the highest plateau in the world, with an average elevation above 3,500 m.[9] The researchers analyzed the gene sequences and identified a gene associated with the animal's ability to adapt to its environment. [File:Himalayan Red Fox (Vulpes vulpes ssp. montana.jpg](/mw/index.php/File:Himalayan_Red_Fox_(Vulpes_vulpes_ssp._montana.jpg) Himalayan Red Fox (*Vulpes vulpes* ssp. *montana*) ## References [Template:Reflist](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Reflist&action=edit&redlink=1) [Template:Taxonbar](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Taxonbar&action=edit&redlink=1) [Template:Canid-stub](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Canid-stub&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. ↑ [1.0](#cite_ref-Observation.org_1-0) [1.1](#cite_ref-Observation.org_1-1) [Template:Cite web](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_web&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-2) [Template:EOL](/mw/index.php?title=Template:EOL&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-3) [Template:Cite web](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_web&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-4) [Template:Cite web](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_web&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-5) [Template:Cite web](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_web&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-6) [Template:Cite journal](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_journal&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. ↑ [7.0](#cite_ref-Zaman-2020_7-0) [7.1](#cite_ref-Zaman-2020_7-1) [Template:Cite journal](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_journal&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-8) [Template:Cite journal](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_journal&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-9) [Template:Cite journal](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_journal&action=edit&redlink=1) # Joseph Bottomley Firth URL: https://mediated.wiki/wiki/page_0117 Last updated: 2026-07-27T22:14:08.428Z [Template:Short description](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Short_description&action=edit&redlink=1) [Template:Use dmy dates](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Use_dmy_dates&action=edit&redlink=1) [File:J-f-b-firth-1880.jpg](/mw/index.php/File:J-f-b-firth-1880.jpg) Firth in 1880 **Joseph Firth Bottomley Firth** (1842 - 3 September 1889) was an English barrister and [Liberal](/mw/index.php?title=Liberal_Party_(UK)&action=edit&redlink=1) politician who sat in the [House of Commons](/mw/index.php?title=House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&redlink=1) between 1880 and 1889. ## Contents - [1 Early life](#Early_life) - [2 Political career](#Political_career) - [3 References](#References) - [4 External links](#External_links) ## Early life Firth was born as Bottomley in Dobroyd, Yorkshire, the son of Joseph Bottomley of [Huddersfield](/mw/index.php?title=Huddersfield&action=edit&redlink=1) and his wife Ann, the eldest daughter of Joseph Firth. The Bottomleys were a prominent [Quaker](/mw/index.php?title=Quaker&action=edit&redlink=1) family in the [West Riding of Yorkshire](/mw/index.php?title=West_Riding_of_Yorkshire&action=edit&redlink=1), having been major landowners since the reign of [Elizabeth I](/mw/index.php?title=Elizabeth_I_of_England&action=edit&redlink=1).[1][2] He attended [Ackworth School](/mw/index.php?title=Ackworth_School&action=edit&redlink=1) and the [University of London](/mw/index.php?title=University_of_London&action=edit&redlink=1), where he received a degree in law. He was [called to the bar](/mw/index.php?title=Barrister&action=edit&redlink=1) at the [Middle Temple](/mw/index.php?title=Middle_Temple&action=edit&redlink=1) and practised as a barrister on the North Eastern Circuit. In 1873, his uncle, Joseph Firth of Shepley, died, and as part of the conditions of his uncle's will, he adopted the additional surname of "Firth" by [royal licence](/mw/index.php?title=Royal_licence&action=edit&redlink=1) to become Joseph Firth Bottomley Firth.[1][2] ## Political career Firth was an active campaigner for reform of local government in London and was involved in the Liberal Party. From 1876 to 1879, he was a member for [Chelsea](/mw/index.php?title=Chelsea,_London&action=edit&redlink=1) on the [London School Board](/mw/index.php?title=London_School_Board&action=edit&redlink=1).[1][2] In [1880](/mw/index.php?title=1880_United_Kingdom_general_election&action=edit&redlink=1) he entered the [House of Commons](/mw/index.php?title=United_Kingdom_House_of_Commons&action=edit&redlink=1) as one of two [Members of Parliament](/mw/index.php?title=Members_of_Parliament&action=edit&redlink=1) for [Chelsea](/mw/index.php?title=Chelsea_(UK_Parliament_constituency)&action=edit&redlink=1) and held the seat until 1885.[3] Firth was president of the [London Municipal Reform League](/mw/index.php?title=London_Municipal_Reform_League&action=edit&redlink=1) from 1882, and author of *Municipal London; or London Government as it is and London Government as it ought to be*.[1][4] At the [1885 general election](/mw/index.php?title=1885_United_Kingdom_general_election&action=edit&redlink=1) he stood unsuccessfully at [North Kensington](/mw/index.php?title=North_Kensington_(UK_Parliament_constituency)&action=edit&redlink=1) and at the [1886 general election](/mw/index.php?title=1886_United_Kingdom_general_election&action=edit&redlink=1) at [Newington West](/mw/index.php?title=Newington_West_(UK_Parliament_constituency)&action=edit&redlink=1). In February 1888 [Charles Lacaita](/mw/index.php?title=Charles_Lacaita&action=edit&redlink=1), one of the sitting Liberal members for [Dundee](/mw/index.php?title=Dundee_(UK_Parliament_constituency)&action=edit&redlink=1), resigned his seat over the [Home Rule policy](/mw/index.php?title=Irish_Home_Rule_movement&action=edit&redlink=1) of Gladstone and the Liberals, and Firth was [elected](/mw/index.php?title=1888_Dundee_by-election&action=edit&redlink=1) in his place.[1][2][5] In 1889, a democratically elected [London County Council](/mw/index.php?title=London_County_Council&action=edit&redlink=1) was created, and Firth was elected as a member of the [Progressive](/mw/index.php?title=Progressive_Party_(London)&action=edit&redlink=1) majority group. He became the first [deputy chairman](/mw/index.php?title=List_of_chairmen_of_the_London_County_Council&action=edit&redlink=1) of the council.[6] Firth died suddenly from "sun stroke" at the age of 47, while in Switzerland.[4] Firth married Elizabeth Tatham, daughter of a sometime mayor of [Leeds](/mw/index.php?title=Leeds&action=edit&redlink=1), in 1873. ## References [Template:Reflist](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Reflist&action=edit&redlink=1) ## External links - [Template:Hansard-contribs](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Hansard-contribs&action=edit&redlink=1) [Template:S-start](/mw/index.php?title=Template:S-start&action=edit&redlink=1) [Template:S-par](/mw/index.php?title=Template:S-par&action=edit&redlink=1) [Template:S-bef](/mw/index.php?title=Template:S-bef&action=edit&redlink=1) [Template:S-ttl](/mw/index.php?title=Template:S-ttl&action=edit&redlink=1) [Template:S-aft](/mw/index.php?title=Template:S-aft&action=edit&redlink=1) [Template:S-bef](/mw/index.php?title=Template:S-bef&action=edit&redlink=1) [Template:S-ttl](/mw/index.php?title=Template:S-ttl&action=edit&redlink=1) [Template:S-aft](/mw/index.php?title=Template:S-aft&action=edit&redlink=1) [Template:S-end](/mw/index.php?title=Template:S-end&action=edit&redlink=1) [Template:Authority control](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Authority_control&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. ↑ [1.0](#cite_ref-deb1881_1-0) [1.1](#cite_ref-deb1881_1-1) [1.2](#cite_ref-deb1881_1-2) [1.3](#cite_ref-deb1881_1-3) [1.4](#cite_ref-deb1881_1-4) [Template:Cite book](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_book&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. ↑ [2.0](#cite_ref-ackw_2-0) [2.1](#cite_ref-ackw_2-1) [2.2](#cite_ref-ackw_2-2) [2.3](#cite_ref-ackw_2-3) [Template:Cite book](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_book&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-3) [Template:Rayment-hc](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Rayment-hc&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. ↑ [4.0](#cite_ref-obit_4-0) [4.1](#cite_ref-obit_4-1) [Template:Cite news](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_news&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-GlasgowHerald1888_5-0) [Template:Cite news](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_news&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-6) [Template:Cite news](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_news&action=edit&redlink=1) # East Troy Electric Railroad URL: https://mediated.wiki/wiki/page_0118 Last updated: 2026-07-28T06:16:23.515Z [Template:Short description](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Short_description&action=edit&redlink=1) [Template:Redirect](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Redirect&action=edit&redlink=1) [Template:Use mdy dates](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Use_mdy_dates&action=edit&redlink=1) [Template:Infobox heritage railway](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Infobox_heritage_railway&action=edit&redlink=1) # Slavery in Iran URL: https://mediated.wiki/source/Slavery_in_Iran Last updated: 2026-07-28T13:34:39.514Z **Slavery in Iran** took different forms across the region's long imperial history. In the Achaemenid period, surviving administrative records show a mixed labor system that included tribute, corvée, dependent work groups, prisoners, household servants, and enslaved people. The Persepolis ration tablets therefore cannot be treated as a simple register of slaves: they document coercive imperial labor allocation, but also workers with differing legal and social positions. In later Persian states, enslaved people were used in households, courts, armies, and agricultural work, and Iran was connected to slave-trading routes across the Caucasus, Central Asia, the Persian Gulf, and the Indian Ocean. Status, origin, gender, and function shaped enslaved people's experiences, so court and military advancement by a minority did not remove the coercion involved in capture, sale, and household control. Legal slavery ended under the Pahlavi state. Iran's 1929 law against the purchase and sale of slaves declared that no person in Iran could be regarded as a slave, freed enslaved people entering Iranian territory or territorial waters, and criminalized slave trading and acts of ownership over another person. The law distinguished abolition of legal ownership from later questions of forced labor and human trafficking, which are addressed through other legislation. The [Antislavery in Domestic Legislation database](https://antislaverylaw.ac.uk/country/iran/) reproduces the abolition provision and summarizes subsequent Iranian law. ## Sources - [Antislavery in Domestic Legislation: Iran](https://antislaverylaw.ac.uk/country/iran/) - Richard T. Hallock, *Persepolis Fortification Tablets* (University of Chicago Press, 1969). # Slavery in Morocco URL: https://mediated.wiki/wiki/page_0120 Last updated: 2026-07-30T12:38:19.793Z **Slavery in Morocco** formed part of wider Saharan and Mediterranean systems of captivity and exchange. Captives were brought north across trans-Saharan routes, while others were retained within North Africa. Enslaved people could be used in households, concubinage, agriculture, military service, and oasis labor. These practices varied by period and locality and should not be treated as a single, uniform form of “Islamic slavery.” The legal ending of slavery was gradual. Under the French protectorate, public slave markets were prohibited in 1913, and in 1917 officials were prohibited from registering deeds of sale relating to enslaved people. These measures restricted slave trading and weakened legal recognition of slave status, but they did not immediately eliminate household servitude or inherited racial and social stigma. Morocco is therefore better described as a case of layered abolition than as one in which a single decree instantly ended slavery in practice.[1] ## References 1. [↑](#cite_ref-1) [Antislavery in Domestic Legislation, “Morocco”](https://antislaverylaw.ac.uk/country/morocco/), University of Nottingham, accessed 28 July 2026. # Ernest Greenfield URL: https://mediated.wiki/wiki/page_0121 Last updated: 2026-07-28T14:11:17.658Z [Template:Short description](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Short_description&action=edit&redlink=1) [Template:Use dmy dates](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Use_dmy_dates&action=edit&redlink=1) **Ernest Greenfield** was a [British](/mw/index.php?title=Great_Britain&action=edit&redlink=1) [archaeologist](/mw/index.php?title=Archaeology&action=edit&redlink=1). He served with the [Royal Air Force](/mw/index.php?title=Royal_Air_Force&action=edit&redlink=1) during the [Second World War](/mw/index.php?title=World_War_II&action=edit&redlink=1). During his war service he became friends with [Philip Rahtz](/mw/index.php?title=Philip_Rahtz&action=edit&redlink=1), who persuaded Greenfield to take up professional archaeology. His excavations included the [Great Witcombe Roman Villa](/mw/index.php?title=Great_Witcombe_Roman_Villa&action=edit&redlink=1), [Gloucestershire](/mw/index.php?title=Gloucestershire&action=edit&redlink=1) (1960–1973), and [Chew Valley Lake](/mw/index.php?title=Chew_Valley_Lake&action=edit&redlink=1), north [Somerset](/mw/index.php?title=Somerset&action=edit&redlink=1) (1953). Greenfield grew up in Sidcup, Kent, and was a schoolboy when he set out single-handedly to excavate a Roman site at Horwood's Pit, St Paul's Cray, while gravel extraction operations were being carried out in the 1930s. He was not popular with the gravel company, and subsequently contacted [A. H. A. Hogg](/mw/index.php?title=A._H._A._Hogg&action=edit&redlink=1) for help with the investigations. Hogg later drew up a plan of the site, and sought further help for Greenfield from Norman Cook at Maidstone Museum. In a letter to Cook, preserved at the museum, Hogg stated that Greenfield 'had the right ideas', but was discouraged after having lost his finds and site notes off the back of his motorbike. Later Greenfield set up a local archaeological group which he credited with discovering many new sites, including the Lullingstone Roman Villa.[Template:Citation needed](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Citation_needed&action=edit&redlink=1) ## Bibliography - [Template:Cite book](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_book&action=edit&redlink=1) - Unpublished letter from A. H. A. Hogg to N. Cook concerning Greenfield's early career (held in Maidstone Museum) - Greenfield, E., 'Notes on the Archaeological Sites in the Cray Valley', *The Transactions of the Dartford Antiquaries Society*, 6 (1936) [Template:Authority control](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Authority_control&action=edit&redlink=1) [Template:UK-archaeologist-stub](/mw/index.php?title=Template:UK-archaeologist-stub&action=edit&redlink=1) # Trochomorpha approximata URL: https://mediated.wiki/source/Trochomorpha_approximata Last updated: 2026-07-28T22:19:50.000Z [Template:Short description](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Short_description&action=edit&redlink=1) [Template:Speciesbox](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Speciesbox&action=edit&redlink=1) ***Trochomorpha approximata*** is a [species](/mw/index.php?title=Species&action=edit&redlink=1) of air-breathing [land snail](/mw/index.php?title=Land_snail&action=edit&redlink=1), a [terrestrial](/mw/index.php?title=Terrestrial_animal&action=edit&redlink=1) [pulmonate](/mw/index.php?title=Pulmonate&action=edit&redlink=1) [gastropod](/mw/index.php?title=Gastropod&action=edit&redlink=1) [mollusk](/mw/index.php?title=Mollusk&action=edit&redlink=1) in the family [Trochomorphidae](/mw/index.php?title=Trochomorphidae&action=edit&redlink=1). This species is [endemic](/mw/index.php?title=Endemism&action=edit&redlink=1) to [Micronesia](/mw/index.php?title=Micronesia&action=edit&redlink=1). ## References [Template:Reflist](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Reflist&action=edit&redlink=1) [Template:Taxonbar](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Taxonbar&action=edit&redlink=1) [Template:Trochomorphidae-stub](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Trochomorphidae-stub&action=edit&redlink=1) # Crowley's Ridge State Park Bridge URL: https://mediated.wiki/wiki/page_0123 Last updated: 2026-07-29T06:17:51.881Z [Template:Use mdy dates](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Use_mdy_dates&action=edit&redlink=1) [Template:Use American English](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Use_American_English&action=edit&redlink=1) [Template:Infobox NRHP](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Infobox_NRHP&action=edit&redlink=1) The **Crowley's Ridge State Park Bridge** is a historic masonry stone [arch bridge](/mw/index.php?title=Arch_bridge&action=edit&redlink=1) in [Crowley's Ridge State Park](/mw/index.php?title=Crowley%27s_Ridge_State_Park&action=edit&redlink=1), near [Walcott, Arkansas](/mw/index.php?title=Walcott,_Arkansas&action=edit&redlink=1). The bridge carries the main access road to the park across a drainage ditch. It is a rusticated stone structure, about [Template:Convert](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Convert&action=edit&redlink=1) long, that was built c. 1935 by crews of the [Civilian Conservation Corps](/mw/index.php?title=Civilian_Conservation_Corps&action=edit&redlink=1) (CCC) that were developing the park. It is one of several CCC-built structures still standing in the park, and is an example of the rustic architecture popularized by the CCC.[1] The bridge was listed on the [National Register of Historic Places](/mw/index.php?title=National_Register_of_Historic_Places&action=edit&redlink=1) in 1992.[2] ## See also - [National Register of Historic Places listings in Greene County, Arkansas](/mw/index.php?title=National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Greene_County,_Arkansas&action=edit&redlink=1) - [List of bridges on the National Register of Historic Places in Arkansas](/mw/index.php?title=List_of_bridges_on_the_National_Register_of_Historic_Places_in_Arkansas&action=edit&redlink=1) ## References [Template:Reflist](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Reflist&action=edit&redlink=1) [Template:National Register of Historic Places](/mw/index.php?title=Template:National_Register_of_Historic_Places&action=edit&redlink=1) [Template:Arkansas](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Arkansas&action=edit&redlink=1) [Template:GreeneCountyAR-NRHP-stub](/mw/index.php?title=Template:GreeneCountyAR-NRHP-stub&action=edit&redlink=1) [Template:Arkansas-bridge-struct-stub](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Arkansas-bridge-struct-stub&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-NRHP_1-0) [Template:Cite web](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_web&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-nris_2-0) Cite error: Invalid tag; no text was provided for refs named nris # Slavery in Oman URL: https://mediated.wiki/source/Slavery_in_Oman Last updated: 2026-07-29T13:33:00.952Z **Slavery in Oman** formed part of the wider western Indian Ocean slave system. Omani merchants and rulers were connected to East Africa, the Swahili coast, Zanzibar, Arabia, and the Persian Gulf. Captives, many of them from eastern Africa, entered maritime trade and were used in households, agriculture, transport, and other forms of labor. In the nineteenth century the Omani political and commercial sphere in Zanzibar linked inland caravan routes and clove plantations to markets around the Indian Ocean.[1] Slavery in this region was not confined to plantation labor. Enslaved people could be domestic servants, sailors, agricultural workers, artisans, or concubines. Manumission and incorporation into households existed alongside ownership and coerced labor; these possibilities did not remove the enslaver's legal and practical control. ## Abolition and law Oman formally abolished legal slavery in 1970, during the political transition that followed the accession of Sultan Qaboos bin Said. The date marks the withdrawal of legal recognition from slavery, rather than proof that every dependent labor relationship ended immediately. Later Omani law criminalized conduct involving slavery. Article 261 of the 1978 Penal Code prescribed imprisonment for bringing a person into or out of Oman in a state of slavery, disposing of, receiving, purchasing, or keeping a person in slavery.[2] The same legal database treats prohibitions on slavery, forced labor, trafficking, and servitude as separate questions. This distinction matters because present-day forced labor or migrant-worker abuse should not be described as legal chattel slavery without evidence that the powers of ownership are exercised. ## References 1. [↑](#cite_ref-1) [Gwyn Campbell (ed.), *Indian Ocean Slavery in the Age of Abolition*, Yale University Press](https://doi.org/10.12987/9780300166460) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-2) [Antislavery in Domestic Legislation, “Oman”](https://antislaverylaw.ac.uk/country/oman/) # Florence Hotel (Missoula, Montana) URL: https://mediated.wiki/wiki/page_0125 Last updated: 2026-07-29T14:12:35.497Z [Template:Use mdy dates](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Use_mdy_dates&action=edit&redlink=1) [Template:Infobox NRHP](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Infobox_NRHP&action=edit&redlink=1) The **Florence Hotel** is a seven-story [Moderne](/mw/index.php?title=Moderne_architecture&action=edit&redlink=1)-style building in [Downtown](/mw/index.php?title=Downtown_Missoula&action=edit&redlink=1) [Missoula](/mw/index.php?title=Missoula,_Montana&action=edit&redlink=1), [Montana](/mw/index.php?title=Montana&action=edit&redlink=1), which was completed in 1941. It was listed on the [National Register of Historic Places](/mw/index.php?title=National_Register_of_Historic_Places&action=edit&redlink=1) in 1992.[1][2] Standing seven floors, it is said to be the fifth tallest building in Missoula.[Template:Citation needed](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Citation_needed&action=edit&redlink=1) It is located at 111 North Higgins Avenue. Since its original construction in 1888, the Florence Hotel offered railway travelers and settlers lodging. When it burned in 1913, the Florence was rebuilt as a 106-room hotel and served as a regional gathering place until it, too, was destroyed by fire in 1936. Missoula was left without a major hotel, and although the nation was then in the midst of the [Great Depression](/mw/index.php?title=Great_Depression&action=edit&redlink=1), Walter H. McLeod and other businessmen secured community support to rebuild. Constructed in 1941 on the same site as the two earlier buildings, the current Florence was designed by Spokane, Washington, architect G.A. Pehrson in the Art Moderne style at a reported cost of $600,000.[Template:Citation needed](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Citation_needed&action=edit&redlink=1) For the next three decades the Florence continued to serve visitors to downtown Missoula. According to local accounts, the actor John Wayne stayed at the hotel.[Template:Citation needed](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Citation_needed&action=edit&redlink=1) The hotel included a central air conditioning system, glass shower doors, underground parking, and interior appointments described as a "harmony of color".[Template:Citation needed](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Citation_needed&action=edit&redlink=1) The Florence remained a hotel until the 1970s, when the building was converted into an office complex with retail businesses on the main floor. The current owner is Thomas Taylor, a structural engineer from Dallas, Texas,[3][4] whose stated goal has been to maintain the building's "old-fashioned" aesthetic or "nostalgic charm".[5][6] ## References [Template:Reflist](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Reflist&action=edit&redlink=1) ## External links [Template:Commons category-inline](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Commons_category-inline&action=edit&redlink=1) [Template:National Register of Historic Places](/mw/index.php?title=Template:National_Register_of_Historic_Places&action=edit&redlink=1) [Template:Missoula, Montana](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Missoula,_Montana&action=edit&redlink=1) [Template:Montana-NRHP-stub](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Montana-NRHP-stub&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-nris_1-0) Cite error: Invalid tag; no text was provided for refs named nris 1. [↑](#cite_ref-nrhpdoc_2-0) [Template:Cite web](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_web&action=edit&redlink=1) With [Template:NRHP url](/mw/index.php?title=Template:NRHP_url&action=edit&redlink=1). 1. [↑](#cite_ref-3) [Template:Cite web](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_web&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-4) [Template:Cite web](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_web&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-5) [Template:Cite web](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_web&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-6) [Template:Cite web](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_web&action=edit&redlink=1) # Optics Valley Square station URL: https://mediated.wiki/wiki/page_0126 Last updated: 2026-07-29T22:20:27.302Z [Template:Short description](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Short_description&action=edit&redlink=1) [Template:Infobox station](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Infobox_station&action=edit&redlink=1) **Optics Valley Square Station** ([Template:Zh](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Zh&action=edit&redlink=1)) is a station of [Line 2](/mw/index.php?title=Line_2,_Wuhan_Metro&action=edit&redlink=1) and [Line 11](/mw/index.php?title=Line_11_(Wuhan_Metro)&action=edit&redlink=1) of the [Wuhan Metro](/mw/index.php?title=Wuhan_Metro&action=edit&redlink=1). It served as the southeastern terminus of Line 2 until February 19, 2019, when the extension of [Line 2](/mw/index.php?title=Line_2,_Wuhan_Metro&action=edit&redlink=1) to [Template:Stl](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Stl&action=edit&redlink=1) opened. It entered revenue service on December 28, 2012. It is located in [Donghu New Technology Development Zone](/mw/index.php?title=Donghu_New_Technology_Development_Zone&action=edit&redlink=1).[1] It is one of the busiest stations in the Wuhan Metro network, reportedly serving 210,000 people on May 1, 2014.[Template:Citation needed](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Citation_needed&action=edit&redlink=1)[2] It is an interchange station between Line 2 and [Line 11](/mw/index.php?title=Line_11,_Wuhan_Metro&action=edit&redlink=1), and is also planned to serve [Line 9](/mw/index.php?title=Line_9_(Wuhan_Metro)&action=edit&redlink=1). ## Station layout G Entrances and Exits Exits B, C, E, F B1 Concourse Faregates, Station Agent B2 Northbound ← Template:Rail color box towards Tianhe International Airport (Yangjiawan) Island platform, doors will open on the left Southbound Template:PadTemplate:Rail color box towards Fozuling (Luoxiong Road) → ## Gallery - [Entrance C](/mw/index.php/File:Optics_Valley_Square_Station_Entrance.jpg) Entrance C - [Entrance E Signpost](/mw/index.php/File:Optics_Valley_Square_Station_Signpost.jpg) Entrance E Signpost - [Station hall](/mw/index.php/File:Optics_Valley_Square_Station_Inside.jpg) Station hall - [Wall](/mw/index.php/File:Optics_Valley_Square_Station_Decoration_Wall.jpg) Wall - [Line 2 platform](/mw/index.php/File:Optics_Valley_Square_Station_14.jpg) Line 2 platform - [File:Optics Valley Square Station 13.jpg](/mw/index.php/File:Optics_Valley_Square_Station_13.jpg) - [Desk](/mw/index.php/File:Optics_Valley_Square_Station_16.jpg) Desk - [File:Optics Valley Square Station Stools.jpg](/mw/index.php/File:Optics_Valley_Square_Station_Stools.jpg) - [Line 2 platform sign](/mw/index.php/File:Optics_Valley_Square_(%E5%85%89%E8%B0%B7%E5%B9%BF%E5%9C%BA)_metro_station_platform_(Line_2_-_Wuhan_Metro).jpg) Line 2 platform sign - [Entrance H Signpost](/mw/index.php/File:Optics_Valley_Square_(%E5%85%89%E8%B0%B7%E5%B9%BF%E5%9C%BA)_metro_station_-_H_entrance_(Line_2_and_line_11_-_Wuhan_metro).jpg) Entrance H Signpost ## References [Template:Reflist](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Reflist&action=edit&redlink=1) [Template:Wuhan Metro](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Wuhan_Metro&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-1) [Template:Cite web](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_web&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-peak_ridership_2-0) [Template:Cite web](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_web&action=edit&redlink=1) # Michael Pedersen (cricketer) URL: https://mediated.wiki/wiki/page_0127 Last updated: 2026-07-30T06:20:54.623Z [Template:Short description](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Short_description&action=edit&redlink=1) [Template:EngvarB](/mw/index.php?title=Template:EngvarB&action=edit&redlink=1) [Template:Use dmy dates](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Use_dmy_dates&action=edit&redlink=1) [Template:Infobox cricketer](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Infobox_cricketer&action=edit&redlink=1) **Michael Refstrup Pedersen** (born 1 March 1986)[Template:Citation needed](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Citation_needed&action=edit&redlink=1) is a Danish [cricketer](/mw/index.php?title=Cricket&action=edit&redlink=1). He is a left-handed [batsman](/mw/index.php?title=Batting_(cricket)&action=edit&redlink=1) who bowls right-arm [off break](/mw/index.php?title=Off_spin&action=edit&redlink=1). He was born in [Herning](/mw/index.php?title=Herning&action=edit&redlink=1). ## Contents - [1 Early career](#Early_career) - [2 Danish captaincy](#Danish_captaincy) - [3 References](#References) - [4 External links](#External_links) ## Early career Having played cricket since he was nine and represented Denmark at Under-19 level,[1][2] Pedersen made his full debut for [Denmark](/mw/index.php?title=Denmark_national_cricket_team&action=edit&redlink=1) in a [List A](/mw/index.php?title=List_A_cricket&action=edit&redlink=1) match against [Northamptonshire](/mw/index.php?title=Northamptonshire_County_Cricket_Club&action=edit&redlink=1) in the [2005 Cheltenham & Gloucester Trophy](/mw/index.php?title=2005_Cheltenham_%26_Gloucester_Trophy&action=edit&redlink=1) at [Svanholm Park, Brøndby](/mw/index.php?title=Svanholm_Park&action=edit&redlink=1).[3] It was an unsuccessful debut for Pedersen, with him contributing 4 runs in Denmark's total of 56, before he became one of [Charl Pietersen](/mw/index.php?title=Charl_Pietersen&action=edit&redlink=1)'s six wickets.[4] Later that year, he appeared in the [ICC Trophy](/mw/index.php?title=2005_ICC_Trophy&action=edit&redlink=1) in Ireland. The [International Cricket Council](/mw/index.php?title=International_Cricket_Council&action=edit&redlink=1) afforded List A status to these matches, with him making seven appearances during the tournament.[3] Pedersen fared moderately with the bat, scoring 76 runs at an [average](/mw/index.php?title=Batting_average_(cricket)&action=edit&redlink=1) of 19.00, with a high score of 26.[5] In 2006, Pedersen joined the [Marylebone Cricket Club](/mw/index.php?title=Marylebone_Cricket_Club&action=edit&redlink=1) Young Cricketers programme.[6] The following year, he was selected as part of Denmark's squad for the [World Cricket League Division Two](/mw/index.php?title=2007_ICC_World_Cricket_League_Division_Two&action=edit&redlink=1) in Namibia,[7] making four List A appearances during the tournament.[3] He struggled with the bat, scoring 34 runs at an average of 8.50.[8] In 2009, he was selected in Denmark's squad for the [World Cup Qualifier](/mw/index.php?title=2009_Cricket_World_Cup_Qualifier&action=edit&redlink=1) in South Africa,[9] where he made seven List A appearances, including his final appearance to date in that format, against [Oman](/mw/index.php?title=Oman_national_cricket_team&action=edit&redlink=1).[3] He scored 292 runs during the tournament at average of 41.71, with a high score of 121.[8] This was his maiden List A [century](/mw/index.php?title=Century_(cricket)&action=edit&redlink=1) and came against the [Netherlands](/mw/index.php?title=Netherlands_national_cricket_team&action=edit&redlink=1).[10] He also made two [half centuries](/mw/index.php?title=Glossary_of_cricket_terms&action=edit&redlink=1) during the tournament and ended it as Denmark's leading run-scorer, ahead of his brother [Carsten](/mw/index.php?title=Carsten_Pedersen&action=edit&redlink=1) who made 234 runs.[11] Despite this, Denmark failed to qualify for the [2011 World Cup](/mw/index.php?title=2011_Cricket_World_Cup&action=edit&redlink=1) and finished the tournament in 16th and last place. ## Danish captaincy In 2011, Pedersen was selected to [captain](/mw/index.php?title=Captain_(cricket)&action=edit&redlink=1) Denmark's squad for the [2011 ICC World Cricket League Division Three](/mw/index.php?title=2011_ICC_World_Cricket_League_Division_Three&action=edit&redlink=1) tournament in Hong Kong, having replaced [Frederik Klokker](/mw/index.php?title=Frederik_Klokker&action=edit&redlink=1) in the role.[12] He made six appearances during the tournament,[2] scoring 164 runs at an average of 32.80, with a high score of 78 [not out](/mw/index.php?title=Not_out&action=edit&redlink=1).[13] Denmark finished fifth in the tournament and were relegated to [2012 World Cricket League Division Four](/mw/index.php?title=2012_ICC_World_Cricket_League_Division_Four&action=edit&redlink=1). Later in 2011, he captained Denmark in the [European T20 Championship Division One](/mw/index.php?title=2011_European_T20_Championship_Division_One&action=edit&redlink=1) which was held in [Jersey](/mw/index.php?title=Jersey&action=edit&redlink=1) and [Guernsey](/mw/index.php?title=Guernsey&action=edit&redlink=1),[2] which Denmark won to qualify for the [World Twenty20 Qualifier](/mw/index.php?title=2012_World_Twenty20_Qualifier&action=edit&redlink=1) in the [United Arab Emirates](/mw/index.php?title=United_Arab_Emirates&action=edit&redlink=1). The qualifier took place in March 2012, with Pedersen retained as captain in Denmark's fourteen-man squad for the qualifier.[14] He made his [Twenty20](/mw/index.php?title=Twenty20&action=edit&redlink=1) debut during the tournament against [Bermuda](/mw/index.php?title=Bermuda_national_cricket_team&action=edit&redlink=1) at the [Sharjah Cricket Association Stadium](/mw/index.php?title=Sharjah_Cricket_Stadium&action=edit&redlink=1). He made seven further appearances during the competition, the last of which came against Oman.[15] He scored a total of 108 runs during the qualifier at an average of 15.42, with a high score of 38.[16] He also took 2 wickets, at a [bowling average](/mw/index.php?title=Bowling_average&action=edit&redlink=1) of 63.00 and with best figures of 1/12.[17] Denmark once again struggled during a qualifying tournament, finishing it in 16th and last place. In August 2012, he was selected as captain in Denmark's fourteen man squad for the [World Cricket League Division Four](/mw/index.php?title=2012_ICC_World_Cricket_League_Division_Four&action=edit&redlink=1) in Malaysia.[18] ## References [Template:Reflist](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Reflist&action=edit&redlink=1) ## External links - [Template:Cricinfo](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cricinfo&action=edit&redlink=1) [Template:Authority control](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Authority_control&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-1) [Template:Cite web](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_web&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. ↑ [2.0](#cite_ref-MIS_2-0) [2.1](#cite_ref-MIS_2-1) [2.2](#cite_ref-MIS_2-2) [Template:Cite web](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_web&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. ↑ [3.0](#cite_ref-LAM_3-0) [3.1](#cite_ref-LAM_3-1) [3.2](#cite_ref-LAM_3-2) [3.3](#cite_ref-LAM_3-3) [Template:Cite web](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_web&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-4) [Template:Cite web](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_web&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-5) [Template:Cite web](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_web&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-PRO_6-0) Cite error: Invalid tag; no text was provided for refs named PRO 1. [↑](#cite_ref-7) [Template:Cite web](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_web&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. ↑ [8.0](#cite_ref-LABATS_8-0) [8.1](#cite_ref-LABATS_8-1) [Template:Cite web](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_web&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-9) [Template:Cite web](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_web&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-10) [Template:Cite web](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_web&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-11) [Template:Cite web](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_web&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-12) [Template:Cite web](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_web&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-13) [Template:Cite web](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_web&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-14) [Template:Cite web](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_web&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-15) [Template:Cite web](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_web&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-16) [Template:Cite web](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_web&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-17) [Template:Cite web](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_web&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-18) [Template:Cite web](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_web&action=edit&redlink=1) # Children of Blood and Bone Trailer Brings Magic Alive URL: https://mediated.wiki/wiki/page_0128 Last updated: 2026-07-30T10:17:56.046Z The Children of Blood and Bone trailer unveils a visually stunning fantasy world, powerful magic and an unforgettable adventure inspired by bestselling fiction. # Children of Blood and Bone Trailer Brings Magic Alive URL: https://mediated.wiki/wiki/page_0129 Last updated: 2026-07-30T10:17:59.007Z The Children of Blood and Bone trailer unveils a visually stunning fantasy world, powerful magic and an unforgettable adventure inspired by bestselling fiction. # Children of Blood and Bone Trailer Brings Magic Alive URL: https://mediated.wiki/wiki/page_0130 Last updated: 2026-07-30T10:19:14.446Z The Children of Blood and Bone trailer unveils a visually stunning fantasy world, powerful magic and an unforgettable adventure inspired by bestselling fiction. # Slavery in China URL: https://mediated.wiki/source/Slavery_in_China Last updated: 2026-07-30T13:32:32.584Z **Slavery in China** encompassed several changing forms of unfreedom rather than a single institution constant across all dynasties. Chinese legal and social systems distinguished free commoners from household slaves, bondservants, government slaves, penal laborers, and other dependent groups. War and conquest could produce captives, while powerful households and the state employed people in domestic service, agriculture, administration, corvée, and punishment labor. Because these statuses differed in transferability, inheritance, legal protection, and ability to leave, historians caution against treating all coerced labor as equivalent to Atlantic plantation slavery.[1][2] Late Qing reforms formally attacked slave status and the sale of people in the early twentieth century, with 1910 often used as a principal legal-reform date. Household servitude, trafficking, and other coercive practices did not disappear at once, so legal reform should be distinguished from effective emancipation. ## References 1. [↑](#cite_ref-1) [Robin D. S. Yates, “Slavery in Early China: A Socio-Cultural Approach,” *Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient* 44, no. 3 (2001).](https://doi.org/10.1163/156852301100402723) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-2) [E. G. Pulleyblank, “The Origins and Nature of Chattel Slavery in China,” *Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient* 1, no. 2 (1958).](https://doi.org/10.2307/3596015) # Bjørndalssletta URL: https://mediated.wiki/wiki/page_0132 Last updated: 2026-07-30T14:15:26.592Z [Template:Infobox settlement](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Infobox_settlement&action=edit&redlink=1) **Bjørndalssletta** is a neighborhood in the city of [Kristiansand](/mw/index.php?title=Kristiansand&action=edit&redlink=1) in [Agder](/mw/index.php?title=Agder&action=edit&redlink=1) county, [Norway](/mw/index.php?title=Norway&action=edit&redlink=1). It is located in the borough of [Lund](/mw/index.php?title=Lund_(Kristiansand)&action=edit&redlink=1) in the district of [Gimlekollen](/mw/index.php?title=Gimlekollen&action=edit&redlink=1). The neighborhood is located next to the [European route E18](/mw/index.php?title=European_route_E18&action=edit&redlink=1) highway and the lake [Vollevannet](/mw/index.php?title=Vollevannet&action=edit&redlink=1).[1] There is a large garden store at Bjørndalssletta.[Template:Citation needed](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Citation_needed&action=edit&redlink=1) The neighborhood of [Oddemarka](/mw/index.php?title=Oddemarka&action=edit&redlink=1) lies to the southwest, the neighborhood of [Presteheia](/mw/index.php?title=Presteheia&action=edit&redlink=1) lies to the west, [Gimle](/mw/index.php?title=Gimle_(Kristiansand)&action=edit&redlink=1) lies to the north, and the [Topdalsfjorden](/mw/index.php?title=Topdalsfjorden&action=edit&redlink=1) lies to the east. ## Contents - [1 Transportation](#Transportation) - [1.1 Road](#Road) - [1.2 Bus](#Bus) - [2 References](#References) ## Transportation ### Road [File:E18-Lund-Kristiansand.jpg](/mw/index.php/File:E18-Lund-Kristiansand.jpg) [European road 18](/mw/index.php?title=European_road_18&action=edit&redlink=1) at Bjørndalssletta European route 18 is the main road and is a highway. Other roads, such as County Road 471, run from the university to downtown Kristiansand. List of notable roads at Bjørndalssletta Route Destination E18 Vige - Bjørndalssletta - Gimle - Downtown Fv471 Bjørndalssletta - Lund centrum - Downtown Local bus lines that use E18 pass through Bjørndalssletta. Other long-distance routes to Oslo and Stavanger stop only at Bjørndalssletta in Lund before continuing. ### Bus Bus transportation from/through Bjørndalssletta Line Destination 01 Kvadraturen - Sørlandsparken M1 Flekkerøy - Sørlandsparken Dyreparken-IKEA M2 Voiebyen - Hånes (-Lauvåsen) M2 Voiebyen - Hånes - Kjevik/Tveit M3 Slettheia - Søm A2 Kvadraturen - Hånes A3 Kvadraturen - Søm 17 Hellemyr - Tømmerstø 17 Hellemyr - Tømmerstø-Frikstad 18 Hellemyr - Tømmerstø Odderhei-Holte 18 Hellemyr - Dvergsnes 23 Kvadraturen - Vollevannet - Jærnesheia 23 Kvadraturen - Vollevannet - Ålefjær 35 Kristiansand - Kjevik-Brattvollshei 35 Kristiansand - Kjevik-Brattvollshei / Grødum 36 Kristiansand - Tveit-Grødum 37 Kristiansand - Birkeland 100 Kristiansand - Arendal 139 Kristiansand Høvåg (-Lillesand) 190 Kristiansand - Oslo 192 Kristiansand - Oslo 192 Stavanger - Kristiansand - Oslo 900 Mandal-Lista - Kristiansand Airport, Kjevik FLY Kristiansand - Kristiansand Airport, Kjevik - - N2 Flekkerøy-Voiebyen - Hånes N3 Slettheia - Søm N17 Kvadraturen - Tømmerstø ## References [Template:Reflist](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Reflist&action=edit&redlink=1) [Template:Kristiansand](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Kristiansand&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-1) [Template:Cite web](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_web&action=edit&redlink=1) # Biathlon at the 2012 Winter Youth Olympics URL: https://mediated.wiki/wiki/page_0133 Last updated: 2026-07-30T22:14:42.895Z [Template:Short description](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Short_description&action=edit&redlink=1) [Template:Infobox Olympic event](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Infobox_Olympic_event&action=edit&redlink=1) [Template:Biathlon at the 2012 Winter Youth Olympics](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Biathlon_at_the_2012_Winter_Youth_Olympics&action=edit&redlink=1) **Biathlon** at the [2012 Winter Youth Olympics](/mw/index.php?title=2012_Winter_Youth_Olympics&action=edit&redlink=1) took place at the temporary biathlon course at the [Seefeld Arena](/mw/index.php?title=Seefeld_Arena&action=edit&redlink=1) venue in [Seefeld](/mw/index.php?title=Seefeld,_Tirol&action=edit&redlink=1), [Austria](/mw/index.php?title=Austria&action=edit&redlink=1).[1][2] One of the mixed events was contested together with cross-country skiers.[Template:Citation needed](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Citation_needed&action=edit&redlink=1) ## Contents - [1 Medal table](#Medal_table) - [2 Events](#Events) - [2.1 Boys' events](#Boys'_events) - [2.2 Girls' events](#Girls'_events) - [2.3 Mixed events](#Mixed_events) - [3 Multi-medalists](#Multi-medalists) - [4 Qualification system](#Qualification_system) - [5 References](#References) ## Medal table [Template:Medals table](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Medals_table&action=edit&redlink=1) ## Events ### Boys' events Sprint Template:DetailsLink Template:FlagIOCmedalist 19:21.7 (0+1) Template:FlagIOCmedalist 19:43.0 (0+1) Template:FlagIOCmedalist 19:48.5 (1+0) Pursuit Template:DetailsLink Template:FlagIOCmedalist 28:43.1 (2+0+2+0) Template:FlagIOCmedalist 28:52.6 (0+2+1+1) Template:FlagIOCmedalist 28:57.7 (2+1+1+3) ### Girls' events Sprint Template:DetailsLink Template:FlagIOCmedalist 17:27.7 (0+1) Template:FlagIOCmedalist 17:55.2 (1+1) Template:FlagIOCmedalist 18:00.9 (1+1) Pursuit Template:DetailsLink Template:FlagIOCmedalist 26:01.3 (0+0+0+0) Template:FlagIOCmedalist 26:29.2 (1+0+1+0) Template:FlagIOCmedalist 27:44.4 (0+2+1+1) ### Mixed events Mixed relay Template:DetailsLink Template:FlagIOC Franziska Preuß Laura Hengelhaupt Maximilian Janke Niklas Homberg 1:11:06.8 (0+0) (0+2) (0+1) (0+0) (0+1) (0+0) (0+2) (0+1) Template:FlagIOC Kristin Sandeggen Karoline Næss Haakon Livik Kristian Andre Aalerud 1:13:11.7 (0+1) (0+0) (0+1) (0+1) (0+1) (0+1) (0+0) (0+3) Template:FlagIOC Léa Ducordeau Chloé Chevalier Fabien Claude Aristide Bègue 1:13:27.8 (0+1) (0+0) (0+2) (1+3) (0+1) (0+2) (0+1) (0+2) ## Multi-medalists Athletes who have won at least two medals. [Template:Medals table](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Medals_table&action=edit&redlink=1) ## Qualification system [Template:Biathlon2012WYOG](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Biathlon2012WYOG&action=edit&redlink=1) ## References [Template:Reflist](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Reflist&action=edit&redlink=1) [Template:Winter Youth Olympics Biathlon](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Winter_Youth_Olympics_Biathlon&action=edit&redlink=1) [Template:EventsAt2012WinterYouthOlympics](/mw/index.php?title=Template:EventsAt2012WinterYouthOlympics&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-1) [Seefeld arena](http://www.innsbruck2012.com/en/venues/seefeld_arena) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-2) [Biathlon](http://www.innsbruck2012.com/en/sports/disciplines/biathlon) # Traube's space URL: https://mediated.wiki/wiki/page_0134 Last updated: 2026-07-31T06:21:17.835Z [Template:Short description](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Short_description&action=edit&redlink=1) [Template:Infobox anatomy](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Infobox_anatomy&action=edit&redlink=1) **Traube's** (semilunar) **space** is an [anatomic space](/mw/index.php?title=Spatium&action=edit&redlink=1) of some clinical importance. It is a crescent-shaped space, encompassed by the lower edge of the [left lung](/mw/index.php?title=Left_lung&action=edit&redlink=1), the anterior border of the [spleen](/mw/index.php?title=Spleen&action=edit&redlink=1), the left costal margin, and the inferior margin of the [left lobe](/mw/index.php?title=Left_lobe&action=edit&redlink=1) of the [liver](/mw/index.php?title=Liver&action=edit&redlink=1). Thus, its surface markings are respectively the left sixth [rib](/mw/index.php?title=Rib&action=edit&redlink=1) superiorly, the left mid axillary line laterally, and the left costal margin inferiorly. ## Contents - [1 Percussion for splenomegaly](#Percussion_for_splenomegaly) - [2 Eponym](#Eponym) - [3 See also](#See_also) - [4 References](#References) - [5 External links](#External_links) ## Percussion for splenomegaly The normal human spleen measures about 125 millimeters in length, and [enlargement of the spleen (splenomegaly)](/mw/index.php?title=Splenomegaly&action=edit&redlink=1) is an important clinical sign. There are two possibilities to evaluate splenomegaly in the clinical examination: percussion and [palpation](/mw/index.php?title=Palpation&action=edit&redlink=1).[1] Percussion can be done in this space. Beneath Traube's space lies the [stomach](/mw/index.php?title=Stomach&action=edit&redlink=1), which produces a tympanic sound on [percussion](/mw/index.php?title=Percussion_(medicine)&action=edit&redlink=1). Dullness to percussion over Traube's space may indicate splenomegaly, although this can also be a normal finding after a meal or may indicate certain pathologies, e.g., enlarged left lobe of the liver, a fundus mass, a left [pleural effusion](/mw/index.php?title=Pleural_effusion&action=edit&redlink=1), or a massive [pericardial effusion](/mw/index.php?title=Pericardial_effusion&action=edit&redlink=1). Assessing dullness to percussion may be more difficult in obese patients. A 1993 [systematic review](/mw/index.php?title=Systematic_review&action=edit&redlink=1) by *The Rational Clinical Examination* found that, as a test for splenomegaly, percussion over Traube's space yields a [sensitivity](/mw/index.php?title=Sensitivity_(tests)&action=edit&redlink=1) and [specificity](/mw/index.php?title=Specificity_(tests)&action=edit&redlink=1) of 62% and 72%, respectively.[2] Specificity may be higher if the patient has not eaten in the last two hours.[2] ## Eponym It is named for [Ludwig Traube](/mw/index.php?title=Ludwig_Traube_(physician)&action=edit&redlink=1), although it was first described by his pupil in 1868.[3] Another method was described by Donald O. Castell in 1967 ([Castell's sign](/mw/index.php?title=Castell%27s_sign&action=edit&redlink=1)). ## See also - [Abdominal examination](/mw/index.php?title=Abdominal_examination&action=edit&redlink=1) ## References 1. [↑](#cite_ref-pmid11229121_1-0) [Template:Cite journal](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_journal&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. ↑ [2.0](#cite_ref-pmid8411607_2-0) [2.1](#cite_ref-pmid8411607_2-1) [Template:Cite journal](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_journal&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-3) [Template:WhoNamedIt](/mw/index.php?title=Template:WhoNamedIt&action=edit&redlink=1) ## External links - [Image](http://www.meddean.luc.edu/lumen/MedEd/medicine/pulmonar/apd/spaces.htm) at luc.edu [Template:Superficial anatomy](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Superficial_anatomy&action=edit&redlink=1) # Slavery in Spanish America URL: https://mediated.wiki/wiki/page_0135 Last updated: 2026-07-31T13:32:12.839Z **Slavery in Spanish America** encompassed varied colonial systems across the Caribbean and mainland Americas. Enslaved Africans and their descendants worked in mines, ranches, ports, cities, households, workshops, fortifications, and plantations. Their legal status existed alongside Indigenous tribute and draft labor, free Black and mixed-status communities, and locally distinct caste and manumission practices, so the region cannot be reduced to a single plantation model. The scale of the Atlantic trade to Spanish America depends on what is counted. The [SlaveVoyages](https://www.slavevoyages.org/) database records about 1.5 million direct disembarkations from Africa, while research by Alex Borucki, David Eltis, and David Wheat estimates about 2.1 million arrivals after accounting for captives first landed elsewhere in the Americas and then resold or re-exported to Spanish territories. This redistribution connected ports such as Cartagena, Veracruz, Havana, and Buenos Aires to inland mining, agricultural, urban, and household labor markets. Abolition was also regionally uneven. Independence wars, military service, free-womb laws, and republican reforms ended slavery in many mainland states during the first half of the nineteenth century. Cuba and Puerto Rico remained under Spanish rule longer: slavery ended in Puerto Rico in 1873, while Cuba's gradual abolition and *patronato* transition concluded in 1886. These legal changes did not immediately remove racial hierarchy or coercive labor arrangements. ## References - [SlaveVoyages: Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade Database](https://www.slavevoyages.org/). - Alex Borucki, David Eltis, and David Wheat, ["Atlantic History and the Slave Trade to Spanish America"](https://doi.org/10.1093/ahr/120.2.433), *American Historical Review* 120, no. 2 (2015), pp. 433–461. - Thomas Maciejewski, *The History of Slavery*, manuscript, claim matrix, and source research notes, 2026. # West Virginia Route 161 URL: https://mediated.wiki/source/West_Virginia_Route_161 Last updated: 2026-07-31T14:11:39.385Z [Template:Short description](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Short_description&action=edit&redlink=1) [Template:Use American English](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Use_American_English&action=edit&redlink=1) [Template:Use mdy dates](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Use_mdy_dates&action=edit&redlink=1) [Template:Infobox road](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Infobox_road&action=edit&redlink=1) [File:2017-07-22 12 32 59 View north along West Virginia State Route 161 (Skygusty Highway) at West Virginia State Route 16 in Bishop, McDowell County, West Virginia.jpg](/mw/index.php/File:2017-07-22_12_32_59_View_north_along_West_Virginia_State_Route_161_(Skygusty_Highway)_at_West_Virginia_State_Route_16_in_Bishop,_McDowell_County,_West_Virginia.jpg) View north along WV 161 at WV 16 in Bishop **West Virginia Route 161** is a north–south [state highway](/mw/index.php?title=State_highway&action=edit&redlink=1) located entirely within [McDowell County](/mw/index.php?title=McDowell_County,_West_Virginia&action=edit&redlink=1), [West Virginia](/mw/index.php?title=West_Virginia&action=edit&redlink=1). The southern terminus of the route is at [West Virginia Route 16](/mw/index.php?title=West_Virginia_Route_16&action=edit&redlink=1) in [Bishop](/mw/index.php?title=Bishop,_West_Virginia&action=edit&redlink=1) less than [Template:Convert](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Convert&action=edit&redlink=1) from the [Virginia](/mw/index.php?title=Virginia&action=edit&redlink=1) state line. The northern terminus is at [U.S. Route 52](/mw/index.php?title=U.S._Route_52_in_West_Virginia&action=edit&redlink=1) in [Elkhorn](/mw/index.php?title=Elkhorn,_West_Virginia&action=edit&redlink=1). At Bishop, WV 161 enters Virginia for approximately [Template:Convert](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Convert&action=edit&redlink=1). The state line follows Jacobs Fork and Horsepen Creek, which form a tight bend.[1] There are no signs or visual indications of the state line. West Virginia maintains the road in Virginia. ## Major intersections [Template:Jcttop](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Jcttop&action=edit&redlink=1) [Template:WVint](/mw/index.php?title=Template:WVint&action=edit&redlink=1) [Template:WVint](/mw/index.php?title=Template:WVint&action=edit&redlink=1) [Template:WVint](/mw/index.php?title=Template:WVint&action=edit&redlink=1) [Template:WVint](/mw/index.php?title=Template:WVint&action=edit&redlink=1) [Template:WVint](/mw/index.php?title=Template:WVint&action=edit&redlink=1) [Template:Jctbtm](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Jctbtm&action=edit&redlink=1) ## References [Template:Reflist](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Reflist&action=edit&redlink=1) [Template:Commons category](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Commons_category&action=edit&redlink=1) [Template:WestVirginia-road-stub](/mw/index.php?title=Template:WestVirginia-road-stub&action=edit&redlink=1) 1. [↑](#cite_ref-Virginia_map_1-0) [Template:Google maps](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Google_maps&action=edit&redlink=1) # Bullies: How the Left's Culture of Fear and Intimidation Silences Americans URL: https://mediated.wiki/wiki/page_0137 Last updated: 2026-07-31T14:17:20.356Z ***Bullies: How the Left's Culture of Fear and Intimidation Silences Americans*** is a 2013 political book by American conservative commentator [Ben Shapiro](/mw/index.php/Ben_Shapiro). It was published by Threshold Editions. The book argues that progressive political actors and institutions use accusations of prejudice and other forms of social pressure to discourage disagreement.[1] ## External links - [*Publishers Weekly* listing](https://www.publishersweekly.com/9781476710006) ## References 1. [↑](#cite_ref-1) [Template:Cite web](/mw/index.php?title=Template:Cite_web&action=edit&redlink=1)